1

AIM OF THE PROJECT

To investigate the relation between the ratio

Of-
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self made transformer.
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INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a

low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage
or vice-versa.

A transformer based on the Principle of mutual

induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f
is induced in the neighbouring coil.

A transformer Is an electrical device which is used

for changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is
most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit.

As such transformers are built in an amazing

strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size may be so small
that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in
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high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred

of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from
one circuit to another circuit takes place without the
use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called

a step- up transformer. A transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of

apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
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THEORY:

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary

coil plp2, an alternating current starts falling in it.
The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In
a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in
each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and

d∅ /dt = rate of change of flux in

Each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np d∅/dt (1)
And
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Es = -Ns dp/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so

by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es/Ep = - Ns / Np (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f.

induced in the primary coil p1, so that instantaneous
current in primary coil is due to the difference (E-
Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and
back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2
coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary
coil is given by

Ip =E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep = lp Rp

Thus back e.m.f= input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as
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Es/Ep = Es/E
= output e.m.f/ input e.m.f
= Ns/Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation
ratio
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STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es <E so K<1, hence Ns < Np

If
Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep lp
And
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then
Input power = output power
Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es /Ep =Ip/Is =K
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ILLUSTRATION
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STEP UP TRANSFORMER

Es > E so K> 1, hence Ns > Np As, k> 1, so Ip > Is

or Is < Ip ie. Current in secondary is weaker when
secondary voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we
gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the
current & a step down transformer steps up the
current.
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ILLUSTRATION
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EFFICIENCY:
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power. i.e. ņ=output power
/ input power = Es Is /Ep lp
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no
power losses, ņ=1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses;
therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than
one.
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ENERGY LOSSES

• Following are the major sources of energy loss

in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of

heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This is
due to joule heating of conducting Wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat
in the iron core of the transformer. This is due
to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best
insulations. Therefore, rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is
less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to
repeated magnetization and demagnetization of
the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a
transformer
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick

paper and wind a large number of turns of thin
Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller number of turns (say
20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes
the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the
input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter
and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and
current through s1 and s2.
5. Now connect s1 and s2to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary
and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers
by changing number of turns in primary and
secondary coil.
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USES OF TRANSFORMERS

1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,

computer, air conditioner, etc.
2. A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
4. A step up transformer is used for the production
of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of
a.c. over long distances.
7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.
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CONCLUSION:
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np)
with respect to the input voltage

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the

secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p)
with respect to the input voltage

3. There is a loss of power between input and

output coil of a transformer.
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PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage

the A.C should remain constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Values of current can be changed due to heating

effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1) NCERT textbook class 12

2) NCERT physics lab Manuel
3) INTERNET
4) www.yahoo.com
5) www.scribd.com
6) www.google.com
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THE END