KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BERHAMPUR

SESSION : 2023

CHEMISTRY A.I.L PROJECT

Extraction of essential oils present in
Saunf(aniseed),Ajwain(carum), illaichi(cardamom
SUBMMITTED TO: V. ANITA KUMARI
NAME: ASHISH KUMAR SATAPATHY
CLASS: XII ‘A’
ROLL NO.:

pg. 1
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ASHISH KUMAR SATAPATHY Roll
no. of class XII A of K.V. BERHAMPUR
have successfully completed the project on the Topic:
“Extraction of essential oils present in
Saunf(aniseed), Ajwain(carum), illaichi(cardamom”
under the guidance of Smt V. ANITA KUMARI, PGT
Chemistry, during the year 2023-24 in partial fulfilment of
the Chemistry practical examination conducted by
CBSE.

external principal internal

pg. 2
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher (Mrs. V. Anita
Kumari) as well as our principal sir (Shri
Shivapriya Dash) who gave me this golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic [Extraction of essential oils
present in Saunf(aniseed),Ajwain(carum),
illaichi(cardamom)], which also helped me in
doing a lot of research and I came to know
about so many new things I am really
thankful to them.

ASHISH KUMAR SATAPATHY

pg. 3
 INDEX
Sn No. Contents Pg no.
1 Introduction 5 & 6
2 Methodology 7-10
3 Theory 11- 16
4 Experiment 17 - 22
4.1 Aim 17
4.2 Material 17
required
4.3 procedure 18 &
19
4.4 Observation- 20
(i)
4.5 Observation- 21
(ii)
4.6 Result 22

pg. 4
 INTRODUCTION
An essential oil is a concentrated
hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma
compounds from plants. They are also known
as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetherolea etc.
Essential oils are made up of highly volatile
substances which can be extracted from
numerous plant species.
Distillation based recovery processes such as
steam and vacuum distillation are preferred
for the extraction of essential oils from plant
materials. Virtually all naturally occurring
essential oils are made up of hydrocarbons
such as camphene, pinene, limonene,
phellandrene, cedrene, and oxygenated
hydrocarbons such as alcohols, aldehydes, esters,
ethers, ketones, lactones, phenols and organic
acids.

pg. 5
The hydrocarbons are less stable and they
are responsible for the degradation observed
in the oils. The hydrocarbons contained in
the essential oils are often removed so that
the oils can be more stable and still retain
their odours and flavours.

pg. 6
 METHODOLOGY:
To extract oil from Aniseed, Cardamom,
Carom We will use method of “steam
distillation”
STEAM DISTILLATION:
Steam distillation is a separation process which
purifies isolate temperature-sensitive materials,
such as natural aromatic compounds. In steam
distillation, dry steam is passed through the plant
material. These vapours undergo condensation and
collection in receivers.
PROCESS:
Steam distillation is the process by which we can
extract oil from plant matter. In the apparatus,
there is a chamber with holes in the bottom for
steam to come through with either fresh or dried
herbs.

It consists of a lid that keeps the oil from diffusing

into the air when the steam is applied to it. We can
collect the water and oil droplets which had
undergone condensation. Then the separation of
water and oil takes place by passing through a
filter.

pg. 7
PRINCIPLE

When a mixture of two immiscible liquids

(e.g., water and organics) is heated and
agitated, the surface of each liquid exerts its
own vapour pressure as though the other
component of the mixture was absent. Here
an individual constituent on its own extracts
vapour pressure independently. Vapour
pressure of the system increases
consequently.

The two immiscible liquids start to boil when

the vapour pressure of these liquids outplace
the atmospheric pressure. Many organic
compounds are insoluble in water. At an
absolute temperature, we can purify that is
below the point where these compounds
decompose.

WORKING

Most of the complex organic compounds do

not dissolve in water, instead, they form a
mixture, which separates if allowed to settle
as the water settles down and the organic
compounds float on top.

pg. 8
The principle behind the steam distillation
process is that when the heating of a mixture
of two or more immiscible liquids takes place,
the vapour pressure exerted by the system
increases.

This is because it now becomes the sum of the

vapour pressures of all of the components of
the mixture combined together. This allows
for evaporation of elements with high boiling
points at much lower temperatures merely by
allowing them to form a mixture with water.

Extraction Procedure- In the extraction

process, the steam passes through the organic
matter that contains the compounds for
separation. The steam condenses and forms a
mixture of steam and matter.

This mixture gets heated further by passing

more steam, which continues to pass through
the matter, evaporating the mixture. Due to
the reduced vapour pressure, the required
organic compounds evaporate as a part of the
mixture. Moreover, its extraction takes place
from organic matter.

pg. 9
Separation Procedure- The evaporated
mixture of steam and the organic compounds
passes through a container that has cold
water entering inside from one end. After
passing the evaporated mixture through the
container, it consists of cold water. This
mixture passes through hot water from
another end. This results in condensation of
the mixture.

This collection of the mixture takes place and

it settles down for separation. When the
settling process occurs, the extracted organic
compounds come to the top. Their separation
takes place by filtering out the water from
below.
Fig.1: Diagram of steam distillation

pg. 10
 THEORY
ANISEED OIL(SAUNF):

Botanical Name: Pimpinella anisum

Common Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation
Colour: Clear
Aromatic Description: Distinctive scent of licorice. Rich
and sweet.
Constituents: a-pinene, camphene, B-pinene, linalool,
cis-anethole, trans-anethole, safrole, anisaldehyde,
acetoanisole.

pg. 11
 Uses:
In aromatherapy, aniseed essential oil is used to
treat colds and flu.
Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent and is
used for both hunting and fishing. It is put on
fishing lures to attract fish.
Anethole, the principal component of anise oil, is a
precursor that can eventually produce 2,5-
dimethoxybenzaldehyde which is can be used in the
clandestine synthesis of psychedelic drugs such as
2C-B, 2C-I and DOB.
Oil of aniseed is also reported to be used as an
aromatic carminative to relieve flatulence, and as an
ingredient of cough lozenges in combination with
liquorice.
Essential oil is also used externally as an insecticide
against small insects such as head lice, mites and
vermin. It also has fungicidal properties.

pg. 12
 CAROM OIL(AJWAIN):

Ajwain seed

Botanical name: Trachyspermum ammi

Common Method of Extraction: Distillation
Aroma: Warm, Pungent, Pepper
Extraction: Ajwain oil is extracted from the
crushed seeds of ajwain by the method of
steam distillation.
Chemical composition: The main constituents
of the ajwain oil are thymol, gamma-
terpinene, pcymene, and beta-pinene. Alpha-
pinene, alpha-thujene, beta-myrcene,
carvacrol, limonene, and terpinene-4-ol.

pg. 13
There are variations in thecomposition of
ajwain oils depending upon the region where
it is cultivated. For instance, ajwain oil
collected from Southern India is rich in
thymol.

USES:
Skin Ailments: Ajwain can help with pimples.

Digestive Aid:One can treat indigestion,

ulcers, and various other bacterial infections
of the gut with ajwain seeds and essential oil.

Aromatherapy: Useful in aromatherapy,

ajwain oil offers calming sensations that
relieves neuralgia and migraines.

pg. 14
 CARDAMOM OIL(ILLAICHI):

Botanical Name: Elettaria cardamonum

Common Method of Extraction: Steam
Distillation
Aroma: Very complex and smooth spice
aroma
Extraction: Cardamom oil is extracted using
steam distillation method. For this, seeds of
the fruit are used just before they ripe. The
yield through this process is normally 1 to 5
per cent.
Chemical Composition: Cardamom oil
contains sabinene, myrcene, a-pinene, b-
pinene, aphellandrene, limonene, p-cymene,
terpinolene, 1,8-cineole, y-terpinene, linalool,
linalyl acetate, a-terpineol acetate, citronellol,
nerol, terpinen-4-oil, aterpineol, geraniol,
methyl eugenol and trans-nerolidol.

pg. 15
 Uses:
Cardamom oil has a vast range of usage for
treatment of sciatica, coughs, abdominal
pains, spasm and nervous disorders.
Traditionally, it is used for pulmonary
disease, fever, digestive and urinary
problems in India and China for over 3000
years. It is also used to flavour
pharmaceutical products.
Apart from pharmaceutical usage,
cardamom oil is also used as a fragrant in
soaps, perfumes and cosmetic products.

Cardamom

pg. 16
 EXPERIMENT:
AIM:
Extraction of essential oils present in Saunf
(Aniseed), Ajwain (Carcum) and Illaichi
(Cardamom).

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
• Steam generator (Copper Vessel)
• round bottom flask (500 ml),
• conical flask
• Condenser
• glass tubes
• iron stand
• sand bath
• separatory funnel
• tripod stands
• burners
• Ajwain(Carum)
• Petroleum ether(60-80°C)
• Saunf(Aniseed)

pg. 17
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the apparatus as shown in the picture
of Experimental Setup. The apparatus
consists of a steam generator connected to
the round bottom flask through a glass inlet
tube. The flask is connected to a water
condenser through a glass outlet tube.
Condenser is further attached to a receiver
through an adaptor.
2. Take about 750ml of water in the steam
generator and start heating to produce steam.
3. In the round bottom flask take about 75g
of crushed saunf(aniseed).
4. A vigorous current of steam from steam
generator is passed through the round
bottom flask.
5. A part of the steam condenses in the round
bottom flask. As more and more steam is
passed, the steam volatile components of
saunf pass through condenser along with
steam. These contents on condensation are
collected in the receiver.

pg. 18
6. The contents in the round bottom flask
may be heated by a bunsen burner to prevent
excessive condensation of steam.
7. The process of steam distillation is
continued for about half an hour.
8. Transfer the distillate to a separating
funnel and extract with 20ml portions of
petroleum ether 3 times.
9. Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a
250ml conical flask and dry it with the help of
anhydrous sodium sulphate.
10. Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate
by careful distillation in a water bath. The
essential oil is left behind in the distillation
flask.
11. Find the weight of the extracted essential
oil. Note the colour, odour and weight of the
essential oil.

pg. 19
OBSERVATION:
Saunf (Aniseed):
 Weight of Saunf taken= 100g
 nitial weight of the bottle= 10g(x)
 Weight of bottle + essential oil= 11.25g(y)
 Weight of essential extracted= (y-x) = 1.25g
 Percentage of essential oil=(y/100)
*100=1.25%
 Colour of the oil= Colourless
 Odour of the oil= saunf like smell

pg. 20
2.Ajwain(Carum):
 Weight of Ajwain taken= 75g
 nitial weight of the bottle= 10g(x)
 Weight of bottle + essential oil= 11g(y)
 Weight of essential extracted= (y-x) = 1g
 Percentage of essential oil=(y/100)
*100=1.33%
 Colour of the oil= Colourless
 Odour of the oil= Ajwain like smell

pg. 21
RESULT:
Essential oils present in aniseed, carum and
cardamom are extracted from this method.

pg. 22