(he THEE with Shubhyawin Shubhya oft att carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive Spotting Error Explanation With Rules Spotting errors is a common test ang| forms a part of almost all the important examinations that have objective English test on their syllabi, It requizes an awareness of the basic rules of grammar—parts of speech, noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, genders infinitives, participles, subject-verb accord, form of tenses, use of aticles and certain exceptional Hence, it is necessary that all candidates taking up these exsminations brush up their essentials of grammar with the help of the grammar books that they have read at their intermediate level. ARter this initial exercise they should learn ot revise the following rules that are given below in the form of practical tips with illustrative examples. The practice test ‘must be done carefully and repeatedly to ensure full competence and confidencewin Shubhya (@ The scenery of Kashmir are enchanting (vcore) {b) The scenery of Kashmiris enchanting, Corre) (@ The Indian team defeated the English by innings vcore) () The Indian team defeated the English by an innings (Corres) (@) Mathematics are a difficult subject. (Inorred) () Mathematics is a difficult subject. (Correct) 1. Some nouns always take a singular verb. Scenery, advice, information, machinery, tationery, furniture, abuse, fuel, rice, gram, issue, bedding, repair, news, mischief, poetry, business, economics, physics, mathematics, clas innings, gallows. ics, ethics, athletics, JNote: If you have to indicate that the number of news, advice, information or furniture is more than one, the examples listed can be followed. (@) Thave alot of news to tell you, ©) He has sold many pieces of his furniture (a) He has given advices. (b) He has given advice. (vcore) (Correct)win Shubhya of HR carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of ind (ATC)Junior Executiv 2. Some nouns are singular in form, but they are used as plural nouns and always take a plural verb. Cattle, gentry, vermin, peasantry, artillery, people, clergy, company, police. (@) The cattle is grazing in the ground (Imcorred) (b) The cattle are grazing in the ground (Correct) (@) ‘The clergy isin the church (correct) (©) The clergy ate in the church (Correet)win Shubhya of HR carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of ind (ATC)Junior Executiv Explanation With rue . Some nouns are always used in a plural form and always take a plural verb. ‘Trousers, scissors, spectacles, stockings, shorts, measles, goods, alms, premises, thanks, tidings, annals, chattels, etc. (@) Where is my trousers? (ncorred) () Where are my trousers? (Corred) (8) Spectacles is now a costly item (Insrrect) (©) Spectacles are now acostly item — (Corred)? -g_uvta — Bias AR. sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of ind (ATC)Junior Executive Explanation With rules [a. There are some nouns that indicate length, measure, money, weight of aumber. When they are preceded by a numeral, they remain unchanged in form. Foot, metre, pair, score, dozen, head, year hundred, thousand, million. (a) Itisa three-years degree course (Incorre) () Itis a three-year degree course (Corred) (@) Ihave ten dozens of shoes. (Incorrect) (b) Ihave ten dozen of shoes. (Correct)Explanation With Rul ‘@ 5. Collective nouns such as jury, public, team, ‘committee, government, audience, orchestra, ‘company, etc. are used both as singular and. plural depending on the meaning, When these words indicate @ unit, the verb is singular, ‘otherwise the verb will be plural. o> # at (@) The jury was divided in this case. (Incorrect) (b) The jury were divided in this ease. (Corre) (@) The team have not come as yet. Incorrect) (b) The team has not come as yet. (Correct) ° AR. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executivesca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of ind (ATC)Junior Executive [& Some nouns have one meaning in the singular and another in the plural: advice = counsel, advices = information, air = atmosphere, aire = proud, authority = command, authorities = pettons in power good = wise, goods = property metal, irons = fetters, chains, force = strength, forces = army, content = satisfaction, contents = things contained, Physic = medicine, physics = physical sciences, regards, respects = compliments work = job, works = compositions, factories, quarter Explanation With "@ (@ Aicis necessary for human life (©) Itis bad to puton airs. (@) Thave eaten one quarter of the cake. (0) Ilivein the government quarterscarta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive 7. People are often confused or they commit tistakes in the use of certain nouns. (@ Lecturership is wrong; lectureship is @ There are twenty candidates for lectureship (lara) Gi) There are twenty candidates for lectureship (Corres () Freethip ie wrongs free-studemtship is @ Ramesh has appli for feeship nor) i) Ramesh has applied for free- studentship (Correa (© Boarding is wrong; boarding house @ Nohan ivesin abounding. (lxerrs (8) Mohan lives in boarding house. (Corres (@ Family members is wrong; members of the family is correct. @ Vivek and Ramesh ase my family members (sor) @ Vivek and Ramesh are the members of ry Family. (Corre © Einglsh teacher ia wrong; the teacher of English ie correct. @ DrRainais our Enghsh teacher ome) (@ De Rainais our teacher of English, (Core (© Couin-brother or sister is wrongs only @ Geetainmy cousin ster domes) Geeta is my consi (Core © Room in a compartaent or» bench means unoccupied scat. There iso room om this bench, (Corrs (0) Ours, yours, hers, theirs are correct © Thishouse is our. (eo) @_Thishouse is ours (Cores) Note: The same principle apple to ‘yours’, “hers and ‘hie @ Wages means punishment when used in singulac The wages of sin is death @) Teako meas charges for the ubour when used in purl sense, @ The wages of daily workers have been sised.carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive 8. Also remember the subtle differences in the ‘usage of these paies of nouns. (@ The noun thabieapplice only to an individual whereas ‘custom applies to a society or country. @ Poor children often become a victim cof bad habits (Tedd in ln have many intereting © aus? produces a result, while reason? explains or justifies a cause. (Scientists ty to find out the case of ‘phenomenon, You have a good season to be pleated with your stadent, (0 ‘Maw’ ix used in ordinary sense while ‘gentleman’ is aman of character, @) Manis mortal (i) Hes a gentleman a large (@ ‘Me'—Plural of mans ‘people is used for persone @ There ae five men in the room (The people of Bihar are simple (© ‘Shade—a place sheltered from the Sun; ‘shadow’—the shade of a distinct form orobject @ The villagers sat unde the shade of tees (He x even afmid of his own shadow (© ‘Cos’—amount paid by the shopkeepen, ‘price’— amount paid by the customer @ Thecostof production of automobile items has gone up. (Sometimes the buyers have to pay higher price for necessary items @ ‘House—a building to live in; Home ‘one’s native place. (Quarters ere houses alloted to us for definite period @_ My home town is Muzaffarpur. (0) ‘Customer —abuyerof goods; Cl ‘one who avails oneself of a ec @ The shopkeepers welcome customers with smiles. (i) The lawyer discusses the cates of his lente. ewin Shubhya carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of ind (ATC)Junior Executive Explanation With Rules For example: Every mar must bring his luggage All stadents must do their home work. Each of the girls must carry ber own bag. Each student must bring their books. (Incorred)) Each sixdent must bring his books. (Correct? -g_uvta — Bias sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of ind (ATC)Junior Executive 10. While using ‘everybody’, ‘anyone’, ‘anybody’, and ‘each’ the pronoun of the masculine or the feminine gender according to the content. Is used Explanation With Rules I shall be happy to help each of the boys in this practice, But when the sex is not mentioned, we use the pronoun of the masculine gender. ‘Anyone can do this job if he tries, Each of the six boys in the class has finished their task (comet) Each of the six boys in the class has finished his task (Comeet)win Shubhya Everyone © Everybody Everyone and Everybody re indefinite pronouns. They canbe used Interchangeably although theresa slight ference between them based on their usage. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive EVERYONE Peet Seay ord Soy a eee Sees eet See ey oro eee nd ees Senter y to comment Ercwad + Everybody isan indefinite pronoun, efers toa group of people. + his less formal than everyone and more common in spoken Slanguage. + He told everybody he saw the news. + Tm sure that everybody will miss im very much. + Fd asked everybody but only wo people came + She wanted to tll everybody about her secret.carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of ind (ATC)Junior Executive Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, Nobody A team had four members called Everybody, ‘Somebody, Anybody, and Nobody. There was an important job to be done. Everyone was sure that Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. Somebody got angry about that because it was Everybody's job. Everybody thought Anybody could do it. Nobody realized that's Everybody's job. Everybody wouldn't do it It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done.i Bs L Explanation With Rules f Cone must finish his task in time van Shubhya 1. The pronoun ‘one’ must be (core) followed One must finish one's task in time (Correct) a AS ae ene must first CoUilealera a]Te Explanation With Rules -g_uvta — Bias 12. Enjoy, apply, resign, acquit, drive, exert, avail, pride, absent, ete. when used as transitive verbs, always take a reflexive pronoun after them. When ‘self? is added to ‘my’, ‘your, ‘him’, ‘her’ and “t’ and ‘selves? to four and ‘them’—they are known as - a ma He absented from the class (Incorret) He absented himself from the class (Correct) AR. sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of ind (ATC)Junior Executivewin Shubhya of HR carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive Explanation With Rules 13, ‘Who? deno used for the abject. Whomdo youthink won the award? (Incorred) Who do you think won the award? (Corres) Who are you taking to? (ncorret) Whom are you talking to? (Corres)? -g_uvta — Bias AR. sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of ind (ATC)Junior Executive Either ... or Neither ... nor Either refers to any one of the ‘two things or people. Either is always considered singular in a sentence. Either... or is a correlati conjunction. We use either . or for connect things which are the same types, phrases, Neither is used as a conjunction This structure, “neither ... nor’, is used to connect the same kind of word or phrase in the sentence. Neither makes a negative statement about two people or Explanation With Rules 4. When two or more singular nouns are joined together by ‘either or’; ‘neither nor’; and ‘or’, the pronoun is singular. Either Ram or Shyam will give their book (conect) Either Ramm or Shyam will give book, (Cones) Neither Ramesh nor Rajendra has (lcomect) ‘Neither Ramesh nor Rajendra has done done their work hisw ork (Conect)ff A win Shubhya 75 AR. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of ind (ATC)Junior Executive Explanation With Rules Neither Mark nor his wife is very tall. Neither my friendsmor [75 Wuen a singular and a plural now ‘the bookstore has the fae are joined by ‘or’, ‘nor’, the prom Neither the must be plural. employees nor the boss was at work. Either the engineer or his mechanics failed in his duty, Either Mark or Samuel (incomect) ee Either the engineer or his mechanics You can eithercome with me now or walk failed in their duty home. (Conc) They don’t have enough time. They. « Either dye or paints are used to color cloth. can either have breakfast or havea shower. @Used for possessions ‘of people, animals + Did you see the letter which eame today? + Hove the puppy whic is jumping at the kitchen. ‘+ He's aman whose opinion | respect. + She's the student whose handwriting is the best in my class. Which photograph is lying there? Cincomret) Whose photograph is lying there? (Cones) What book do you read? ncomeet) Which book do you read? (Cone Airports Authorty of (ATC\Junior\ ? Explanation With Rules - ita — Bias 17. “Each other” is used when there are two ‘subjects or objects and ‘one another’ when there ‘are more than two, ‘Romeo and jut loved each other. “Those five friends, who are siting there, ve one another. All the students ofthe class are fend they love cach other. (Gncomec) All the students of the class are friendly, they love ‘one another (Coneet) @ ‘Are)Junior ExecutiveExplanation With Rules 18, When a pronoun stands for a collective noun, it must be in the singular number and in the neuter gender if the collective noun is viewed as a whole. ‘The jury gave ‘it? verdict. Here the Sy’ gives the idea of one whole If the collective noun conveys the idea of separate individuals comprising the whole, the pronoun standing for it must be plural ‘The jury were divided in ter opinions. Here the ‘jury’ gives the idea of several individuals, ~ ‘The team are divided in this opinion about playing on Sunday. (Ancorret) ‘The team are divided in their opinion about sca fase fiero playing on Sunday. (Correct) ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive~ cc -g_uvta — Bias (ATC)Junior Executive 19. If pronouns of different persons are to be used together in a sentence, the serial order of persons should be as follows: second person + third person + first person in a good normal sentence. But if a fa confessed, the order will be: first person + second person + third person, is to be Explanation With Rules You, he and I have finished the work. (Normal sentence) I, you and he are to blame. (Confession) Ram, Tand you have finished our studies (lncomect) You, Ram and I have finished our (Comect) @ studieswin Shubhya 20, Some’ Is weed in affirmative sentences to express quantity or degree. "Amy! Is used in negative or interrogative sentences. Explanation With Rules I shall buy some apples. I shall not buy any apples. Have you bought any apples? But ‘some’ may be correctly used in interogative sentences which are, in fact, requests, ‘Will you please give me some milk? {shall read any book, (uconeet) I shall read some book. (Comect) Have you bought some apples? (Incorrect) Have you bought any apples? (Conect)-g_uvta — Bias 1 a (ATC)Junior Executive Explanation With Rules RI. The use of few’, ‘a few, ‘should be used with care. They denote jumber’. “Few! means ‘not many", It As the opposite of many, A ‘few" Is positive and means “some at least’. It fs the opposite of none. “The few" means ‘whatever there Is’ Afew & Few ‘A few men are free from fault (lncomext) Few men are fiee from fault, (Comect) Here the sense is negative and thus ‘a few" is wrong. Few boys will pass in the ‘examination, uconrect) A few boys will pass in the ‘examination (Comeet) Here the sense is positive and thus "few" Is incorrect. T have already read a few books that are on the bookshelf(incorect) I Have already read the few books that are on the bookshelf.(Comect) Here the sense is ‘whatever therewth Shubhya of SR AR. sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive Afew & Few A few A few represents a positive quantity. tis used with plural nouns. It means some, a small ‘A few + Plural Countable Nouns Examples; * He has a few good friends s0 he is happy. * There are a fewbooks on the shel. * We stayed a few days in Paris and visited the Eifel Tower. not many, some We use A FEW with countable nouns in the plural We've gota few apples. Few Few represents a negative quantty or she tige Ee wed al plc coat ‘nouns, It means not many, not enough. Few + Plural Countable Nouns Examples; * Ihave got few friends inthe city so! am lonely. * They have got few cake on the table. * He has few photos on Instagram. not much, some We use A LITTLE with uncountable nouns We've only got alittle money.= 7 Explanation With Rules -— fra — iar 22. Use of ‘less’ and ‘fewer". lean oe) “Less! denotes quantity and eae ‘fewer’ denotes number. No less than fifty persons were killed Less [8] FEWER tn No fewer than fifty person were Have you ever get confused with Less vs Fewer? Ifyou have, theres no reason killed. worry because these wo words can cause problems fr anyone They bath ae (Cone) posts of moe but aren interchange, 0 you need oe very careful hen piece panera tanec ‘There are no fewer than five litres of waterin the jug | DEFINITION | DEFINITION me sty 7 wt isla Ter = USS et mache] ER es een ‘thor are no ess thn fve lee ot waerint he jug. (Come) @/ Explanation With Rules win Shubhya is alitle hope of his recovery. nce) ‘There is little hope of his recovery. (Corred) nA ‘A littl? means ‘some’, though not much oe) Lite knowledge isa dangerous thing JU (Incorrect) A little knowledge is a dangerous thing, (Const) ‘The little? means ‘not much but all there 2 A litile milk that is in the pot may be used for the patient. Ancor) site Aeon ort “Thelittle mill thatisin the pot may be used for the patient. (Corre {ATC)Junior Executive p 7-g_uvta — Bias Eg: My caris older than Sam's car Someone who has ved for a ong ime. Eg. Adam is my eer brother. Eg. My oder str ie teacher ‘Noun. Eg. We should respect our elders. Explanation With Rules “Older" refers to persons as well as things and is followed by ‘than Ram is elder than all other boys of this area, (dncomect) ‘Ram is older than all other boys of this (Comect) “Elder’ is used for members of the family. Suresh is my older brother. comet) Suresh is my elder brother. (Comeet) @Explanation With Rules 3. Normally ‘than’ is used in the Shruti two years Rita in ctlege. comparative degree, but with words Shruti two years RA ike superior, inferior, senior, junior, ae prior, anterior, posterior and prefer to" is used. , Shelley is junior than Wordsworth. Superior and Inferior yes (Incorrect) Eyes are superior to the Nose Shelley is junior to Wordsworth. Nose is superior to the Mouth (Comect) I prefer reading than sleeping. ee (Incorrect) Mouth is inferior to the Nose eee I prefer reading to sleeping. Nose is inferior to the Eyes ‘comewin Shubhya Airports Author (ATC)Junior Executive Lio) It belongs to you, but} other people use it more than you do. What is it? Explanation With Rules 26. When a comparison is made by using a comparative followed by ‘than’, the word ‘other’ must be used to exclude the compared from the things with which it is compared. He is stronger than any man. (Incorrect) He is stronger than any other man, (Comect) “Any man' includes the man himself and thus the sentence will be absurd.Explanation With Rules 7. tu some cases, the comparison Is The scenery of Kashmir is better than Shim 1a. Gncomect) The scenery of Kashmir is better than that of Shu-n+ La (Correct) subtle and must be given proper attention. ‘The climate of Ranchi is better than Gaya “That of means ‘the climate of. (comet) Here the comparison should be Note: If the tats are in plural, it ‘will be ‘those of. The clothes of DOM ae better than those of Matfatlal. between the climate of Ranchi and the climate of Gaya. The climate of Ranchi is better than the climate of Gaya, (Comect) 2 or YAK ‘The climate of Ranchi is beter han Sigur fury oa tatotG aya. (Coma) @ (ATC)Junior ExecutiveAR. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive Explanation With Rules ‘Many a man were drowned in the (acomect) ‘Many aman was drowned in the sea. (Comect) Definition of many alan —used with a singular noun to refer to a large number of things or people I've been there many a time. Many a tale was told. Many a man has tried but few men have succeeded,-g_uvta — Bias Rule 17: With ‘A number of..’, ‘A large number of...’, ‘Large numbers of...’ plural noun and plural verb form are used. Examples: 1) A number of students have passed. 2) A large number of people prefer their mother tongue over a second _ language. 3) Large numbers of people have gathered in the ground. Explanation With Rules singular verb is use ‘The number of students are very small. (incomect) ‘The number of students is very small (Coneet) If the subject is ‘a number of the plural verb is used, Anumber of books is missing. g. (lneorrect) A number of books are missing. (Come) eExplanation With Rules as, ‘along witl “together with’, ‘mo less than’, ‘in addition to’, and “not' and ‘with’ join wan Shubhya two subjects, the verb will be according to the first subject. m7 HR Ram, a8 well as his ten friends, are going (icomeat) Ram, as well as his ten friends, is going (Comect) The teacher, along with the students, ° were going neonet) The teacher, along with the students, carta Farrer ire Airports Authority of India wasgoing (Comect) (ntetiunir brecutive @\ Lf Explanation With Rules -g_uvta — Bias ‘A’ great many student has been declared suceessful (acomect) EX ‘A. great_many students have been oe declared successful. (Comet) wet Rule 17: After the words ‘many, ‘a great many’, ‘a good many’ plural nouns and plural verb forms are used. Examples: 41) Many people have casted their votes inthis election. 2) A great many people have failed to do justice to this role. 3) A good many boys are sitting there.carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive Explanation With Rules 32. If two subjects are joined by ‘either or’, “neither nor’, the verb agrees| with the subject that is mear. Either Ramesh or [are to do this work. (lncomect) Either Ramesh or I am to do this work. (Comect) Neither he nor his friends is reading, (luconect) ‘Neither he nor his friends are reading. (Correct)AR. sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive Explanation With Rules 33. When two singular nouns joined by ‘and’ point out the same thing or person, {the verb will be singular. Bread and butter make a good breakfast (Incomect) Bread and butter makes a good breakfast (Comect) The Collector and the District Magistrate are on leave (comet) ‘The Collector and the District Magistrate is on kave coneet)AN Airports Author (ATC)Junior Executive Explanation With Rules “One of the” is always followed by a plural noun. “One of always takes a plural noun after Itis one ofthe important day in uy life (ncomect) ‘tis one of the important days in my’ life, (Comet) "One of my friends" ‘One of the students could not attempt all questions. Richard received one of the best awards in the world.Not only. but also is used to connect and emphasize two phrases Explanation With Rules He not only comes for switnming but also for conching the kamers, NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO or two words in the same position. for coaching the lamers. sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive Here the enor is due to misplacement, mp Subject + Verb + not only + Adjective + but also + Adjective + Heis not only handsome but also intelligent. + He is not only poor but also unemployed. = Subject + Verb + not only + Adverb + but also + Adverb ‘+ He speaks Spanish not only naturally but also fluently. He comes not only for swimming but alsoTe Explanation With Rules -g_uvta — Bias I had scarcely entered the room than m7 o.0. the phone ran; (incorrect) a Pl i Thad scarcely entered the room when the phone rang. (Correct) ¥ No sooner... than S v Hardly when SAK. Y Scarcely When sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executivewth Shubhya (ATC)Junior Executive Explanation With Rules Though’ Is followed by ‘yet’ and not by Though he is poor but he is honest. (Incorrect) ‘Though he is poor, yet he is honest. (Coneet) Though he is good, yet he isExplanation With Rules No sooner had I entered the class when the students stood up. (incorrect) 'No soonerhd I entered the class than the students tood up. (Correct) NO SOOmeY cc ccecthhaty ret tors ave past pestect or past indefinite. (No sooner + do/does/did/had...than) No sooner bad I entered the class AS soon as than the students stand up. (Incorrect) No sooner did the teacher come than the students began to study. No sooner had T entered the class AS soon as the teacher came, the students began to study. than thestudents stood up. (Correct) e-— fra — iar ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive NC Le No sooner than Saturday? No sooner had | gone to bed than | fell asleep. No sooner had he met his family than he burst into tears. No sooner did | arrive at school than the bell went. No sooner than I'd forget my own mother. No sooner had she agreed to marry him than she started to have doubts. had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked. Steve no sooner finished his meal when he felt sick to his stomach.win Shubhya of # u AR. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive Explanation With Rules Read regularly lest you will fail. (lncomrect) Read regularly lest you should fail, (Correct) Lest ‘The conjunction lestis not very common in modern English This ‘word has a negative meaning. Therefore, it should not be used with not. The only auxiliary verb that can follow lest should. ‘+ Work hard lest you should fail OR Work hard lest you fail, (NOT Work hard lest you should not fail)\ oo -gagiia— + Gites it should not be forgotten ‘vith SHUBRYA \e dey Qe ° ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior ExecutiveAR. sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive = Suppose that Imagine Let's say Eg. += For example = As proof + Toillustrate += Case in point = In particular Like “As for example ‘= As anillustration Namely As = To give aninstance ‘+ Forcaseina point Asa model ‘Inthe manner of Explanation With Rules He is such @ writer that everybody should read his books. (Incorrect) He is such a writer as everybody should readhis books (Correct) Such" is also followed by ‘that’ if we emphasise the degree of something bymentioning the result. The extent of the disaster was such that the authorities were quite unable to cwth Shubhya ewe Tt WHO CARES? a e Examples: + She worked hard so that she would pass the test. + We must sink a borehole so that people will have water. + The sink shelf is grooved so that the water will run off. + Put the food on the table so that everyone can dip in. + He piped so that we could dance. Explanation With Rules 41. “So! is followed by ‘that’. Sarita. was popular with her classmates that she always had some people coming to her for advice (Incorrect) Sarita was so popular with her classmates that she always had some people coming toher for advice. (Correct)-g_uvta — Bias (ATC)Junior Executive Using ‘so that” is a conjunction which is used to join two clauses. + “so that” is used before the clause which indicates the purpose. Examples + She is too young so thatshe cannot smoke. + Itis too late so thatwe cannot go to cinema. + I will go to France so that can learn French. + Let's go to the cinema early so thatwe can get good seats. + I’m putting the dish in the oven now so thatit’ll be ready by eight o'clock> a (2. “Unless expresses a Condition, Tes always used in the negative sense. - fara — be Error Rules Thus ‘not’ is never used with o “unless'. Unless you do not labour hard, you will not pass . (Incosreet P (tasonest) Examples Unless you labour hard, you will You dontt need to go unless you want not pass. (Comect) to. She will be sick unless she stops eating Unless you are to tired let's go for a walk at the park Unless Unless my son finish his homework, He + Unless means; except on the can't go out. condition that canto there unless | go with Alex. + Unless needs 2 main clause to @ I cant decide uiessyoutell me your make a complete sentence. plan. " © | wouldn't take a pill unless | had a headache,should never be used with it. a 43. Until expresses time. It has a negative sense and thus “not” P ‘Wait here until I do not return, (comet) Wait here until eturn (Coneet) ‘+ “Untitis used to indicate whether another ‘event wil take place until an event occurs. ‘+ The sentence after the word ‘Uni is the sentence that expresses the process and takes the suffix to ‘unt.Explanation With Rules Of [44. "Since’ indicates a point of time and ‘for’ stands for the length of time. win Shubhya He has been reading the book since two hours. (Incorret) n> oe He has been reading the book for J two hours. (Conect) Two hours is a length of thne and thus "for" is correct It has been raining for Monday last. 2 (ncorect) thas been ran’ ing since Monday last sorita nee (Comer) ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive-— fra — ais AR. sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive Specific point in time. Now 1000 11:00 For example: + Ihave been studying since 9am. + She has been a teacher since 2015. + Alias lived in London since April. + [have been studying for 3 hours. * She will be in the office for 2 hours. + He has lived in London for 3 months.carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive 45. “As if Is used to convey the sense of pretension. When ‘as if is used in this sense, ‘were’ Is used im all cases, even with third person singular. ‘He behaves as if he was a king. (Incorrect) He behaves as if he were a king. (Comect) As if and as though are conjunctions used to introduce clauses. That means there should be a subject and a verb after these conjunctions. He behaved as if he were a clown. We acts as he didnt havea brain! ‘Tam so exeted! 1 feel as fT coud fy! We behaves a she was a chil, but he i 30! She speaks as if English was her mother tongue, bot she is ttalian,(ATC)Junior Executive 46. A past tense in the principal clause is followed by a past tense in the subordinate He saw that the elock bas stopped, (dncorrt) He saw thatthe clock has stopped. (Corret) ‘There are, however wo exceptions to this rule: (1) A past tense in the principal clause may be followed by a present tense in the subordinate clause, when it expresses a universal truth, The teacher observed that the Easth moved round the Sun. nore) The teacher observed that the Earth moves round the Sun. (Corsect) @) When the sense in the subordinate clause. He helped him more than he helped his ‘own childeen correct) He helped him more than he helps his own children, (Correct)\ Ve Note: The sense of time and tense is also very important Certain important rues are listed below. -g_uvta — Bias [17. 1f two actions im a sentence are shown happening in the past, one after the other; the tense of the action happening first should be past perfect and that of the second should be past indefinite. The patient died before the doctor ~ arrived. (ucomect) YAK ‘The patient had died before the sca Femerre ofa doctor artived, (Comet) ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive< ? - ee -@z-| @ ° aaa a a a fs Ea F a) Ea —_ | a (ATC)Junior Executive-givta— iad AR. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive 48. Two actions in the past, one depending on the other, should have the sequence as follows: Past perfect + Future perfect Had + past participle + would + have + past participle yd If you had worked hard, you would have succeeded in the examination. or Had you worked hard, you would hhave succeeded in the examination, If you would have practised regularly, you would win the match. (Incorreet) If you had practised regularly, you would havewon the match (Correct!- Ate — Bias 49. If, in a sentence, two actions are indicated and both are to take place in future, the Il be as follows: present indefinite; future . If I go to Delhi, I shall attend the seminar. Note: ‘If I go to Deli’ is the principal clause and ‘T shall attend the semina’ isthe subordinate clause If it will rain, I shall not attend the meeting (lacorret) If it rains, I shall not attend the meeting AR. on sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive-givta— iad 51, When there is a sense of continuity, that is, when a thing has taken place in the past and still continues in the present, the perfect continuous tense form of the verb should be A used. India is independent for the last forty- sixyears (lxcomect) India has been independent for the last forty-six y ear s (Comeen) sata ferro sare careful about it. ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executivewin Shubhya AR. sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive 82. Before a consonant 'a' is used. Aboy, a horse, a woman. But ‘a’ is also used before words like university, useful, unicorn, union, European, and one, ete., Decause these words begin with a consonant sound. Here is an University incorrect) Here is a University. (Coneet) ‘An European lives in my area, (ncomect) ‘A European lives in my area. (Comect) Icis an one-rupee note. (aconect) Iris a one-rupee note. (Coneci)-givta— iad > (53. Simiary, words like “howy’, "honest, Y ‘heir’, ete. take ‘an’ before them as they begin with a vowel sound. Thave been waiting for him for a hour (Incorrect) I have been waiting for him for an hour, (Conect) AR. sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive- ita — Bias (ATC)Junior Executive with a consonant sound mummonn § DBD = + Used before mods that bein oe Ff with a vowel sound. snapple —aneraser—anumbrala-g_uvta — Bias AR. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive momen OB D wih a contenont aun ; ‘mitinenine = PP tha vonel eu amon aes + Aan) shoal are ith the st sound inthe adjectives othe dverbadjetecombiaton wich stands before ancun. an 80-yeraldman agence ty + Use A before mors, eters, ===, @ dh O 1 Use AM foreword, eters, rumbers mic sour ke they oO F 3 slat wth a vowel ren the stwin Shubhya (ATC)Junior Executive 54. Some important points to remember regarding the omission of a/anithe: 1. Before «common noun used in its widest sense, e.2., ‘Man is mortal, 2. Before names of materials. Bronze is a useful metal 3. Usually before proper names. Patna is the capital of Bibar, 4. Before abstract nouns used in general sense. Beauty fascinates people 5. Before languages English is a very popular language in the Delhi University. 6. Before “school, “college’ bed", ‘table’, ‘hospital’, ‘market’, and ‘prison’, when these places are ‘visited or used for thelr common purpose. My Christian ftiends go to the church every Sunday, Before names of relations, Uke father’, ‘mother’, ‘aunt’, cook", and Father is very hoppy today. fore predicative owns denoting a unique position that fs normally held at one time by one person only. He was elected chairman of the Board. Note: But the’ is used with these words svten we rofer to them asa definite place, building, or object rather thin to the normal activity that goes on there 1 mt my tien atthe chuseh5. Uses of the! 1, When the object is unique ‘The earth, the sky, the equator 2. Refore superlatives ‘The bes: the finest, the most 3.With proper nouns like ‘seas’, -g_uvta — Bias ‘rivers’, “group of islands’, ‘cliains of mountains’, “deserts, ‘newspapers’, "buitdings', religions books’, "gulfs'. ‘The Ambian sea, The Ganges, The ‘Taj Mata ‘The Times of India, The Ramayana 4. Before a proper noun, when It Is ° ‘qualified by an adjective, The immortal Kalidas. (ATC)Junior Executive 5. Before am adjective, when the noun is hidden, ‘The rich should be kind and helping. 6, Before musical instruments. Thnow how to play the harmonium. 7. With a class of things. ‘The crow is a clever bird 8.'The' should be used before both comparative degrees when they are used ina sentence for proportion. Higher we go, cooler we feel (ncomrect) The Higher we go, the cooler we eel (Comet)? -g_uvta — Bias 56, What to speak of? expres ‘not What to speak of running, he cannot even walk (corre) Not to speak of running, he cannot even walk (Corres) AR. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior ExecutiveSh When thee Wy the sea of diy 9, -givta— Gey. hesitation, risk, ete., im a sentence, we should use a gerund instead of a verb. A gerund is that form of the verb which ends in cing’ and can be used in the place of a noun. i, I dislike to see a film late in the night. f (come) 1 dislike seeing a film late in the night. (Comect) ‘Young girls hesitate to talk to strangers, Ab (Locomect) Young girls hesitate talking to strangers, carta Farrer ire ‘Aipors Auhory of aia (ATC)Junior Executive (Comect) @-givta— iad 58. ‘Cent per cent’ and ‘word by word’ are wrong. ‘Hundred per cent’ and ‘word for word’ are correct expressions. You ean a pF se of your wis int eoupeti 100% examination. (correct) —o— ‘You are never hundred per cent sure of year sos int compet cin (come I can reproduce this lesson word by ° word (locomrect) I can reproduce this lesson word for ser fase fro word (Comect) (ATC)Junior Executivewin Shubhya AR. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive 59, ‘Since’, because’, 'as', and 'for',— all mean ‘because’, but there is a difference in their degree. "Since? and ‘because’ are used for stronger cases and ‘as' and ‘for’ for weak cases. respect him as he is my teacher. (Incorrect) Trespect him because he is my teacher. (Correct) T could not attend the meeting because it was very hot today. (Incorrect) I could not attend the meeting as it was veryhot today. — (Comect)? -— fra — ais arta Famer fiero ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive SINCE versus BECAUSE ore ee eeU renee cas ae Implies that Cree MCRIEeCe nC) ernst Eerie Sriesrect) clause is more Pony ateURa Pasa i OU stay er aettey aes *Since | quit drinking I've married and had two + Because I quit drinking | no longer children, wake up in my own vomit. e@-g_uvta — Bias AR. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive When do we use because, as, since 2 Word Explanation Example be The reason is veryimportantin the sentence, so be- , cause cause comesin the second dauseof thesentence, "#4 this book Because! ike as ‘The reason isalready known. As werread, welearn, since Thereasonisalready known. (more formalthan as) Sines Wewevein the computer lab, our English has improved.win Shubhya ie carta Farrer ire Airports Autor of i (ATC)Junior Executive [60. Use of when’ and ‘while: Proper attention must be paid to these words. When’ indicates a general sense and while” implies a time during the process of doing a work. When learning to swim, one of the most important things is to relax. (Incorrect) While learning to swim, one of the most important things is to relax. (Correct)-givta— iad carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive (61. Sometimes the error lies in the use of words. Proper attention must, therefore, be given tothe appropriateness of words. Prakash was leading a happy and leisurely life after his retirement from his service. (Incorrect) Prakash was living a happy and leisurely life after is retirement from his service. (Comeet) Here the word “leading g' is inappropriate, One does not lead life, one lives life. One leads a group, team, movement, etc-givta— iad AR. sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive (62. If in a sentence an apposition has been used, the verb will follow not the apposition but the noun or pronoun preceding it, ‘You, my son, is a good boy.(Inconect) ‘You, my son, are a good boy.(Conect) Youre AMAZING. JUST THE WAY YOU AREwin Shubhya ie carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive (63. Proper, abstract and material nouns have no plural except when they are used as ‘The house is built of bricks. (Lorre) ‘The house is built of brick, (Corres) Note: When such nouns are used in the plural, they become common nouns with changed ‘meanings; a8, Coppers = Copper coins; Iron fetters. Tins = cans made of tin; Wood He lives in the woods It means he lives in a forest.-givta— iad [64, Clauses in a sentence beginning with a relative pronoun (who, which, that) take a verb according to the noun of pronoun preceding the relative pronoun. Ke: Itis I who has done it, Cncorredt) Itis Iwho hare done it. (Correct) AR. sca Femerre ofa ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive-g_uvta — Bias 6S. The relative pronoun should be placed as near as possible to its antecedent so that no ambiguity om arises. oe “he tay my cowsin wn ood tes ba it ne an coved porto it, For example, after certain verbs (bid, et] ‘make’, ‘need’, ‘dare’, ‘see’, hear) we use the| infinitive without ‘to’ Bid him to go there (corre) Bid hien go there. (Corre) Make him to stand. Uncorred ‘Make him stand, (Corres) I saw him to ery (ncorreh, saw him ory (Corrs AR. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executivewin Shubhya carta Farrer ire Airports Autor of i (ATC)Junior Executive thout “to? after ‘had d rather, ‘would rather’, ‘sooner than’ and ‘rather than’, You had better to ask permission from him. (laorre) You had better ask permission from him. (Corre? -g_uvta — Bias AR. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive her “Than? should be after ‘no. met no other man but Me Roy._ (nore) I met no olberman thaw Mr. Roy. (Corre) Ram has no other claim except his degrees (vcore) Ram has 29 aterclaim thar his degrees. (Core)-g_uvta — Bias Iknow to write French. (lacorre) 1 Brow how to write French (Corres) (ATC)Junior Executive-givta— iad AR. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive [iG A verb may take an infiniive oF a gerund according to its implication. If the verh indicates a purpose, an infinitive should be used and if the verb indicates a cause, a gerund should be used. He went to school for seeing the principal (core) He went to school to see the principal (Cores) Hee was tumed out to copy answers Ancor) He was tuned out for copying answers (Corrs)-givta— iad (ATC)Junior Executive He was elected as President of out society. Cncorrest) He was elected President of our society. (Corest) I regard Ramesh my friend (ncorredt) I regard Ramesh as my friend. (Correa) vf‘After the verb ‘doube “th yawn carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive-givta— iad 99. Often a mistake is commited in the use of adjectives and adverbs. An adjective is correctly used with the verb when some quality of the subject, rather than of the action of the verb, is to be expressed. The flowers smelt sweetly (Incorrect) The flowers smelt sweet (Correct) (eretnnor xecutve @-givta— iad AR. carta Farrer ire ‘Arports Author of india (ATC)Junior Executive 700, Tes a common practice in conversation to make a statement and ask for confirmation; as, ‘Tee very hot, ie’t it? Two points are to be keptin mind. If the statement is positive, the pattern will be Auxiliary + n't + subject. If the statement is negative, the pattern will be Auxiliary + subject If the statement is negative, the pattern will be Auxiliary + subject Itis raining, sit? Ancorret) It's raining isn it? (Corrs) You are not busy, aen't you? (Incrret) You are not busy, are you? (Correct) Note:The point to notehereis that the question tag will always have the same verb form which wwe have in the main statement: have finished my work, didn't IP (Dnorrst) Ihave finished my work, haven't I? (Corre)