1

NON DESTRUCTIVE
TEST - NDT
ULTRASONIC TESTING
LEVEL II

LECTURE 1
Address : 24 El-Gahez St., Haey Sabeaa, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

Phone : +20 01012000780- +20 01012000760

Fax : 02-23877325

Website : www.kit-egy.com

Email : [email protected]
 Course Schedule
➢ Lecture 1: Basic Information

➢ Lecture 2: Basic Information

➢ Lecture 3: How to calibrate UT device

➢ Lecture 4: Practical

➢ Lecture 5: How to use UT device (Evaluation & Examination)

➢ Lecture 6: Practical

➢ Lecture 7: Code (ASME & AWS D1.1)

Lecture 1
UT Basics
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In this lecture we will know:

➢ What is UT ?

➢ Principle of sound

➢ Velocity, frequency and wavelength

➢ Relation between frequency & wavelength

➢ Wave modes

➢ Attenuation factor
 Ultrasonic Testing

Ultrasonic Testing Is A Nondestructive Testing Method Which Uses

Sound Waves To Inspect The Internal Structure Of A Material.

The Detection Is Made By An Ultrasonic Machine And Interpreted

By The Technician.
 Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
6

Sound is transmitted in the material to be tested

The sound reflected back to the

probe is displayed on
the Flaw Detector
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The distance the sound traveled can be displayed on the Flaw Detector

The screen can be calibrated to give accurate readings of the distance

Signal from the back wall

Bottom / Back wall

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The presence of a Defect in the material shows up on the screen of the

flaw detector with a less distance than the bottom of the material

The BWE signal

Defect signal

Defect
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Ultrasonic Test

1998
24 Nov
Transducers
UT Machine Cables
(Probes)
 Ultrasonic Testing
10

Principles of Sound

What is the sound ?

it is a mechanical vibrations that transmit energy by a series of small

material displacements
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Properties of a sound wave

➢ Sound cannot travel in vacuum

➢ Sound energy to be transmitted /

transferred from one particle to

another

SOLID LIQUID GAS

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Sound Wave

Wavelength
Velocity (V) Frequency (f)
()

Distance per unit The number of The distance

time cycles per unit required to
Measured in m/sec time complete a
Measured in HZ cycle
Measured in mm
OR meter
 Wavelength Velocity 13

V
=
f
Frequency

Therefore:

V f =V
= or or V= f 
f 
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Velocity
➢ The velocity of sound in a particular material is CONSTANT

➢ The velocity depends on DENSITY (ρ) and ELASTICITY(E and µ) of

the material

Sound velocity in the different mediums:

➢ V in steel : 5960 m/s

➢ V in water : 1470 m/s

➢ V in air : 330 m/s

 SOUND WAVES CHARACTERISTICS
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1- Elastic Properties (E and µ)

➢ Sound can travel faster through mediums with higher elastic

properties (like steel) than it can through solids like rubber,

which have lower elastic properties.

➢ The higher elasticity, the higher sound velocity

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2- Density (ρ)
➢ Sound can travel slower through mediums with higher density

than mediums with lower density which have same elastic

properties.

➢ The higher density, the lower sound velocity

 What is the velocity difference in steel compared with in water?

4 times
If the frequency remain constant, in what material does sound has
the highest velocity, steel, water, or air?

Steel
If the frequency remain constant, in what material does sound has the
shortest wavelength, steel, water, or air?

Air
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Frequency

1 second 1 second 1 second

1 cycle per 1 3 cycle per 1 18 cycle per 1
second = 1 Hz second = 3 Hz second = 18 Hz
❖ 1 Hz = 1 c/sec
❖ 1 Kilohertz = 1 KHz =1000 Hz
❖ 1 Megahertz =1 MHz = 1000 000 Hz
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Wavelength
Wavelength is the distance required to complete a cycle.

One Cycle


wavelength
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Frequency & Wavelength

1 M Hz 5 M Hz 10 M Hz 25 M Hz

LONGEST =v/f SMALLEST

F  F 
Which probe has the smallest wavelength?

Which probe has the longest wavelength?

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Frequency & Wavelength

1998
24 Nov
➢ The higher the frequency the smaller the wavelength
➢ The smaller the wavelength the higher the sensitivity

➢ Sensitivity: The ability of the system to identify small

discontinuities

• In UT the smallest sensitivity is ½  (half the

wavelength)
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➢ Which of the following compressional probe has the highest

sensitivity?

➢ 1 MHz

➢ 2 MHz

➢ 5 MHz

➢ 10 MHz
10 MHz
 Ultrasonic waves : The waves with frequency above 20 KHz
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Sonic / Audible
Ultrasonic
Human
16Hz - 20kHz
> 20kHz = 20,000Hz

0 10 100 1K 10K 100K 1M 10M 100m

So, we use Ultrasound waves
Because we need our waves have a small wavelength to hit with
small discontinuities.
 Modes of Sound Wave Generation 24

WAVE MODES

➢ Longitudinal Wave ( Compression Wave )

➢ Shear Wave ( Transverse Wave )

➢ Surface Wave ( Rayleigh Waves )

➢ Plate Wave ( Lamb Waves )

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1. Longitudinal Wave

1998
24 Nov
➢ Particle vibrations in the direction of

wave propagation

➢ The fastest in speed of sound waves

➢ Propagates in all material status (solid,

liquid and gas)

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2.Shear Wave
➢ Particle vibrations perpendicular on wave
propagation
➢ Its speed is half of longitudinal waves
➢ Propagates in solid only

V =½ v
 =½
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3.Surface Wave
➢ Particle motion elliptical
➢ Propagate in thin plate materials where plate thickness <=
wavelength
➢ Used in thin sheets or plates
4.Plate Wave
Velocity 8% less than shear
Particle vibrations are elliptical
It is used to detect surface cracks
Surface waves only propagate in solid bodies
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Attenuation
The decay rate of the wave as it propagates through material, it results
from:

➢ Absorption of energy due to moving the vibrating molecules.

➢ Scatter of sound waves reflecting from the grain boundaries.

➢ Interference effects close to the transducer

➢ Beam spread

Note: Attenuation occurs internally, it differences from

acoustic impedance
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Questions?
Thanks