A

ACTIVITY 1

(Refer to pages 2 - 10)

TASK 1: Answer the following questions in paragraph forms.

1. How does ‘inquiry’ differ from ‘investigation’?
2. Compare and contrast ‘investigation’ and ‘research’.
3. How is immersion done in conducting a research?
4. Differentiate the two research subjects: “Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion” and
“Research Capstone”.
5. Elaborate this statement: “Qualitative research is making ‘kuwento’ without ‘kuwenta’ of a
certain phenomenon. 6.
6. Explain this equation: Quantitative Research = Statistics + Language.
7. Give two questions which are classified as: inquiries, investigations and researches. (two for
inquiries, two for investigations and two for researches)

TASK 2: Identify what characteristic of a quantitative research is described by each statement (Answers
only).
_______________1. Research is based on direct experience and observation by the researcher.
_______________2. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data.
_______________3. The collection of data relies on practical experience. \
_______________4. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
_______________5. Research is repeated.
_______________6. Research establishes the level of significance, i.e., at 1%, 3% or 5% level of
significance.
_______________7. How good a researcher is in research concepts, but, he doesn’t yet experience
conducting research by himself, he cannot be expert in research. _______________8. Scientific
investigation is done in an orderly manner, so that a researcher has the confidence in the results.
_______________9. The research design and procedures are replicated to enable the researcher to arrive
at valid and conclusive results.
_______________10. Results of the research are based on correct and valid information taken from the
respondents.

TASK 3: Answer the following questions in paragraph forms.

1. How important are the inquiry, investigation and immersion in doing actual research?
2. Define research. What is its importance in improving people’s quality of life?
3. Expound this statement. “RESEARCH STARTS WITH A PROBLEM AND ENDS WITH A
PROBLEM.”
4. Explain in details the steps in conducting research.
5. Give two characteristics of a research and explain each.
6. Why is there a need to strictly adhere to the ethical standards in writing a research paper?
 ACTIVITY 2
(Refer to pages 12 - 29)

TASK 4: Place a check (√) on the right columns provided whether a statement is an inquiry or research.
Situations Inquiry Research
1. A student wants to know the latest cell phone brands which are
sellable in the market.
2. A teacher wants to investigate the relationship between students’
problem-solving skills in Math and Science subjects.
3. A principal wants to get the complete list of all the students and
teachers.
4. A guidance counselor wants to investigate the effect of bullying on
the self-esteem of students.
5. Mr. Maliga wants to know the effects of COVID-19 pandemic to
the mental health of nurses.
6. Mr. Simpal wants to determine the final grades of his students.
7. Mrs. Santiago aims to examine the effect of online and modular
learning modalities to the academic performance of students.
8. A student wants to know the likes and dislikes of his teacher.
9. Mr. Abubakar wants to know the best students in his class.
10. Dr. Legaste wants to determine the level of psychological
resilience of teachers amid COVID-19 pandemic.

TASK 5: Answer the following questions in paragraph forms.

1. Why are quantitative data prone to manipulation?

2. If you want to generate new theory, what type of research is applicable? Quantitative research or
qualitative research? Why?
3. If you want to validate the previously constructed theory, what type of research is applicable?
Quantitative research or qualitative research? Why?
4. Differentiate “inductive approach” and “deductive approach” in conducting research.
5. Explain. “Research can be replicated any time but its findings can never be duplicated.”

TASK 6: Tell whether or not each of the following statements is TRUE. Write TRUE or FALSE.

________1. Deductive approach of data analysis is breaking down the general principle into specific
details of the phenomenon.
________2. Inductive approach is usually associated with quantitative research.
________3. Quantitative data are presented through tables, graphs or figures only and no textual
description is done.
________4. Quantitative research is broader compared with qualitative research.
________5. Research starts with a title and ends with a conclusion.
________6. Qualitative research is conducted to validate the theory already constructed by the
previous researchers.
________9. Research problem can be found from rigid review of related literature.
________10. Qualitative research methods are well-planned.
 ACTIVITY 3
(Refer to pages 12 - 29)

TASK 7: Answer the following questions in paragraph forms.

1. What are the strengths of quantitative research?

2. Specify two weaknesses of quantitative research and explain each.
3. Why qualitative research is personally engaged?
4. Quantitative research is also known as statistical research. Why?
5. Compare and contrast quantitative research and qualitative research.

TASK 8: Answer the following questions in paragraph forms.

1. Explain the importance of quantitative research across the following fields:

a. Anthropology d. Psychology
b. Communication e. Social Science
c. Medicine
2. Give one academic discipline or field not mentioned in this module and explain the importance of
quantitative research in that discipline or field.
3. Explain the importance of quantitative research findings in decision-making.

TASK 9: Check (√) all words that can operate as a RESEARCH VARIABLE and place an (X) for the
word/s that cannot be.

1. ___ water 11. ___ goals

2. ___ skills 12. ___ life plans
3. ___ self-esteem 13. ___ academic contests
4. ___ experience 14. ___ academic grades
5. ___ leadership qualities 15. ___ aspirations
6. ___ expectations 16. ___ curriculum
7. ___ reading comprehension 17. ___ intelligence
8. ___ cultural heritage 18. ___ economic status
9. ___ commitment 19. ___ competence
10. ___ social media 20. ___ resilience

TASK 10: Identify the answer of each statement.

______________1. It is the study of society and the manner in which people behave and influence the
world around them. It is concerned with simultaneously exploring of connections of human kinds amidst
their cultural differences, alternatives and identity.
______________2. It is a multifaceted discipline which includes many sub-fields of study such as human
development, social behavior and cognitive process. It is the scientific study of the human mind and
behavior.
______________3. It is the science and practice of establishing the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and
prevention of disease. It encompasses a variety of health care practices to maintain and restore health by
the prevention and treatment of illness.
______________4. It is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the
use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules.
______________5. It is quantitative research that aims to advance our knowledge to prevent and cure
health problems. It can provide important information about disease trends and risk factors, outcomes of
treatment or public health interventions.

ACTIVITY 4
(Refer to pages 31 - 36)

TASK 11: Given the research title, identify the independent and dependent variables. Copy and answer.
Then, classify whether the research title is experimental research or correlational research.

1. Teachers’ Productivity and Students’ Performance in Academic Contests

Independent variable –
Dependent variable –

2. Perceived External Prestige (PEP) of Esperanza National High School and Teachers’
Organizational Commitment
Independent variable –
Dependent variable –

3. Business Strategies and Growth of Hair Salon Enterprises in Esperanza, Sultan Kudarat
Independent variable –
Dependent variable –

4. Work-Related Attitudes and Job Performance of the Employees of Business Enterprises in

Esperanza, Sultan Kudarat
Independent variable –
Dependent variable –

5. Use of Supplemental Learning Materials in Improving the Academic Achievement of Students in

Pre-calculus
Independent variables –
Dependent variable –

6. Effect of Organic Fertilizer in the Growth of Eggplants

Independent variable –
Dependent variable –

7. Blended Leaning Approach, Parents’ Support and Academic Performance of Students in the
Midst of COVID-19 Pandemic
Independent variables –
Dependent variables –

8. Students’ Study Habits, Attitudes and Academic Achievement in Chemistry

Independent variables –
Dependent variable –
 9. Implementation of Child Protection Policy (CPP) and Students’ Academic Behavior
Independent variable –
Dependent variables –

10. Aspirations and Challenges of Students in the Conflict Areas of Maguindanao

Independent variable –
Dependent variable –

TASK 12: Identify the answer of each of the following statements (Answers only).

_____________1. It is a research variable which is the giver of effect in an experimental research.

_____________2. It is a type of correlational research in which an increase in independent variable is
associated with an increase also in dependent variable.
_____________3. It is a type of correlational research whereby an increase in independent variable is
associated in a decrease in dependent variable.
_____________4. It is a type of test to determine the initial knowledge of students in control and
experimental groups before the administration of the pre-test.
_____________5. It is a group of experimental research that is treated with new teaching approach.
_____________6. It is a research variable that is considered the receiver of the effect in an experimental
research.
_____________7. The examples of this research variable are age, gender, religion and tribe.
_____________8. It is a group of experimental research that receives no treatment.
_____________9. It is a type of non-experimental research in which the researcher measures the two
variables and investigates the statistical relationship between them.
_____________10. It is a changing quality, attribute or characteristic of a person, a group, an educational
system, or any topic that is of interest in a study.

TASK 13: Answer the following questions in paragraph forms.

1. How is educational experimental research conducted?

2. What is the difference between non-experimental research and survey research?
3. How does independent variable differ from dependent variable?
4. How important is the conceptual framework before proceeding to the rigid writing of a
research?
5. What is the role of intervening variable in experimental and correlational researches?

TASK 14: Determine whether or not each statement is TRUE. Write TRUE of FALSE (Answers only).

_________1. Positive correlational research states that the increase of the values of independent variable
corresponds to the decrease of the values of dependent variable.
_________2. All non-experimental researches are survey researches.
_________3. There are experimental researches which can be classified as qualitative researches.
_________4. Quantitative research is better than qualitative research.
_________5. Quantitative research is conducted to generate very fresh idea or theory.
_________6. Testing the effectiveness of a modern teaching approach is an example of correlational
research.
 ACTIVITY 5
(Refer to pages 38 - 44)

TASK 15: The following are the research questions of a Correlational Research. Identify the
independent and dependent variables in each SOP or research question. Write your answers in the right
columns. Copy and answer.

Independent Dependent
Research Questions
Variables Variables
1. What is the impact of emotional intelligence on the
leadership skills of school principals?
2. Is there a significant relationship between reading
comprehension and problem-solving skills of
students?

3. How is students’ depression related to their bullying

experiences?
4. What is the impact of school principals’
transformational leadership qualities to the
teachers’ performance?
5. Is there a significant association between teachers’
financial literacy and their teaching performance?

TASK 16: Written in the 2nd and 3rd columns are the independent and dependent variables. Write the
research questions in the left column. Indicate in your research questions the main respondents of your
study. Number 1 is provided for you as your guide. Copy and answer.

Independent Dependent
Research Questions
Variables Variables
1. Is there a significant relationship between Absenteeism Academic
absenteeism and academic performance of performance
students?
 (Other acceptable answers would be: (1) What is
the effect of absenteeism to the academic
performance of students? (2) Is the academic
performance of students significantly influenced by
absenteeism? (3) Is the academic performance of
students significantly
related to absenteeism?)
2. Parental guidance Discipline

3. Parental support Educational

aspirations

4. Teaching National
performance Achievement Test
(NAT)
5. Organizational Job performance
commitment

6. Financial literacy Teaching

performance

Forms of Quantitative Research Objectives

EXERCISE AT HOME ONLY: Change each research objective from interrogative form to infinitive
form or vice versa. Write your answer in the vacant box.

Interrogative Form Infinitive Form

Is the academic performance influenced by To determine the influence of student
student absenteeism? absenteeism on the academic performance
What is the effect of Korean novelas on the To determine the effect of Korean novelas on the
Filipino value system? Filipino value system
Is there a significant relationship between study
habits and academic achievement of students?
To investigate the impact of bullying on the self-
esteem of students
To what extent is the job satisfaction of private
school teachers?

To compare the problem-solving skills of

experimental and control groups in
Mathematics
Is there a significant difference on the
absenteeism of male and female students?
To determine the status of the blended learning
approach used by DepEd in the midst of COVID-
19 pandemic
What are the psychological resilience
strategies of teachers to deliver learning
modalities in light of COVID-19 pandemic?

EXERCISE AT HOME ONLY: Write the following research titles in inverted pyramid. Underline the
independent variable once and the dependent variable twice. Then identify the major respondents of the
study.

1. SOCIAL COMPETENCE AND LEADERSHIP QUALITIES OF SECONDARY SCHOOL

PRINCIPALS IN SULTAN KUDARAT
Major Respondents: __________________
 2. THE EFFECT OF STUDY HABITS ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF GRADE 12
STUDENTS IN ENGLISH
Major Respondents: __________________

3. TRIBAL CHALLENGES AND ASPIRATIONS OF INDIGENOUS STUDENTS OF

ESPERANZA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Major Respondents: __________________

4. UTILIZATION OF SCHOOL FUNDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS

IN REGION XII
Major Respondents: __________________

5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND COURSE PREFERENCES OF GRADE 12 STUDENTS

Major Respondents: __________________

TASK 17: Answer the following questions in paragraph forms.

1. Differentiate experimental research from non-experimental research.

2. Are all non-experimental researches considered survey researches? Why? Why Not?
3. What are the strengths of survey research? Explain each strength in your own words. Don’t
copy the explanation in this module.
4. Explain the purpose of pre-test and post-test in conducting an experimental research.
5. Explain the characteristics of non-experimental research.
6. What are the weaknesses of survey research?
7. What are the purposes of survey research?
8. Explain the weaknesses of survey research.
9. Differentiate the following: primary data, secondary data and tertiary data.
10. What particular social issue that interests you most for your future research proposal? Why
are you interested in that particular issue? Explain comprehensively.

ACTIVITY 6
(Refer to pages 46 - 56)

TASK 18: 1ST MAJOR INDIVIDUAL TASK (The Beginning of the Actual Writing of Research
Proposal/Designing a Research Useful in Daily Life)

Direction:

Look for a research problem (temporary title). Construct a CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

(Both Textual Description & Visual Representation) illustrating the independent and dependent variables
together with the indicators of each variable. You can do it by rigid review of related literature from
different sources. Then construct statement of the problem (SOP) out the conceptual
framework you have made.

This is a difficult task considering the distance learning modalities due to this COVID-19
pandemic. But try to do your BEST to produce a research (just a simple research but logically and
critically done). If you have any mean of contacting your teacher just to ask queries about this FIRST
MAJOR TASK, do it for the sake of having a research proposal. This is the beginning of writing a
RESEARCH PROPOSAL.
 You can ask former Grade 12 students for the replication of their researches (with of course
additional flavor). You can also look some researches of Grade 12 students from other schools and ask
them for the replication of their researches (of course using the format and standard of Esperanza
National High School).

If you have a chance to connect with internet, there are so many social science researches which
are potential for replication (of course following the ethical standards in research particularly the proper
citation and referencing).

Take note, all researches should be COMPUTERIZED. If possible, submit your FIRST MAJOR
TASK in computerized form. However, if you don’t have a computer or laptop, HANDWRITTEN
assignment is ACCEPTED. But in your final RESEARCH PROPOSAL, it should be COMPUTERIZED
following the format and standard of our school.

Use the examples of CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK and STATEMENT OF THE

PROBLEM (SOP) given in the previous pages as your guide. Take note, research starts from a
PROBLEM. Your RESEARCH PROBLEM is found in your CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
particularly in your STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (SOP).

ACTIVITY 7
(Refer to pages 58 - 79)

TASK 19: Group yourselves into a maximum of ten (10) members and write the Chapter I of your
quantitative research following the standard and format of Mindanao State University- Sulu Senior High
School. Choose the best research problem that you individually identified from your previous first major
task of writing the conceptual framework of your research. The following parts of the research proposal
should strictly be followed:

CHAPTER I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Conceptual Framework of the Study
Definition of Terms
Note:
Use the previous examples to write a very good Chapter I of your research proposal. Include the
list of references using APA format.

ACTIVITY 8
(Refer to pages 81 - 90)

TASK 20: Write the coherent literature review of your group research. Take note, order of the literature
review is based on the order of the statement of the problem (SOP). Use the APA format in in-text
citations and referencing.

ACTIVITY 9
(Refer to pages 92 - 103)

TASK 22: Write TRUE if the sentence is correct and FALSE, if not.
__ 1. A quantitative research is very prone to manipulation.
__ 2. Dependent variable can affect independent variable.
__ 3. Intervening variables are as significant as independent variables.
__ 4. A qualitative research is more formal and scientific compared with quantitative research.
__ 5. The effect of bullying on the academic achievement of students can be determined through mean
and percentage.
__ 6. All research variables are measurable.
__ 7. Only words can express the effects of independent variables on dependent variables.
__ 8. The extent of the program implementation can be measured using frequency and percentage.
__ 9. Independent variable can affect dependent variable.
__ 10. To be able to test the hypothesis, a researcher has to observe and collect data for each variable
included in the said hypothesis.

TASKS 23: Construct frequency and percentage distribution table for each of the following. Give table
title for your answer. This is an individual task.
1. Religion of Students
Roman Catholic - 150
Protestant - 80
Islam - 75
Seventh Day Adventist (SDA) - 50

2. Perceptions of SHS Students on the Revival of Reserved Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC)
Strongly Agree - 300
Agree - 350
Moderately Agree - 280
Disagree - 100
Strongly Disagree - 50

TASK 24: Compute for the overall mean of each of the following (1 whole sheet of paper). Indicate your
name, subject and name of your teacher. Submit your answer in the drop point in your locality. This is an
individual task.
 ACTIVITY 10
(Refer to pages 105 - 113)

TASK 25: ANOTHER MAJOR TASK (GROUP TASK)

DIRECTION:

From the approved research problem (temporary title) with conceptual framework and statement
of the problem (SOP) you presented to your teacher, construct a research instrument to be used during
your data gathering activities.

One of the MOST DIFFICULT parts of writing a research is the construction of a RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT. Use the sample survey questionnaires in the previous pages. Good luck students. We
hope that you can make your research instrument based from the objectives of your study.

ACTIVITY 11
(Refer to pages 115 - 118)

TASK 26: Given the research title and one of its SOP, list the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
This is an individual task.

1. Research Title: Management of Resources and Development of School Facilities of Esperanza

National High School

SOP: Is there a significant relationship between management of resources and development of

school facilities?

H 0:

H a:
2. Research Title: Bullying and Teen Depression at Esperanza National High School
 SOP: Is there a significant relationship between bullying and teen depression?

H 0:

H a:

3. Research Title: Parenting Styles and Behavioral Problems among Technical-Vocational

Livelihood (TVL) Students

SOP: Is there a significant relationship between parenting styles and behavioral problems of TVL
students?

H 0:

H a:

4. Research Title: Parenting Styles and Behavioral Problems of Technical-Vocational Livelihood

(TVL) Students

SOP: Is there a significant difference between the parenting styles received by male and female
TVL students?

H 0:

H a:

TASK 27: Given the research title, state the major SOP. Then, list the null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis.

1. Research Title: Learning Stress and Stress Management Strategies of Senior High School
Students

SOP:

H 0:

H a:

2. Research Title: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P’s): Impact on the Academic
Performance and Attendance of Students

SOP:

H 0:

H a:
 3. Research Title: Parental Relationship, Academic Performance and Behavior of Students of
Esperanza National High School

SOP:

H 0:

H a:

4. Research Title: Impact of Motivation on the Performance of Teachers of Esperanza National

High School

SOP:

H 0:

H a:

ACTIVITY 12
(Refer to pages 120 - 128)

TASK 28: Given the statement of the problem (SOP), identify what statistical tool that is applicable. This
is an individual task.
1. SOP: What is the profile of STEM teachers in terms of teaching experience and educational
attainment?

2. SOP: To what extent is the problem-solving skills of grade 7 students?

3. SOP: Is there a significant gender difference on the performance of students in their

Geometry subjects?

4. SOP: What is the impact of the reading interest on students’ literary comprehension?

5. SOP: What is the effect of teachers’ educational qualifications on the learning performance
of students in Mathematics?

6. SOP: Is there a significant difference in the learning performance of the students exposed in
the three different methods of teaching: Traditional, Game-Based, and Activity-Oriented?

7. SOP: Is there a significant difference between the responses of the women and men in the
legalization of the divorce in the Philippines?

8. SOP: Are the public school teachers more competent compared to the private school
teachers?

9. SOP: What is the profile of the NQuESH takers in terms of administrative experience and
educational attainment?

10. SOP: What is the level of the reading comprehension of grade 7 students?

11. SOP: Is there a significant difference between the performance of the students in the two
previous grading periods?

12. SOP: Is there a significant relationship between the reading interest and literary
comprehension of the students?

13. SOP: Is the learning performance of the students in Mathematics significantly influenced by
the educational qualification of their teachers?

14. SOP: Is there a significant difference in the learning performance of the students exposed in
the three different methods of teaching: Traditional, Computer-Assisted Instruction, and
Practical Work Approach?

15. SOP: Is there a significant relationship between the responses of the women and men in the
legalization of the divorce in the Philippines?

16. SOP: Are the public school teachers more satisfied with their jobs compared to the private
school teachers?

17. To what degree is the student absenteeism in the following causes:

1.1 Physical/school factors,

1.2 Health problems,
1.3 Personal attitudes,
1.4 Family-related issues,
1.5 Teacher-related reasons,
1.6 Subject-related matters,

1.7 Classroom atmosphere,

 1.8 Peer relationship,
1.9 Financial constraints, and
1.10 Obsession in the computer or online games/social networking sites?

18. What is the level of academic performance of low performing students in the following tool
subjects:
2.1 Filipino,
2.2 English,
2.3 Mathematics, and
2.4 Science?

19. Is there a significant difference in the attitudes of students towards absenteeism when they
are grouped according to:
3.1 Grade 7,
3.2 Grade 8,
3.3 Grade 9, and
3.4 Grade 10?

20. Is the assessment of the respondents towards absenteeism significantly different according to
the following types of respondents:
4.1 Low performing students,
4.2 Their respective parents or guardians, and
4.3 Their close friends?

21. Does the academic performance of struggling students in the tool subjects (Filipino, English,
Mathematics and Science) significantly differ from each other?

22. Is there a significant difference in the attitudes of male and female students towards
absenteeism?

23. Is there a significant relationship between the causes of absenteeism and academic
performance of the struggling students?

24. What intervention programs can be proposed to minimize, if not totally eradicate
absenteeism among the low performing students?

Note: SOP #s 17 – 24 belong to the same research title.

 ACTIVITY 13
(Refer to pages 129 - 135)

TASK 29: Solve the following problems. This is an individual task.

1. A researcher is conducting a study about the full implementation of Senior High School (SHS)
curriculum in Sultan Kudarat. The following are the sub-population of the study:
Students – 3050
Teachers – 550
Parents – 320
Principals – 150
Compute for the total number of sample as well as the sample per group.

2. Compute for the total sample and sample per school using the following data.

Population
USM - Kabacan – 1580
MSU - Maguindanao – 1398
CCSPC – 1409
SKSU – 1216

ACTIVITY14
(Refer to pages 137 - 140)

TASK 30: Write the Chapter III (Methodology) of your group research proposal.
 THESIS PROPOSAL FORMAT

CHAPTER I
Single Space, Bold, Uppercase
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
*with introductory statement
Single Space, Italic
Introduction
Objectives of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Hypotheses/ Basic Assumption
Significance of the Study Subheadings, Double
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Space in Par., Bold
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Definition of Key Terms

CHAPTER II Single Space, Bold, Uppercase

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
*with introductory statement Single Space, Italic
*By Topic/Variables based on SOPs
* Segregated with Related Literatures and Studies
* Minimum 10 pages with at least 10-20 References
*Use APA Documentation Style
Single Space, Bold, Uppercase
CHAPTER III
THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
*with introductory statement Single Space, Italic
Research Method/Design
Locale of the Study
Research Instrument
Research Sampling
Research Respondents
Validation of Research Instrument Subheadings, Double
Statistical Treatment Space in Par., Bold
Data Gathering Procedure

Revising your Review of Related Literatures and Studies (Chapter II)

Parts of Chapter 2
1. Related Literatures - these are published articles, books, journals, magazines, novels, poetry, and
other materials that directly bear the study
2. Related Studies - these are published or unpublished studies which have a direct bearing on the
study. (they are segregated into foreign and local (if any).
3. Legal Basis - laws, constitution, department orders, and memoranda have direct bearings on the
study.
APA In-text Citation Styles
Example of Integral Citation
MacMillan (2016) says that a literature review refines the research problem, establishes the
conceptual or theoretical framework, helps develop the significance of the study, research questions, and
hypotheses, assists in identifying the strengths and limitations of the research methodology, enables the
researchers to identify contradictory findings.
Example of Non-integral Citation
A literature review refines the research problem, establishes the conceptual or theoretical
framework, helps develop the significance of the study, research questions, and hypotheses,
assists in identifying the strengths and limitations of the research methodology, enables the
researchers to identify contradictory findings (MacMillan, 2016).
APA Referencing Styles
American Psychological Association, commonly known as APA Referencing, is very similar to that of
Harvard Referencing Style.
It is mostly used in the various fields of social sciences. It is also used in some other areas such as
business, education, and nursing.
Book
<Name of author/s>. (<Publication Year>). <Book Title> (<Edition>). <Place of Publication>:
<Publisher>.
Andreasen, N. C. (2001). Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome. Oxford,
England: Oxford University Press.
Burawoy, M., Burton, A., Ferguson, A. A., & Fox, K. J. (1991). Ethnography unbound: Power and
resistance in the modern metropolis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Delay, F., Deville, P., Echenoz, J., Greenlee, S., Mathews, H., Polizzotti, M., et al. (1997). S: A novel.
Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books.

Journal
<Name of author/s>. (<Publication Year>). <Article title>. <Journal title>, <volume number> (<Issue
number>), <range of page numbers>.
Miles, L. (2000). Constructing composition: Reproduction and WPA agency in textbook publishing.
Writing Program Administration, 24(1-2), 27-51.
Nespor, M., & Sandler, W. (1999). Prosody in Israeli sign language [Abstract]. Language and Speech, 42,
143.
Potente, S., Anderson, C., & Karim, M. (2011). Environmental sun protection and supportive policies and
practices: An audit of outdoor recreational settings in NSW coastal towns. Health Promotion
Journal of Australia, 22, 97- 101.

Website
<Name of Author/s>. (<Publication Year>). < page title>. Retrieved <mention the date of retrieval>, from
<URL>.
Satalkar, B. (2010, July 15). Water aerobics. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com
Albrecht, K. (2005). Consumers against supermarket privacy invasion and numbering. Retrieved April
22, 2005, from http://www.nocards.org
International Council for Caring Communities. (2005). Retrieved April 22, 2005, from
http://www.international-iccc.org

LITERATURE REVIEW MATRIX

Instructions. This worksheet helps you review related literature given your action research topic.
Your task is to search for the most relevant journal articles online using credible sources such as
Google Scholar, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, etc. List the articles in the second following APA
referencing format. Identify themes that will represent the articles and put those themes in the first
column. Then, read and summarize each article. Write the summary in the third column. Finally,
identify the research gap from each article and write it in the fourth column.

Theme/Variables Literature Sources (2018- Summary/Findings/Conclusions

2023)
-
Challenges met by
Students in blended
learning

Students performance in
blended learning

Book
<Name of author>. (<Publication Year>). <Book Title> (<Edition>). <Place of Publication>:
<Publisher>. PDF
Andreasen, N. C. (2001). Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome. Oxford,
England: Oxford University Press.

Journal
<Name of author/s>. (<Publication Year>). <Article title>. <Journal title>, <volume number> (<Issue
number>), <range of page numbers>. Retrieved from <URL>

Potente, S., Anderson, C., & Karim, M. (2011). Environmental sun protection and supportive policies and
practices: An audit of outdoor recreational settings in NSW coastal towns. Health Promotion
Journal of Australia, 22, 97- 101.
Website
<Name of Author/s>. (<Publication Year>). <page title>. Retrieved <mention the date of retrieval>, from
<URL>.
Satalkar, B. (2010, July 15). Water aerobics. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com

*Note: 7-10 sources per variables/ themes