Mindoro State University

College of Computer Studies

Module 2 :
Evolution of Computing
Prepared by:

JENNIE T. FERNANDO
Assistant Professor I
E-mail Address: [email protected] /[email protected]
Mobile Number: +639778254102/ +639885804531

ITP 222
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QUANTITATIVE METHODS
: INTRO TO COMPUTING Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
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At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:

 Appreciate how computers evolved until it reached its
modern state.
 Familiarize on different computer classifications.
 Recognize the function of computer in different fields.

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Knowing the history will helps you understand

 the design and capabilities of today’s ever-expanding

assortment of digital devices

 How the computer industry of today came into being

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Based on algorithm
 step-by-step process of manipulating numbers

Counting aids
 Pebbles, sticks

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Device that assists in the process of numeric

calculations but requires the human operator to keep
track of the algorithm
 Abacus – uses beads to represent numbers

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 Napier’s Bones – consisted of several

rods, divided into ten squares, each
labelled with two numbers. It was
developed by John Napier

 Slide rule – developed by English mathematician

named William Oughtred in 1621
using Napier algorithm
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Implements algorithms autonomously, the operator simply enters the

numbers for a calculation and then pulls a lever or turns a wheel to carry
out the calculation
 Schickard’s Calculator
- developed by Wilhelm Schickard in 1623
- has a series of interlocking gears
- each of the ten spokes on a gear represented a digit
- every time a gear completed a full circle, it moved the next gear one notch to the
left to carry the 1
- same mechanism to advance the mileage on the odometers of vintage cars

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 Pascaline Calculator
- could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
- developed by Blaise Pascal in 1642
 Leibniz Calculator
- created by a German baron named Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
in 1673
 De Colmar’s Arithmometer
- 1st mass-produced calculator created by Thomas de Colmar
- operated under manual power by turning a crank or pulling a lever

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Year Inventor Device Name Description
Uses punched wooden cards to
1801 Joseph Marie Jacquard Jacquard Loom
automatically weave fabric designs
Operate using steam power-cutting edge
technology; intended to quickly and
1822 Charles Babbage Difference Engine accurately calculate large tables of numbers
used for astronomical and engineering
applications
General-purpose calculating device;
embodies many concepts that define the
1834 Charles Babbage Analytical Engine modern computer – memory, programmable
processor, output device and user-definable
input for programs and data
A punch card system that calculated the
Hollerith Tabulating
1890 Herman Hollerith 1880 census, accomplishing the task in just
Machine
three years

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Year Inventor Device Name Description
Universal machine capable of computing
1936 Alan Turing Turing Machine
anything computable
First computer without gears, cams, belts or
1937 J. V. Atanasoff
shafts (attempt only)
American multinational information
David Packard and Bill
1939 Hewlett-Packard technology company headquartered in Palo
Hewlett
Alto, California
First computer that can store information on
J. V. Atanasoff and Atanasoff-Berry
1941 its memory; can solve 29 equations
Clifford Berry Computer (ABC)
simultaneously
Electronic Numerical It fills a 20 foot by 40 foot room and has
John Mauchly and J.
1943-1944 Integrator and Calculator 18,000 vacuum tubes
Presper Eckert
(ENIAC)
Universal Automatic First commercial computer for business and
John Mauchly and J.
1946 Computer government applications
Presper Eckert
(UNIVAC) TOPIC: EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING
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Year Inventor Device Name Description
William Shockly, John Electric switch with solid materials and no
1947 Bardeen and Walter Transistor need for vacuum
Brattain
Grace Hopper Help the United Nations keeps tabs on
COBOL
1953 Thomas Johnson Watson Korea during the war
IBM 701 EDPM
Jr.
Programming language which is an acronym
1954 John Backus FORTRAN
FORmula TRANslation
Jack Kilby and Robert Integrated circuit
1958 Computer Chip
Noyce
1964 Douglas Engelbart Prototype of Modern Computer
SCELBI, Mark-8 Altair,
1974-1977 IBM 5100, Trash 80,
Commodore PET

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First-Generation Computers (1940-1956)

 Vacuum Tubes
- electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum
- each tube can be to one of two states (0, 1)
- respond more quickly than mechanical relays
- consume a lot of power
- tend to burn out quickly
- characterized by custom application programs
- programming was difficult; instructions in machine language
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Second-Generation Computers (1946-1953)

 Transistors
- regulate current or voltage and act as a switch for electric signals
- smaller, cheaper, less power-hungry, more reliable
- characterized with the operating system
- ran programming language compilers
- Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL) and Formula
Translator (FORTRAN) were used

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Third-Generation Computers (1964-1971)

 Integrated Circuit
- pack the equivalent of thousands of vacuum tubes or translators
onto a single chip
- reduce the physical size, weight and power requirements
- characterized with the operating system
- Minicomputers (smaller and less powerful than mainframe computers)
- speed, small size and reasonable cost

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Fourth-Generation Computers (1972-present)

 Microprocessor
- faster, smaller and even less expensive
- key components of all types of computer
- Intel reigns as the world’s leading microprocessor manufacturer
- other companies: Hitachi, Texas Instruments, Toshiba, Sun
Microsystems, AMD, Motorola

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Fifth-Generation Computers (2010-present)

 Artificial Intelligence (A.I.)
- exciting technology that has many potential applications
- IBM’s Watson (featured on the TV show jeopardy as a
contestant)
- Apple’s Siri on the iPhone
- Microsoft’s Cortana on Windows 8 and 10 computers
- Google search engine also utilizes A.I. to process user searches

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 Purpose – specified to a particular environment/user

▪ General Purpose
▪ Can be used for all general needs of all environments and users
▪ Versatile computers that can perform a variety of jobs

▪ Special Purpose
▪ Designed to perform a specific environment
▪ Not versatile
▪ Instructions used are generally embedded in various automatic
devices

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 Data Handled – different kind of circuitry

▪ Digital Computers (PC, laptop)
▪ Mainly general-purpose computers that represent and store data in
discrete quantities or numbers
▪ Analog Computers (thermometers, speedometers)
▪ Special purpose computers that represent and store data in
continuously varying physical quantities such as current, voltage or
frequency
▪ Hybrid Computers (ATM)
▪ Store and process analog signals which have been converted into
discrete numbers using analog to digital converters
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 Size and Functionality - memory size, cost, speed

▪ Wearables Computers
▪ Carrying on the body which allows to work, communicate, entertain
▪ Ensure mobility and hands-free/eyes-free access to the device
▪ Microcomputers ( 8 - 32 bits)
▪ Called personal computer (PC) and use microprocessor as its CPU
▪ Small in size and do not have large storage capabilities
▪ Minicomputers (32 bits)
▪ Faster and more powerful than microcomputers
▪ Can perform more complex tasks and cost more
▪ Larger and storage capacity is small to medium
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 Size and Functionality

▪ Mainframes (48, 60 or 64 bits)
▪ More powerful than minicomputers
▪ Have high processing speeds and can store large amounts of data
▪ Used in research organizations, large industries/organizations
▪ Consume more electricity
▪ Super Computers (64 – 96 bits)
▪ Largest, fastest and costliest computers
▪ Has number of CPUs which operate in parallel to make it faster
▪ Used for massive data processing and solving very sophisticated
problems
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 Home
 Education
 Business
 Medical Field
 Transportation
 Scientific Research
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 Home
◦ Home Budget – calculate expenses and income
◦ Entertainment – watch movies, listen songs, play games
◦ Source of Information and Communication – Skype,
Zoom, Google Meet, Facebook, Twitter etc.
◦ Smart Home – appliances and devices can
automatically controlled remotely from anywhere with
internet connection

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 Education
◦ Flexible/Distance Learning – lecture and activities are
thru LMS
◦ Writing – easier to write, format, save, share and prints
reports
◦ Keep Records – track students scores, identify
struggling students, create a final report
◦ Testing – assists in the testing process and keep track
results
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 Business

◦ Marketing – provide information about the products to

customers, manages the distribution system, advertising
and selling activities

◦ Stock Exchange – conduct bids, reduce cost, most

critical place for businessmen
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 Medical Field
◦ Medical Records – digitally stored for quick access and
transfer
◦ Monitoring – alert staff in case of an emergency
◦ Research – make it possible and short time
◦ Diagnosis – gathering a patient’s history and conditions
for comparison
◦ Surgery – robot assisted surgery, more accurate, faster
and less prone to human errors
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 Transportation
◦ Cars – help control and manage vehicle
◦ Traffic Lights - help control traffic
◦ GPS – display and calculating routes
◦ Airplanes – computer controls the plane
◦ Public Transportation – manage traffic flow, monitor
operation and handle payments
◦ Self-driving cars – computer make all decisions on how
to drive
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 Scientific Research
◦ Complex Data Analysis – analyse data in ways and at
speed not possible with the human eye
◦ Solving Mathematical Equations – removes the element
of human error which can cost research institutions
much
◦ Prediction Modelling – model how data might manifest
itself in the future

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