QUEUE

Course Objectives

At the end of the lesson students are expected to be able

to:

• Understand queue concepts and applications.

• Understand queue structure and operations that can be

done on queue.

• Understand and know how to implement queue using

array and linked list : linear array, circular array, linear
link list and circular list.
1.0 Introduction to Queue
 Introduction to Queue

• New items enter at the back, or rear, of the

queue

• Items leave from the front of the queue

• First-in, first-out (FIFO) property

– The first item inserted into a queue is the

first item to leave

– Middle elements are logically inaccessible

 Introduction to Queue

• Important in simulation & analyzing the

behavior of complex systems

 Queue Applications

• Real-World Applications
– Cashier lines in any store

– Check out at a bookstore

– Bank / ATM

– Call an airline
 Queue Applications

• Computer Science Applications

– Print lines of a document

– Printer sharing between computers

– Recognizing palindromes

– Shared resource usage (CPU, memory

access, …)
 Queue Applications

• Simulation
– A study to see how to reduce the wait
involved in an application
 Queue implementation

Remove/ Add/
A B C Enqueue
Dequeue

Front/Head Back/Rear

Basic Structure of a Queue:

•Data structure that hold the queue
•head
•rear
 Queue implementation

Add/
A B C D Enqueue

Head Rear

Insert D into Queue (enQueue) : D is inserted at rear

Remove/
Dequeue A B C D

Head Rear

Delete from Queue (deQueue) : A is removed

 Queue operations
• Queue operations

– Create an empty queue

– Destroy a queue

– Determine whether a queue is full

– Add a new item to the queue (enQueue)

– Determine whether a queue is empty

– Remove the item that was added earliest(deQueue)

– Retrieve at Front(getFront)

– Retrieve at Back the item that was added

earliest(getRear)
Queue Implementation

Implementation:
– Array-based (Linear or Circular)
– Pointer-based : Link list (Linear or
Circular)
2.0 Queue Implementation Using
Array(Linear)
Queue Implementation Using
Array(Linear)
• Number of elements in Queue are fixed
during declaration.

• Need isFull() operation to determine

whether a queue is full or not.
 Queue Implementation Using
Array(Linear)

• Queue structure need at least 3 elements:

1) Element to store items in Queue

2) Element to store index at head

3) Element to store index at rear

 Create Queue Operation

• Declare

– front & rear are indexes in the array

– Initial condition: front =0 & rear = -1

– Size of an array in queue

Queue
0 0 1 2 3 Max size -1
front rear
 Create Queue operation
Example Code 1

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#define max 5

int front = 0, back = -1;

Create Queue
char item[max], newitem;

item

0 0 1 2 3 4 -1
front back

Front refer to index 0

Continue…
 enQueue operation
void enQueue(){
cout<<"\n\t#################\n";
cout<<"\n\t1. enQueue\n";
//check queue is full
if(back == max - 1){
cout<<"\n\tQueue Is Full, Cannot Add Item In Queue\n";
}else{
cout<<"\n\t\tEnter Item:";
cin>>newitem;
back++;
item[back]=newitem;
cout<<endl; enQueue
}
} item back++

0 0 1 2 3 4 0
front A back
back = -1+1
back = 0
Front refer to index 0 From back/rear
item[back] = newitem

Continue…
 enQueue operation
item back++

0 0 1 2 3 4 1
front A B back
back = 0 +1
back = 1
Front refer to index 0 From back/rear
item[back] = newitem

item back++

0 0 1 2 3 4 2

front A B C back

back = 1 +1
Front refer to index 0 back = 2
From back/rear
item[back] = newitem

Continue…
 enQueue operation

item back++
0 0 1 2 3 4 3
front A B C D back
back = 2 +1
back = 3
Front refer to index 0
From back/rear
item[back] = newitem

item back++
0 0 1 2 3 4 4
front A B C D E back
back = 3 +1
back = 4
Front refer to index 0
From back/rear
item[back] = newitem

Continue…
 deQueue operation
void deQueue(){
cout<<"\n\t#################\n";
cout<<"\n\t2.deQueue\n";
if(back < front){
cout<<"\n\tThere is no data to remove from queue\n";
}else{
char itemdeleted;
itemdeleted=item[front]; deQueue
item[front] = NULL;
cout<<"\n\tItem Remove From Queue:"<<itemdeleted<<endl;
front++;

}
cout<<endl; item
} 0 4
0 1 2 3 4
front A B C D E back

back = 3 + 1
itemdeleted = item[front] Front refer to index 0 back = 4
front = 0

From front/head
item[front] = NULL Continue…
 deQueue operation
front++ item
1 0 1 2 3 4 4
front NULL B C D E back
front = 0 + 1 back = 3 + 1
front = 1 back = 4

Front refer to index 1

item
1 0 1 2 3 4 4
front NULL B C D E back
back = 3 + 1
Front refer to index 1 back = 4

itemdeleted = item[front]
From front/head
front = 1
item[front] = NULL
front++ item

2 0 1 2 3 4 4
front NULL NULL C D E back
front = 1 + 1 back = 3 + 1
front = 2 back = 4

Front refer to index 2 Continue…

 deQueue operation

item
2 0 1 2 3 4 4
front NULL NULL C D E back
back = 3 + 1
Front refer to index 2 back = 4

From front/head
itemdeleted = item[front] item[front] = NULL
front = 2

front++ item

3 0 1 2 3 4 4
front NULL NULL NULL D E back
front = 2 + 1 back = 3 + 1
front = 3 back = 4

Front refer to index 3

Continue…
 deQueue operation
item
3 0 1 2 3 4 4
front NULL NULL NULL D E back
back = 3 + 1
Front refer to index 3 back = 4

itemdeleted = item[front] From front/head

front = 3 item[front] = NULL

front++ item

4 0 1 2 3 4 4
front NULL NULL NULL NULL E back
front = 3 + 1 back = 3 + 1
front = 4 back = 4

Front refer to index 4

Continue…
 deQueue operation
item
4 0 1 2 3 4 4
front NULL NULL NULL NULL E back
back = 3 + 1
Front refer to index 4 back = 4

itemdeleted = item[front] From front/head

front = 4 item[front] = NULL

front++ item

5 0 1 2 3 4 4
front NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL back
front = 4 + 1 back = 3 + 1
front = 5 back = 4

Continue…
 Retrieve at front(getFront) operation

void getFront(){
cout<<"\n\t#################\n";
cout<<"\n\t3.getFront\n";
if(back < front){
cout<<"\n\tThere is no data to at front\n";
}else{
cout<<"\n\tItem At Front:"<<item[front]<<endl;

}
}

Continue…
 Retrieve at back(getRear) operation

void getRear(){
cout<<"\n\t#################\n";
cout<<"\n\t4.getRear\n";
if(back < front){
cout<<"\n\tThere is no data to at rear\n";
}else{
cout<<"\n\tItem At Rear:"<<item[back]<<endl;

}
}

Continue…
 destroyQueue operation

void destroyQueue(){

delete [] item;

Continue…
 displayQueue operation

void displayQueue(){
cout<<"\n\tDisplay Item In Queue\n";
if(back < front){
cout<<"\n\tThere is no data in queue to be displayed\n";
}else{
cout<<"\t";
for(int i=0; i < max; i++ ){
cout<<"\t"<<item[i];
}
cout<<endl;
}

Continue…
 Queue Implementation Using Array(Linear)
int main()
{
int selection;
menu:
cout<<"\nPlease Choose Your Selection\n";
cout<<"\n1\tenQueue\n";
cout<<"\n2\tdeQueue\n";
cout<<"\n3\tGetFront\n";
cout<<"\n4\tGetRear\n";
cout<<"\n5\tDestroyQueue\n";
cout<<"\n6\tDisplay\n";
cout<<"\n\tSelection is:";
cin>>selection;

Continue…
 Queue Implementation Using Array(Linear)

switch(selection){
case 1: enQueue();
displayQueue();
goto menu;
break;

case 2: deQueue();
displayQueue();
goto menu;
break;

case 3: getFront();
displayQueue();
goto menu;
break;

Continue…
 Queue Implementation Using Array(Linear)

case 4: getRear();
displayQueue();
goto menu;
break;

case 5: destroyQueue();
displayQueue();
goto menu;
break;

case 6: displayQueue();
goto menu;
break;

default:cout<<"\n\tWrong Selection\n";
}
return 0;
}
 Queue Implementation Using Array(Linear)

• Problem: Rightward-Drifting:

• After a sequence of additions & removals,

items will drift towards the end of the array

• enQueue operation cannot be performed

on the queue below, since back = max – 1.
front++ item

5 0 1 2 3 4 4
front NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL back
front = 4 + 1 back = 3 + 1
front = 5 back = 4
 Queue Implementation Using Array(Linear)

• Rightward drifting solutions

– Shift array elements after each deletion
• Shifting dominates the cost of the
implementation
Queue Implementation Using Array(Linear)

– Use a circular array: When Front or Back

reach the end of the array, wrap them around
to the beginning of the array
• Problem:
– Front & Back can't be used to
distinguish between queue-full & queue-
empty conditions
Queue Implementation Using Array(Linear)

• Solution:
– Use a counter
– Count == 0 means empty queue
– Count == MAX_QUEUE means full
queue
3.0 Queue Implementation Using
Array(Circular)
Queue Implementation Using
Array(Circular)
• Number of elements in Queue are fixed
during declaration.

• Need isFull() operation to determine

whether a queue is full or not.
 Queue Implementation Using
Array(Circular)

• Queue structure need at least 3 elements:

1) Element to store items in Queue

2) Element to store index at head

3) Element to store index at rear

4) Element to store index in counter

 Create Queue Operation
• Declare

– front & back are indexes in the array

– count to store index

– Initial condition: front =0 , back = -1, count = 0

– Size of an array in queue

Queue Implementation Using Array(Circular)

– The Wrap-around effect is obtained by using

modulo arithmetic (%-operator)
front = 0

7 0

6 1

5 2

4 3

back = -1 count = 0
Queue Implementation Using Array(Circular)

– enQueue
• Increment back, using modulo arithmetic
• Insert item
• Increment count
– deQueue
• Increment front using modulo arithmetic
• Decrement count
– Disadvantage
• Overhead of maintaining a counter or
flag
 Queue Implementation Using Array(Circular)

Example Code 2:

#include <iostream> queue

front = 0
using namespace std;
7 0

6 1
#define max 8

char queue[max], newitem;

5 2
int front = 0, back = -1, count = 0;
4 3

back = -1 count = 0

Continue…
 Queue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
void enQueue(){

cout<<"\n\t#### enQueue Circular ####\n";

if(count == max){

cout<<"\n\tQueue Circular Is Full!!!\n";

}else{

cout<<"\n\tfront:"<<front<<"\t"<<"back:"<<back<<"\tcount:"<<count<<“\tmax:”<<max<<"\n";

cout<<"\n\tEnter Item:"; front = 0

7 0 back = 0
cin>>newitem;
A
back = (back + 1)% max; 6 1
back = (-1 + 1) % 8
queue[back] = newitem; back = 0 % 8
back = 0 5 2
count++; 0 queue[0] = A
8√ 0 4 3
} } count = 0 + 1
0 count = 1
count = 1
0 Continue…
 enQueue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
From previous slide: front = 0, back = 0, count = 1 queue
front = 0

7 0
A back = 1
6 1
back = (0 + 1) % 8 B
back = 1 % 8
back = 1 5 2
0 queue[1] = B
8√ 1 4 3
count = 1 + 1
0 count = 2
1 count = 2

Continue…
 enQueue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
From previous slide: front = 0, back = 1, count = 2

queue front = 0

7 0
A
6 1
back = (1 + 1) % 8 B
back = 2 % 8
C
back = 2 5 2 back = 2
0 queue[2] = C
8√ 2 4 3
count = 2 + 1
0 count = 3
2 count = 3

Continue…
 enQueue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
From previous slide: front = 0, back = 2, count = 3
queue
front = 0

7 0
A
6 1
back = (2 + 1) % 8 B
back = 3 % 8
back = 3 C
5 2
0 queue[3] = D D
8√ 3 4 3
count = 3 + 1
0 count = 4
3 count = 4 back = 3

Continue…
 enQueue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
From previous slide: front = 0, back = 3, count = 4
queue
front = 0

7 0
A
6 1
back = (3 + 1) % 8 B
back = 4 % 8
back = 4 C
5 2
0 queue[4] = E E D
8√ 4 4 3
count = 4 + 1
0 count = 5
4 count = 5 back = 4

Continue…
 enQueue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
From previous slide: front = 0, back = 4, count = 5
queue
front = 0

7 0
A
6 1
back = (4 + 1) % 8 B
back = 5 % 8
back = 5 F C
5 2
0 queue[5] = F E D
8√ 5 back = 5 4 3
count = 5 + 1
0 count = 6
5 count = 6

Continue…
 enQueue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
From previous slide: front = 0, back = 5, count = 6
queue
front = 0
back = 6 7 0
A
6 1
back = (5 + 1) % 8 G B
back = 6 % 8
back = 6 F C
5 2
0 queue[6] = G E D
8√ 6 4 3
count = 6 + 1
0 count = 7
6 count = 7

Continue…
 enQueue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
From previous slide: front = 0, back = 6, count = 7
queue
back = 7 front = 0

7 0
H A
6 1
back = (6 + 1) % 8 G B
back = 7 % 8
back = 7 F C
5 2
0 queue[7] = H E D
8√ 7 4 3
count = 7 + 1
0 count = 8
7 count = 8

Continue…
 deQueue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
void deQueue(){

cout<<"\n\t#### deQueue Circular ####\n";

if(count == 0){

cout<<"\n\tQueue Circular Is Empty, No Data To Be Deleted!!!\n";

}else{ queue
back = 7
queue[front] = NULL;
7 0
front=(front + 1) % max; H front = 1
6 1
count--; queue[0] = NULL G B
front = (0 + 1) % 8
} front = 1 % 8 F C
5 2
0 front = 1 E D
} 8√ 1 4 3
count = 8 - 1
0 count = 7
1 count = 7

Continue…
 deQueue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
From previous slide: front = 1, back = 7 , count = 7

queue
back = 7

7 0
H
6 1
queue[1] = NULL G
front = (1 + 1) % 8
front = 2% 8 F C
5 2
0 front = 2 E D front = 2
8√ 2 4 3
count = 7 - 1
0 count = 6
2 count = 6

Continue…
 Queue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
void displayQueue(){

cout<<"\n\t#### Display Queue Circular ####\n";

cout<<"\n\tfront:"<<front<<"\t"<<"back:"<<back<<"\tcount:"<<count<<“\tmax:”<<max<<"\n";

if(count == 0){

cout<<"\n\tQueue Circular Is Empty, No Data To Be Display\n";

}else{

cout<<"\n\tItem In Queue Circular\n";

for(int i = 0; i < max; i++){

cout<<"\t"<<queue[i];

Continue…
 Queue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
int main(){

int selection;

menu:

cout<<"\n\nPlease Choose Your Selection\n";

cout<<"\n1\tenQueue Circular\n";

cout<<"\n2\tdeQueue Circular\n";

cout<<"\n3\tDisplay Queue\n";

cout<<"\n\tSelection is:";

cin>>selection;

Continue…
 Queue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
switch(selection){

case 1: enQueue();

displayQueue();

goto menu;

break;

case 2: deQueue();

displayQueue();

goto menu;

break;

case 3: displayQueue();

goto menu;

break;

Continue…
 Queue Implementation Using Array(Circular)
default:cout<<"\n\tWrong Selection\n";

return 0;

}
4.0 Queue Implementation Using
Linked List(Linear)
Queue Implementation Using Linked List(Linear)
Pointer-Based Implementation
• More straightforward than array-based
• Need Two external pointer (Front & Back) which front to
trace deQueue operation and back to trace deQueue
operation.
 Create Queue Implementation Using Linked
List(Linear)
Example Code 1:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

struct nodeQueue{

char name;

int age; name age next

nodeQueue *next;
Compiler get the initial illustrated structure of node
};

Continue…
 Create Queue Implementation Using Linked
List(Linear)
nodeQueue *back_ptr = NULL; NULL

nodeQueue *front_ptr=NULL; back_ptr

NULL

front_ptr

Continue…
 enQueue Implementation Using Linked
List(Linear)
void enQueue(){
0110
//create new node

nodeQueue *newnode; 0110 Ali 29 NULL

newnode = new nodeQueue; newnode

cout<<"\n\t####enQueue####\n";

//assign data field for name and age

cout<<"Enter Name:";

cin>>newnode->name;

cout<<"Enter Age:";

cin>>newnode->age;

newnode->next = NULL;

Continue…
 enQueue Implementation Using Linked
List(Linear)
//insert newnode into queue
Insertion to an empty queue
//check whether queue is empty

if((front_ptr == NULL) && (back_ptr == NULL)){ 0110

front_ptr = newnode;
0110 Ali 29 NULL
back_ptr = newnode; newnode name age next
}else{
0110
0110
back_ptr->next = newnode; front_ptr
back_ptr
back_ptr = newnode;

Continue…
 enQueue Implementation Using Linked
List(Linear)
Insertion to a non empty queue
0111

0111 Tina 30 NULL

newnode name age next

0110

0110 Ali 29 NULL 0110

front_ptr back_ptr
name age next

back_ptr->next = newnode;
back_ptr=newnode;

Continue…
 enQueue Implementation Using Linked
List(Linear)
Insertion to a non empty queue

0110 0111

0110 Ali 29 0111 Tina 30 NULL 0111

front_ptr back_ptr
name age next name age next

Continue…
deQueue Implementation Using Linked List(Linear)

Continue…
void deQueue(){

cout<<"\n\t####deQueue####\n";

//check whether queue is empty

if((front_ptr == NULL) && (back_ptr == NULL)){

cout<<"\n\tQueue Is Empty!!!\n";

}else{

nodeQueue *temp;

temp = front_ptr;

if(front_ptr->next == NULL){

front_ptr = NULL;

back_ptr = NULL; If the queue contains one item only

delete temp;

}else{

front_ptr = front_ptr->next;

delete temp; } } }

Continue…
deQueue Implementation Using Linked List(Linear)
If the queue contains one item only to be deleted

nodeQueue *temp;
temp = front_ptr;

0110

0110 Ali 29 NULL 0110

front_ptr back_ptr
name age next

0110
if(front_ptr->next == NULL){
temp front_ptr = NULL;
NULL NULL
back_ptr = NULL;
front_ptr back_ptr
delete temp;
}else{
…}

Continue…
 deQueue Implementation Using Linked
List(Linear)
If the queue contains more than one item

nodeQueue *temp;
temp = front_ptr;
0110 0111
0110 Ali 29 0111 Tina 30 NULL 0111
front_ptr name age next name age next back_ptr

0110
temp

Continue…
…}else{
front_ptr = front_ptr->next;
delete temp; }

0110 0111
0111 Ali 29 0111 Tina 30 NULL 0111
front_ptr name age next name age next back_ptr

0110
temp

0111
0111 Tina 30 NULL 0111
front_ptr name age next back_ptr

Continue…
 displayQueue Implementation Using Linked
List(Linear)
void displayQueue(){
cout<<"\n\t####Display Queue####\n";
if((front_ptr == NULL) && (back_ptr == NULL)){
cout<<"\n\tQueue Is Empty!!!\n";
cout<<"\n\tfront_ptr :"<<front_ptr<<"\tback_ptr :"<<back_ptr<<endl;
}else{
nodeQueue *cursor;
cursor=front_ptr;
cout<<"\n\tThe Elements In Queue Are\n";
cout<<"\n\tfront_ptr :"<<front_ptr<<"\tback_ptr :"<<back_ptr<<endl;
int node=1;
while(cursor){
cout<<"\n\tNode :"<<node++<<"\tName :"<<cursor->name<<"\tAge :"<<cursor-
>age<<"\tcursor-next:"<<cursor->next<<endl;
cursor=cursor->next; } } Continue…
 Queue Implementation Using Linked List(Linear)
int main()
{
int selection;
menu:
cout<<"\n\nMenu Selection\n";
cout<<"\n1\tenQueue\n";
cout<<"\n2\tdeQueue\n";
cout<<"\n3\tDisplay Queue\n";
cout<<"\n\tSelection is:";
cin>>selection;

Continue…
Queue Implementation Using Linked List(Linear)
switch(selection){
case 1: enQueue();
displayQueue();
goto menu;
break;
case 2: deQueue();
displayQueue();
goto menu;
break;
case 3: displayQueue();
goto menu;
break;
default:cout<<"\n\tWrong Selection\n"; }
return 0;
}
Continue…