EVE301

Lab Report

Dorji Tshomo
02190012

1
Table of Contents

Abstract 3

Hydro meteorological data 4

Flow Data Analysis 6

Catchment Characterization 8

Infiltration 10

2
Abstract

Hydrology, the science of understanding the distribution and movement of water on Earth, plays a
pivotal role in managing our planet's most vital resource. For a variety of applications, including flood
prediction, water resource management, and environmental monitoring, the capacity to precisely
gather, organize, and evaluate hydro-meteorological data is crucial. This series of laboratory tests
explores a variety of hydrological topics, including data organization, catchment characterization, and
infiltration rate measurement.

Practical 1
3
1.1 Name of the experiment: Hydro metrological data

1.2 Aim: To develop an ASCII file for the effective organization of flow data into time series.

1.3 Apparatus Required:

1. Raw flow data

2. Scripting language (Python)
1.4 Theory: A statistical technique called time series analysis is used to examine how a response
variable changes over time. This method makes it possible to analyze historical data and make
predictions because time is viewed as the independent variable. It entails looking at data
sequences arranged according to several time scales, including years, months, weeks, days, and
even hours.

The study of flow data has benefited greatly from time series analysis for a number of reasons:

 Understanding Flow Patterns: Over time, patterns and trends in river flow data can be seen by
academics and hydrologists. By identifying differences in flow over different time periods, this
aids in the efficient management of water resources.
 Flood Prediction and Management: Statistical models that evaluate the likelihood of flooding
can be developed using historical flow data.
 Infrastructure Planning: Information on river flow is necessary for the design and upkeep of
buildings like bridges and dams. Time series analysis sheds light on flow changes, which is
essential for preserving the structural integrity and safety of these buildings.
 Environmental Impact Assessment: Analyzing historical flow data makes it possible to assess
the effects of human activity on river ecosystems, helping to spot changes and assisting with
initiatives to lessen unfavorable environmental effects.

1.5 Procedure:

I. Access the raw data file from NCHM.

II. Analyze the existing data format and document its characteristics.
III. Identify shortcomings in data recording and distribution in the current format.
IV. Design an improved structure for recording flow data to enhance clarity and efficiency.
V. Pay attention to design details to accommodate flow data intricacies.
VI. Create an ASCII file to effectively organize the data into a time series, adhering to established
accuracy and consistency standards.

4
1.6 Result: The raw flow data has been successfully converted into a time series format.

1.7 Precaution:

 Thoroughly inspect the input data before executing the code.

 Ensure the installation of 'pandas' and 'matplotlib' libraries.
 Back up the original data before significant transformations.
 Implement error-handling mechanisms to handle exceptions during data processing.
 Test the code with a small data subset before applying it to the entire dataset.
 Document changes and steps applied to the data.
 Continuously validate results to ensure proper performance with different datasets or data
source updates.

Practical 2

5
2.1 Name of the experiment: Flow data analysis

2.2 Aim: To analyze historical river flow data and gain insights into its hydrological behavior.

2.3 Materials Required: Hydrological Dataset

Scripting language (Python)

2.4 Theory: Flow data analysis is a crucial technique used in various fields, such as network
monitoring, hydrology, and supply chain management. This practical exercise aims to provide a
theoretical foundation for conducting flow data analysis. Flow data refers to the movement of entities
or resources over time, and analyzing this data helps in understanding patterns, identifying
anomalies, and making informed decisions.

2.5 Procedure:

1. Begin by importing necessary libraries, such as pandas and matplotlib.

2. Load the hydrological dataset into a pandas DataFrame.
3. Conduct an initial examination of the data to understand its structure.
4. Construct bar graphs representing yearly minimum and maximum flow values.
5. Calculate the average of minimum and maximum annual flow values and the overall average.
6. Develop a Flow Duration Curve based on a year with low-flow conditions.
7. Organize flow data for the reference year in ascending order and calculate cumulative flow
values.
8. Visualize the data by plotting a flow duration curve.

2.6 Result:

6
2.7 Precaution:

 Ensure data cleanliness with no errors or missing values.

 Verify the existence of necessary columns, such as "year" for data grouping.
 Create clear and understandable graphs with proper labels.
 Double-check calculations, especially when identifying lowest or highest values.

7
 Practical 3

3.1 Name of the experiment: Catchment Characterization

3.2 Aim: To characterize a specific catchment area using QGIS software.

3.3 Apparatus required:

 QGIS Software
 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

3.4 Theory:

Catchment, in the context of hydrology, refers to a land area shaped by its natural terrain, where all
water flows towards a common destination like a river or lake.

Catchment delineation is the process of defining the boundaries of such a hydrological catchment
area. It involves identifying the topographic features that influence the gathering and movement of
surface water, including rainfall and runoff, towards a central point. This process enables the
examination of water flow patterns, supports efficient watershed management, and promotes
responsible water resource utilization within a specific geographic region.

3.5 Procedure:
1. Gather DEM, land use, soil, and hydrological data.
2. Import data layers into QGIS.
3. Identify the target catchment area using DEM data.
4. Trim other data layers to match the catchments extent.
5. Calculate slope, aspect, and elevation,
6. Determine flow direction, flow accumulation, and stream networks.
7. Analyze land use and soil types within the catchment.
8. Create maps and visualization to represent data.
9. Conduct necessary statistical analyses.
10. Document methods and results: create a report.
11. Interpret findings and provide recommendations.
8
 12. Organize and share results and project files.
13. Verify data accuracy and analysis for consistency.

3.6 Result:
Catchment characterization using QGIS and a Digital Elevation Model is an effective method for
understanding the principles of catchment delineation in hydrology. It highlights the significance of
natural terrain features in directing surface water towards a common point, aiding responsible land
management. Utilizing QGIS software, the investigation of the catchment region has given useful
insights into the hydrological and environmental aspects of the chosen area. We now have a better
understanding of the catchment's topography, land use, and soil characteristics thanks to our study.
The practical experience with QGIS has proven to be a powerful tool for catchment analysis, and the
insights gained integral to sound environmental and hydrological decision-making.

3.7 Precaution:

 Get familiar with GIS software for efficient usage.

 Regularly back up files to prevent data loss.
 Use reliable software and plugins.
 Compare findings with current data when interpreting results.
 Avoid over interpreting the findings.

9
 Practical 4

4.1 Name of the experiment: Measurement of infiltration rate by using double-ring infiltration.

4.2 Aim: To determine the infiltration rate using a double-ring infiltrometer.

4.3 Materials required:

 Double-ring infiltrometer with diameter of 60cm and 30 cm

 Bucket cover
 Hammer
 Container with water
 Scale
 Stop watch

4.4 Theory: Water penetrates the soil through the process of infiltration from the ground surface. It is
essential for many uses, including agriculture and groundwater replenishment. The purpose of this
experiment is to ascertain the soil's infiltration rate and capacity, as well as their relationship, in front
of the college mess.

We employ a double-ring infiltrometer with inner and outer concentric rings to calculate the infiltration
rate. We place the inner ring into the ground, add a predetermined amount of water to it, and then
track how quickly the water percolates into the soil. This rate shows how quickly water can permeate
the soil. We also determine the infiltration capacity, which is the maximum rate at which soil can
initially absorb water.

It is possible to evaluate the soil's water absorption capability by comprehending the relationship
between infiltration rate and capacity. Low infiltration rates could result in runoff and waterlogging,
whereas high infiltration rates could reduce runoff and erosion. This experiment sheds light on the
hydrological behavior of the soil, which is helpful for decisions about how to manage the land around
the college site.

10
4.4 Procedure:

1. A double-ring innfiltrometer should be set up.

2. Hammer the rings into ground.
3. Determine the capacity and rate of infiltration.
4. Record the initial and ultimate depths in turn.
5. Graph the infiltration rate and Hortons infiltration rate.

4.5 Observation Table:

Depth(cm) Recorder Remarks

18

17.5

16.5

16.1

15.6

14.8

14.7

13.6

11.7

11
11.6

11.3

11

10.8

8.2

6.3

4.9

4.3

2.1 ADDED WATER TO : 7.7 CM

1.3 Sonam Tsheljor ADDED WATER TO: 9.2

3.4 Dorji Drakpa Added water to 10.3 cm
4.5 Bibak Gurung ADDED WATER TO 11.6
5.2 Kinzang Tenzi Added water level to 12.1
4.6 Pema Zam

3.1 Pema Choki Dorji Added the water level to 14.9

14 Deki Choden Added the water level to 19.3
11.8 Anil Tamang

8 Dechen Zangmo

4.6 Sonam Phuntsho Added the water level to 16.3

10 Jigme

5.9 Jigyel Namgyel added the water level to 8.5

12
 7.5 Lhundup Tshomo

5.8 Tshering Topgyel added the water level to 6.5

6 Thinley Namgay

5.7

Observation Table. (Preprocessed Data)

Time Diff (min) Time (hr) Infiltration Infiltration Rate (cm/hr)

0 0.000

5 0.083 0.5 6.0

5 0.083 1 12.0
5 0.083 0.4 4.8
5 0.083 0.5 6.0
5 0.083 0.8 9.6
5 0.083 0.1 1.2
5 0.083 1.1 13.2
5 0.083 1.9 22.8
5 0.083 0.1 1.2
5 0.083 0.3 3.6
5 0.083 0.3 3.6
5 0.083 0.2 2.4
0

10 0.167 2.6 15.6

10 0.167 1.9 11.4
10 0.167 1.4 8.4
10 0.167 0.6 3.6
10 0.167 2.2 13.2
10 0.167 2.7 16.2

30 0.5 3.7 7.4

13
 30 0.5 5.8 11.6
30 0.5 5.8 11.6
30 0.5 6.4 12.8
30 0.5 7.4 14.8
30 0.5 1.5 3.0
30 0.5 0.9 1.8
30 0.5 7.5 15.0
30 0.5 3.8 7.6
30 0.5 3.4 6.8
30 0.5 6.3 12.6
30 0.5 4.1 8.2
30 0.5 1 2.0
30 0.5 1.7 3.4
30 0.5 0.2 0.4
30 0.5 0.3 0.6

Infiltration rate & ln(fp-fc) Table.

Time
(hr)
Infiltration rate(cm/hr) ln(fp-fc)

1 86.4 4.447346

2 68.4 4.210645

3 19 2.890372

4 19 2.890372

5 24.4 3.152736

6 16.8 2.760010

7 14.4 2.595255

8 20.8 2.985682

9 5.4 1.481605

10 1 0

14
Hortonsinfiltration & Infiltration Table.

Time hortonsinfiltration rate infiltration rate

(hr) (cm/hr) (cm/hr)
1 80.47523648 86.4

2 56.27292246 68.4

3 39.44085393 19

4 27.73459599 19

5 19.59320358 24.4

6 13.93108074 16.8

7 9.993224236 14.4

8 7.254549314 20.8

9 5.349873427 5.4

10 4.025221783 1

15
 Graph between Horton infiltration rate & Infiltration rate.

k -0.3632

ln(fo-fc) 4.7391

fo-fc 114.2750921

fo 115.2750921

16
4.6 Result:
 For each point, the infiltration rate (cm/hr) was calculated using the following
equation: infiltration rate = infiltration depth(cm)/time(hr)
 The natural logarithm of (Fo – Fc), where Fo stands for cumulative infiltration
depth (cm) and Fc stands for final cumulative infiltration depth (cm) at the
conclusion of the test, was calculated.

4.7 Precautions:
 To prevent equipment damage, carefully insert the infiltrometer.
 Ensure that the inner and outer rings have the same amount of water.
 Use an accurate stopwatch to ensure precise timing.
 Keep careful records of the data
 Avoid outside influences while gathering data
 Before the experiment, calibrate the equipment
 To prevent disturbing the soil, slowly add water.

17