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Frame Structure

LTE uses OFDM in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink. It supports both FDD and TDD duplex modes. LTE aims to improve data rates up to 50 times over 3G to support services like streaming multimedia. The LTE frame structure consists of 10ms frames with 1ms subframes divided into two 0.5ms slots. Control and data channels exist at the physical, transport, and logical layers to carry information between protocols in the LTE radio interface.

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11 views

Frame Structure

LTE uses OFDM in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink. It supports both FDD and TDD duplex modes. LTE aims to improve data rates up to 50 times over 3G to support services like streaming multimedia. The LTE frame structure consists of 10ms frames with 1ms subframes divided into two 0.5ms slots. Control and data channels exist at the physical, transport, and logical layers to carry information between protocols in the LTE radio interface.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Faysal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LTE Basics and Frame structure

❑ LTE (Long Term Evolution) Basic:


➢ LTE(Long Term Evolution) is a 4G technology evolved from 3G technology, defined by 3GPP.
LTE is based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with cyclic prefix (CP) in the downlink,
and on Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) with cyclic prefix in the uplink.
➢ It supports both FDD and TDD duplex modes for transmission on paired and unpaired spectrum.

➢ LTE is important because it will bring up to 50 times performance improvement and much better spectral
efficiency to cellular networks.
➢ LTE introduced to get higher data rates, 300Mbps peak downlink and 75 Mbps peak uplink. In a 20MHz
carrier, data rates beyond 300Mbps can be achieved under very good signal conditions.
➢ LTE is an ideal technology to support high date rates for the services such as voice over IP (VOIP),
streaming multimedia, videoconferencing or even a high-speed cellular modem.
❑ LTE Key Parameters:

➢ Frame : 10 ms
➢ Subframe : 1 ms
➢ Time Slot : 0.5 ms
➢ Symbols: 7 Symbols/slot (normal CP) , 6 Symbols/slot (extended CP)
❑ LTE FDD Frame Structure:

➢ PSS is broadcast twice during every radio frame and both transmissions are identical
➢ In Case of FDD, PSS is broadcast using central 62 sub carriers belonging or the last symbol of time slot 0
and 10. In Case of FDD, PSS is broadcast using central 62 sub carriers belonging or the last symbol of time
slot 0 and 10.

➢ The two transmission of SSS are different so that UE can detect which is the first and which is the second.
➢ In Case of FDD, SSS is broadcast using the central 62 sub carriers belonging to the second to last symbol
of time slot 0 and 10.
❑ LTE TDD Frame Structure:

➢ PSS is broadcast twice during every radio frame and both transmissions are identical
➢ In Case of TDD, PSS is broadcast using the central 62 subcarriers belonging to the 3rd symbol of the time
slot 2(subframe 1) and the third symbol of time slot 12 (subframe 5).

➢ In Case of TDD, SSS is broadcast using the central 62 sub-carriers belonging to the last symbol of time slot
1(subframe 0) and the last symbol of the time slot 11 (subframe 5) both time slots 1 and 11 are always
within downlink subframes.
❑ Channel Mapping : DL Channels
❑ Channel Mapping : UL Channels
➢ In order to send and receive data across the radio air interface and between different protocols, various channels are being
used. The channels are used to distinguish the kind of data and to transport them across the radio access network. Different
channels provide interfaces to the higher layers of the LTE protocol stack and enables an orderly and defined segregation of the
data.

➢ There are three types of channels into which the various data channels are grouped.

➢ Physical channels: The physical channels carry control plane and user plane information over the air.

➢ Transport channels: The transport channels offer information transfer to Medium Access Control (MAC) and higher layers.

➢ Logical channels: The logical channels provide data transfer services for the MAC layer.

➢ 1. Logical Channels: Control and user plane data are carried on logical channels between the RLC and MAC layer. Logical
channels can be classified into:

➢ Control channels - used for the transfer of control plane information only.
➢ Traffic channels - used for the transfer of user plane information only.
➢ 1.1 Logical Control Channels:

➢ Paging Control Channel (PCCH) - used for paging the UE


➢ Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) - used for broadcasting MIBs/SIBs.
➢ Common Control Channel (CCCH) - common to multiple UE’s.
➢ Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) - used to transmit dedicated control information for a particular UE.
➢ Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) - used for transmit information for Multicast reception.

➢ 1.2 Logical Traffic Channels:

➢ Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) - used for dedicated traffic for a particular UE .
➢ Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH) - used to transmit Multicast data.
❑ Transport Channels
➢ Transport channels exist between MAC and physical layer. The transport channels are used by PHY to offer services to its upper
layer i.e. MAC.
➢ A transport channel is basically characterized by how and with what characteristics data is transferred over the radio interface,
that is, the channel coding scheme, the modulation scheme, and antenna mapping.
➢ Compared to WCDMA/UMTS, in LTE there are no dedicated transport channels exists. Transport channels can be of two types
depending upon the direction of use, downlink transport channels and uplink transport channels.

❑ Downlink Transport Channels


➢ Broadcast Channel (BCH): BCH is associated with the BCCH logical channel and is used to broadcast system information over the
entire coverage area of the cell. BCH has a predefined transport format.
➢ Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH): DL-SCH is used to transfer both downlink traffic data and control data. DL-SCH supports
HARQ, dynamic link adaptation, dynamic and semi-persistent resource allocation, UE discontinuous reception, and
multicast/broadcast transmission. DL-SCH can be broadcast in the entire cell.
➢ Paging Channel (PCH): Paging channel is only associated with PCCH logical channel. PCH channel supports discontinuous
reception (DRX) to enable UE power saving and can be used in the entire cell coverage area.
➢ Multicast Channel (MCH): Associated with MCCH and MTCH logical channels for the multicast/broadcast service.
It supports Multicast/Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) transmission, which transmits the same
information on the same radio resource from multiple synchronized base stations to multiple UEs.

❑ Uplink Transport Channels


➢ Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH): UL-SCH works similar as DL-SCH but in uplink. It supports HARQ, both dynamic and semi-static
resource allocation, dynamic link adaptation and beamforming. It can be associated to CCCH, DCCH, and DTCH logical channels.
➢ Random Access Channel (RACH): RACH is not associated with any logical channels and is used for transmitting small amount of
data, for example RACH can be used in case of initial access.
➢ 3. Physical Channels: Control and user plane data are carried on physical channels between the different levels of the
physical layer

➢ 3.1 Downlink Physical Channels:

➢ Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) - used for transmitting MIB.


➢ Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) - for SIB, data.
➢ Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) - multicast channel.
➢ Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) - for HARQ ack/nck status.
➢ Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) - control channel (carries information to UE about the scheduling o PDSCH), UL grant,
Indication for paging, carries HARQ ACK/NACK.

➢ 3.2 Uplink Physical Channels:

➢ Physical Random-Access Channel (PRACH) - contention channel used for transmission of random-access preambles.
➢ Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) - carries UL control and user information.
➢ Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) - carries UL control information (SRs, HARQ).

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