Circuit Analysis

Nodal Analysis
I In nodal analysis, node voltages are found by solving a set of

equations.
I Choosing node voltages rather than element voltages as
variables reduces the number of equations.
It uses the following steps.
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages to other
nodes with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL at every node except reference node.
3. Solve the set of equations for node voltages.
Circuit with Current Sources
R2
1 2
I1 R1 R3 I2
Let 0 be the reference node and the voltages of 1 and 2 be V1 and

V2 respectively.
By applying KCL at node 1,
V1 V1 − V2
I1 = +
R1 R2
1 1 1
I1 = V1 ( + ) − V2 (1)
R1 R2 R2
By applying KCL at node 2,
V2 V2 − V1
I2 = +
R3 R2
1 1 1
I2 = −V1 + V2 ( + ) (2)
R2 R2 R3
Solve (1) and (2) for node voltages by any standard method.
By placing (1) and (2) in matrix form, we have
1 1 1
 
( + ) −
 R1 R2 R 2  V1 I1
 1 1 1  V2 = I2
− ( + )
R2 R2 R3
[G ][V ] = [I ]
This can be solved for V1 and V2 by matrix inversion.
[V ] = [G ]−1 [I ]
Circuit with Voltage Sources
R1
2
+
−
1 3
VB
+
VA − R2 R3
There are three nodes. Let V1 , V2 and V3 be the node voltages.

Since a voltage source VA is connected between 1 and 0,
V1 = VA
To find V2 and V3 , we need to apply KCL at node 2 and 3. As we
do not know the current through the voltage source VB , combine 2
and 3 and form a super node.
Applying KCL for super node,
V2 − VA V2 V3
+ + =0
R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 VA
V2 ( + ) + V3 = (3)
R1 R2 R3 R1
We also know that
V2 − V3 = VB (4)
Solve (3) and (4) for V2 and V3 by any standard method.
Whenever there is a voltage source (dependent or independent)

between two non reference nodes, form a super node by combining
them and apply KCL for the super node.
Let us consider the same circuit with R4 between 2 and 3.
R4
R1
2
+
−
1 3
VB
+
VA − R2 R3
Applying KCL for super node,

V2 − VA V2 V3 V2 − V3 V3 − V2
+ + + + =0
R1 R2 R3 R4 R4
The last two terms cancel each other.
Since R4 does not contribute anything, super node is formed by
including it.
R4
R1
2
+
−
1 3
VB
+
VA − R2 R3
Super node method requires both KCL and KVL to solve for node
voltages.
Test yourself
Find vx using nodal analysis.
+
−
+
22 V
2Ω 11 A 9Ω vx
KCL at super node,

v1 v2 1 2
+ = 11
+
−
2 9 +
22 V
and
2Ω 11 A 9Ω vx
v1 − v2 = 22
−
Solving this, v2 = 0 V.
Since vx = v2 = 0 V.
Mesh Analysis
I It is another way of analyzing circuits

I It uses KVL to find mesh currents.
I It is applicable only to planar circuit.
Mesh analysis uses the following steps
1. Assign mesh currents to all the meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the meshes.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations for mesh currents.
Circuit with Voltage Sources
R1 R2
+ +
V1 − R3 − V2
I1 I2
Applying KVL for mesh 1

−V1 + I1 R1 + (I1 − I2 )R3 ) = 0
I1 (R1 + R3 ) − I2 R3 = V1 (5)
Applying KVL for mesh 2
(I2 − I1 )R3 ) + I2 R2 + V2 = 0
−I1 R3 + I2 (R2 + R3 ) = −V2 (6)
Solve (5) and (6) for I1 and I2 by any standard method. They can
also be solved by matrix inversion.

(R1 + R3 ) −R3 I1 V1
=
−R3 R2 + R3 I2 −V2
[R][I ] = [V ]
This can be solved for I1 and I2 by matrix inversion.
[I ] = [R]−1 [V ]
Notice that the matrix R is symmetric in this case.

Circuit with Current Source
R1 R2
+ R3 +
V1 − − V2
Ix
As we do not know the voltage across the current source, a super

mesh is formed by excluding the current source and any elements
connected in series.
R1 R2
+ R3 +
V1 − − V2
Ix
R1 R2
+ +
V1 − − V2
I1 I2
By applying KVL for super mesh,
−V1 + I1 R1 + I2 R2 + V2 = 0
I1 R1 + I2 R2 = V1 − V2 (7)
We also know that
I2 − I1 = Ix (8)
Solve (7) and (8) for mesh currents I1 and I2 .
1. Super mesh requires the application of both KVL and KCL.
2. Super mesh has no current of its own.
Whenever there is a current source (dependent or independent)

between two meshes, form a super mesh by excluding the current
source and any elements connected in series.
Test yourself
Find vx using mesh analysis.
+
−
+
22 V
2Ω 11 A 9Ω vx
By writing KVL for super

mesh,
+
−
2I1 + 22 + 9I2 = 0 +
22 V
and vx
2Ω 9Ω
I1 I2
I1 − I2 = −11
−
Solving this I2 =0 A and

vx = 0 V.

Circuit Analysis

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Nodal Analysis

I In nodal analysis, node voltages are found by solving a set of

Let 0 be the reference node and the voltages of 1 and 2 be V1 and

There are three nodes. Let V1 , V2 and V3 be the node voltages.

Whenever there is a voltage source (dependent or independent)

Applying KCL for super node,

KCL at super node,

I It is another way of analyzing circuits

Applying KVL for mesh 1

Notice that the matrix R is symmetric in this case.

As we do not know the voltage across the current source, a super

Whenever there is a current source (dependent or independent)

By writing KVL for super

Solving this I2 =0 A and

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