1

DJJ10033 WORKSHOP
TECHNOLOGY
6.0 CNC

GATHERED BY :
FARHA BINTI MOHD FADZLI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH
25350 KUANTAN PAHANG
History of CNC
1947 John Parsons, Parsons Corporation, Michigan
Developed a control system that directed a spindle to many points in
succession

1951 Servomechanism Laboratory of Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (MIT) .
Added computer to Parson’s system

1952 Cincinnati Milicron Hydro-Tel Vertical Spindle Milling

Machine
First three-axis numerically controlled,tape-fed machine tool

1954 NC was announced to public

1957 First production NC machines were delivered and installed

1960 NC machine tools commonly available

Introduction
What is CNC?
Computer Numerical Control
The process of manufacturing machined parts using a
computerized controller to command motors which drive
each machine axis.

Conventionally :-
operator decides and adjusts various machines parameters like feed ,
depth of cut etc depending on type of job , and controls the slide
movements by hand.
Introduction
❑ Interface between

Human & Machine

Machine
Control Unit

❑ Microcomputer is important part of a machine.

❑ Program such as M code and G code as a communication language
Introduction
Numerical Control
❑ Numerical Control is a system where machine action is created
from the insertion of Numeric Data.

❑ Numeric Data is written words in an easily understood code of

letters and numbers (alphanumeric characters) known as a
programme, which in turn is converted by the machine control
unit (MCU) into the electrical signals used to control the machine
movements.

CNC Controller
Program
(MCU)

Basic components of an NC system

Introduction
Numerical Control
The relationship between the words "Numerical"
and "Control" is shown below.
NUMERICAL CONTROL
An instructional expression, in a To control such machine
language of numbers, which actions as:
represents a series of commands Directing Altering
for specific machine tool
movements Commanding Timing
Prescribing Ceasing
Sequencing Guiding
Initiating
NC Operation

The functions of a CNC Controller are

To read and store programme information

To interpret the information in a logical

command sequence

To control the motion of the machines mechanical

members

To monitor the status of the machine

NC Operation
❑ The functional elements in CNC controller.
NC Operation
The basic elements and operation of a typical NC machine.

CNC controller
Input command Processing Output Command

Drive Limit
signal switches
Position
feedback

A schematic illustration of the major component of a computer

numerical control machine tool
Control System
Two Basic Types of Control in CNC
i. Open loop system
- Operates without verifying that the actual position is equal to
the specified position
- Usually a stepping motor
Work table

Pulse train Stepping motor

Gear

Lead screw
An open-loop control system for a numerical-control
machine
Control System
Two Basic Types of Control in CNC
ii. Closed loop control system
- Uses feedback measurement to verify that the actual position is
equal to the specified location
- Servo motor with a feedback loop
Work table

Input Dc
Comparator DAC servomotor Gear

Feedback Lead screw Position

signal sensor

A closed-loop control system for a numerical-control machine

Element of CNC

A CNC system consists of 6 major

elements :
• Input Device
• Machine Control Unit
• Machine Tool
• Driving System
• Feedback Devices
• Display Unit
Element of CNC
Working Principle of CNC Machine (Block Diagram)

Display Machine Control Unit

Unit Data Control
Processing Loop
Part Unit Unit
Input
Programmes
Device Control Panel

Miscellaneous
Position Velocity
function
Motion Data Feedback Feedback

Driving Feedback
System Device
Machine Tool
Element of CNC
Working Principle of CNC Machine (Wiring Diagram)
Element of CNC
1) Input Device
Use tape Punched Tape
reader

Use
Computer
RS232
cable
External Devices
- Floppy disc
- Hard disc
Connect to
port/slot - USB

Use EDIT function at

Direct input
Control Panel
Manual Data Input
Use MDI function at
Control Panel
(MDI)
Element of CNC
1) Input Device
a) Punched Tape

❑ The first data transfer method is the punched tape.

❑ It consists of a long strip of paper with holes punched in it to

store data.

❑ The holes represent a set of data that tells the machine how to
move and what to do.
Element of CNC
1) Input Device
a) Punched Tape (continue....)

❑ A telewriter is a device used to type in CNC programs. As you type

in the code, a punch tape machine would be punching out the punch
tape.
Element of CNC
1) Input Device
b) Computer

❑ Used to type the programme.

❑ Mistakes can easily be spotted and corrected before the

programme is loaded into the machine.

❑ The programme can be down loaded to the machine via a

connecting link (interface cable or serial communication port.)
to a computer.
Element of CNC
1) Input Device
b) Computer (continue....)

❑ The most common interface between computers and CNC machine

tools is referred to the EIA Standard RS-232.

RS-232 Port.
Element of CNC
1) Input Device
c) Direct Input

❑ Programming can be done by typing the program

directly into the
memory of the
M.C.U. through the

edit function Use

in control panel EDIT Function
to key in the
program

Control Panel
Element of CNC
1) Input Device
d) Manual Data Input (MDI)

❑ MDI allows users to input commands directly into the CNC

machine's memory.

❑ This may seem to be an effective way of telling the machine what

to do but it actually has a lot of drawbacks to it.

❑ Despite it being the fastest way of telling the machine what to do,
it is also a very risky and tedious operation as it requires the use
of the machine's terminal.

❑ Furthermore, the construction of a program is not as fast as

opposed to the network method.
Element of CNC
1) Input Device

d) Manual Data Input (MDI)

❑ It only allows one user to access the machine thus making it a

long and drawn-out process.

❑ Another disadvantage that comes with MDI is that it limits the

operator to only one task at a time.

❑ However, MDI allows the most control over the machine

compared to other methods.
Element of CNC
1) Input Device
d) Manual Data Input (MDI)

Use
MDI Function
to key in the
program

Control Panel
Element of CNC
1) Input Device
e) External Devices

❑ A programme can be loaded directly from a P.C. as described, or

from other specialised units that have been designed as a portable
device for loading, transferring or storing N.C. programs.

❑ The devices may store the information on :

- Floppy Discs.
- Hard Discs
- USB
NC Machine Sub-unit

2) The Machine Control Unit (MCU)

- the brain of the NC machine.

❑ MCU is use :

▀ to read and decode the part programme.

▀ to provide the decoded instructions to the control
loops of the machine axes of motion.
▀ to control the machine tool operations.
NC Machine Sub-unit
2) The Machine Control Unit (MCU)
❑ The main parts of a control :

Machine Control Unit (MCU)

Data Control Control

Processing Loop Panel
Unit Unit
NC Machine Sub-unit
2) The Machine Control Unit (MCU)

i) The Control Panel

- human interface that allows various modes of
machine or control operation.
- to programme loading and editing.
- to setting work positions and tool offsets.
- Information about machine status and condition is
available to the operator via VDU screens, gauges,
meters, indicator lights and readouts.
NC Machine Sub-unit
2) The Machine Control Unit (MCU)
ii) The Data Processing Unit (DPU)

- to receive and decode the commands of the part

program,process it and provide data to the Control Loop
Unit (CLU)

- Functions:
a. The input device, such a tape reader.
b. Reading circuits and parity checking logic.
c. Decoding circuits for distributing data to the
controlled axes
d. An interpolator to supply velocity commands
to the axes, either singly or in combination
NC Machine Sub-unit
2) The Machine Control Unit (MCU)
ii- The Control Loop Unit (CLU)

- The data from DLU are converted into electrical signal

in the CLU to control the driving system to perform
the required motion.

- receives feedback signals on the position and velocity of

each axis

- Function :
a. Position control loops for each and all axes.
b. Velocity control loops.
c. Deceleration and backlash take up circuits.
NC Machine Sub-unit

3) The Machine Tool

❑ A machine tool is a device designed to
cut away surplus
material and leave a component of the
required shape and size

❑ Machine tool must be capable of:

- Holding the work piece securely
- Holding the cutting tool securely and driving it
with suitable power.
- Moving the tool and work piece relative to one
another precisely enough to achieve accuracy
of size and surface finish
NC Machine Sub-unit

4) Driving System
❑ Main component of a drive systems :
- Amplifier circuits.
- Drive motors.
- Ball lead screws

❑ Control signals i.e. position and speed of each axis is fed to

amplifier circuits from MCU.

❑ The control signals are augmented to actuate drive motors

that in turn rotate ball lead-screws to position the machine
table
NC Machine Sub-unit

5) Feedback Device
❑ A feed back system is also referred to as a measuring
system.

❑ Two type of Feedback Device :

i) Positional Feedback Device
ii) Velocity Feedback Device.

❑ The MCU uses the difference between reference signals and

feedback signals for correcting position and speed errors.
NC Machine Sub-unit

6) Display Unit
❑ As an interactive device between machine and operator.

❑ When the machine running, The Display Unit display

present status such as :
- the position of the machine slide
- the spindle RPM
- the feed rate
- the part programmes and etc

❑ In advance CNC Machine, the Display Unit can show

graphics simulation of tool path before start actual process
NC Machine Sub-unit

6) Display Unit
❑ Other important information also display such as :
- machine parameter
- error massage
- diagnostic data
Industrial Application
Metal Machining

Lathes of all types

Milling Machines of all types
Drilling Machines
Electric Discharge Machining
Laser cutting machines
Turning centres
All types of grinding machines
Gear cutting machines
CNC Machine
Lathe Machine
CNC Machine
Milling Machine
CNC Machine
Electrical Discharge Machine (EDM )

 Slow compared to conventional machining

 Produce a matte surface
 Complex geometries are possible
 Often used in tool and die making
CNC Machine
EDM Wire Cut
CNC Machine
EDM Die Sinking
CNC Machine
EDM Die Sinking
 CNC Machine
ECM – Electro Chemical Machine
 Electrochemical
machining (ECM)
removes material by
anodic dissolution with
a rapidly flowing
electrolyte
 The tool is the cathode
and the workpiece is the
electrolyte
Industrial Application

Metal Forming

Punching and nibbling

Guillotines
Flame cut and profiling
Folding
Pipe bending
Metal spinning

CNC Punching Machine

Industrial Application

Finishing CNC Painting Machine

Plating
Painting

Assembly Joining

Pick and place robots, spot and seam welding

machines and robots, riveting, looming of wires
and assembly of components into printed circuit boards.
CNC Axis Conventions
❑ CNC axis classification follows the three-dimensional Cartesian
coordinate system and is established in BS 3635: 1972

❑ It is identified with either the letter X, Y or Z.

❑ apply right hand rules

CNC Axis Conventions
❑ Z axis → The axis of the main spindle, whether it is the axis of the
tool spindle or the axis about which the work piece
rotates (is parallel to the main spindle of the
machine)

❑ X axis → The motion of the largest spindle

rotation table
travel of the primary
movement (horizontal z
x
and at 90o to z.)

❑ Y axis → The third motion and

is the shorter primary
movement. CNC axes
CNC Axis Conventions

❑ At primary linear axes... there is provision for Rotary axes.

** They are designated A, B and C.

A → rotary about the X axis.

B → rotary about the Y axis.
C → rotary about the Z axis
CNC Axis Conventions
❑ In addition to these primary linear axes... there is SECONDARY
LINEAR AXIS

- They are designated U, V and W.

U → secondary linear the X axis.

V → secondary linear the Y axis.
W →secondary linear the Z axis
CNC Axis Conventions
CNC AXIS CONVENTIONS

❑ Standard Axis in CNC machine

Linear Axis X Y Z
Rotary Axis A B C
Secondary
U V W
Linear
Interpolation I J K
CNC Axis Conventions
Example Axis in CNC Machine
Z axis will be horizontal on a horizontal machining
centre

Horizontal Machining Centre : Lathe, Turning

CNC Axis Conventions
Example Axis in CNC Machine
Z axis will be vertical on a vertical machining centre.

Vertical Machining Centre : Milling, EDM Die Shinking

and EDM Wire Cut
Control System

❑ Two types of control systems :

i) The point-to-point system

❑ Point-to-point control systems cause the tool to move to a

point on the part and execute an operation at that point
only.
❑ The tool is not in continuous contact with the part while it
is moving.
❑ Examples of point-to-point operations. Drilling, reaming,
punching, boring and tapping
Control System

❑ Two types of control systems :

i) The point-to-point system
Control System
❑ Two types of control systems :
ii) The continuous-path system.

❑ Continuous-path controllers cause the tool to maintain

continuous contact with the part as the tool cuts a contour
shape.

❑ These operations include milling along any lines at any

angle, milling arcs and lathe turning.
Control System

❑ Two types of control systems :

ii) The continuous-path system.
NC PROGRAMMING

Job Planning
1.Sketch the part. Add incremental or absolute dimensions.

2. Ascertain fixturing. Select fixtures which have minimal

projections above the part.

3. Identify a set-up point. Locate the set-up point near:

i. A corner of the part
ii. A spot above the fixture

Consider space requirements for:

i. Part loading and unloading
ii. Tool change.
NC PROGRAMMING

Job Planning
4. Plan operation sequence Mark sequence pattern of sketch.
Test program data for accuracy.

5. Record necessary data for

each movement of the table
and tool on the program
sheet.

6. Record instructions for Identify, specific:

the machine operator. i. Tools needed.
ii. Speed and feed data
iii. Tool change points
iv. Console switch setting
NC PROGRAMMING

PROGRAM DEFINITION

To enable the machine to operate

automatically it is necessary to put into its
memory a programme or set of instructions to
carry out the required operation
NC PROGRAMMING

PROGRAM DEFINITION
i) Programme

❑ A programme is a series of instructions to the machine,

set out in sequence to -produce a complete machining
operation.

❑ A programme is made up of a series of blocks

NC PROGRAMMING

PROGRAM DEFINITION
ii) Blocks

❑ A block or programme line is a set of instructions to the

machine that are carried out simultaneously.

❑ A block is made up of one or more Words and is

terminated by an End of Block which is the Line Feed
Character
NC PROGRAMMING

PROGRAM DEFINITION
iii) Word

❑ A word is a specific instruction to the machine that will

affect a particular machine function.

❑ Every word consists of a Letter Code and a Numerical

value.
NC PROGRAMMING

PROGRAM DEFINITION
❑ Each line of program = 1 block

Each block is composed of several instructions, or (words)

1 BLOCK OF INFORMATION
CONSISTS OF 6 WORDS
N G X Y F M
SEQ. PREP. DIMENSION DIMENSION FEED MISC
NO. FUNCT.
N001 G 01 X 12345 Y 67890 F2 5 0 M 0 3

WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD

NC PROGRAMMING

PROGRAM DEFINITION
Sequence no

Preparatory function

Dist. coordinates Dist. center of circle

N3 G2 X+1.4 Y+1.4 Z+1.4 I1.4 J1.4 K1.4 F3.2 S4 T4 M2

Feed rate

Spindle speed

Tool

Miscellaneous function
NC PROGRAMMING

PROGRAMMING CODES
❑ A number of standard codes are used to reduce the amount
of programming effort needed to command machining
operations, instructions and conditions.

❑ These are commonly known as:

CODE Function
G call up machining commands
M call up machine control activities
T call up tool selection
F call up feed rates
S call up speed rates
NC PROGRAMMING

PROGRAMMING CODES
i) G Codes (Preparatory Code)

G-codes are sometimes called cycle codes because

they refer to some action occurring on the X, Y,
and/or Z axis of a machine tool
NC PROGRAMMING

Example of G Codes (Preparatory Code)

CODE Function CODE Function

G00 Rapid Transverse G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
G01 Linear Interpolation G44 Tool length compensation (minus)
G02 Circular Interpolation, CW G49 Tool length compensation cancel
G03 Circular Interpolation, CCW G80 Cancel canned cycles
G20 Inch units G81 Drilling cycle
G21 Metric Units G82 Counter boring cycle
G40 Cutter compensation cancel G83 Deep hole drilling cycle
G41 Cutter compensation left G90 Absolute positioning
G42 Cutter compensation right G91 Incremental positioning
NC PROGRAMMING

Absolute Dimension (G90)

❑ Absolute dimension always refer to work piece zero.
Note : With most control systems, the function G90 is the default
condition when starting the machine :- its no longer necessary
to specify G90 in the program

In absolute
programming, all
dimensions must be
taken from the XY
zero at the top
left-hand corner of the
part
NC PROGRAMMING

Absolute Dimension (G90)

❑ Example
Y N10 G90
60
P1 N15 G01 X10 Y10 F300
50 P2 N20 Y20
P4
40 P3 N25 X30

30 P4 N30 X40 Y40

20 P2 P5 N35 X60 Y10

P3
P6 N40 X50 Y0
10 P1 P5
P6 P7 N45 X0 Y0
10 20 30 40 50 60 X N50 M02
NC PROGRAMMING

Incremental Dimension (G91)

❑ Incremental dimension always refer to the current tool position

* In incremental
programming,
- all dimensions
are taken from
the previous
point.
NC PROGRAMMING

Incremental Dimension (G91)

❑ Example

Y N10 G91
60 P1 N15 G01 X10 Y10 F300

50 P2 N20 X0 Y10
P4 P3 N25 X20 Y0
40
P4 N30 X10 Y20
30
P5 N35 X20 Y-30
20 P2
P3 P6 N40 X-10 Y-10
10 P1 P5
P6
P7 N45 X-50

10 20 30 40 50 60 X N50 M02
NC PROGRAMMING

Linear Interpolation (G01)

❑ The machine tool will move in a straight line at a defined feed rate.

❑ For G02 and G03 the feed rate "F" function must be specified

NOTE:
E.g. G01 X200 F250 If a new line with
G01 is listed again
- G01 → Move in a straight line somewhere below,
the F250 does not
- X200. → A distance of 20O.mm have to be written
again. This is called
- F250. → At a feed rate of 250.mm/min modal
 NC PROGRAMMING

Example :
Base on drawing below, write the programme using
Absolute Dimension system
Solution :

10 10 70 10 N01 G90
P1 N02 G01 X100 Y0 F300
P5 P2 N03 Y70
P6 P4 P3 P3 N04 X90 Y80
90 P2
80 P4 N05 X20
80
70 P5 N06 X10 Y90
P7 P1 P6 N07 X0 Y80
100 P7 N08 Y0
N09 M02
 NC PROGRAMMING

Exercise 01 – Geometry exercise with regard to G1

in absolute dimension
Solution :
Y
P1 P2 N01 G90
90
P1 N02 G01 X10 Y90
80
P2 N03 X90
70
60 P3 N04 Y10
P5
50
P6 P4 N05 X60
40 P5 N06 Y50
30 P6 N07 X30
20 P7 N08 Y10
10
S P7 P4 P3 P8 N09 X10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 X N10 M02
 NC PROGRAMMING

Exercise 02 – Geometry exercise with regard to G1

in absolute dimension
Solution :
Y
N01 G90
P2 P3
90
P1 N02 G01
80
P1 P2 N03
70
P5 P3 N04
60
50
P4 P4 N05
40 P5 N06
30 P6 P6 N07
20 P7 N08
10
P7
P8 N09
S
X
N10 M02
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
 NC PROGRAMMING

Exercise 03 – Geometry exercise with regard to G1

in incremental dimension
Solution :
Y
P1 P2 N01 G91
90
P1 N02 G01
80
P2 N03
70
60
P3 N04
P6 P5 P4 N05
50
40 P5 N06
30 P6 N07
20 P7 N08
10 P8 N09
S P7 P4 P3

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 X N10 M02
 NC PROGRAMMING

Exercise 04 – Geometry exercise with regard to G1

in incremental dimension
Solution :
Y
N01 G91
P2 P3
90
P1 N02 G01
80
P1 P2 N03
70
P5 P3 N04
60
50
P4 P4 N05
40 P5 N06
30 P6 P6 N07
20 P7 N08
10
P7
P8 N09
S
X
N10 M02
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
NC PROGRAMMING

Circular Interpolation
❑ In circular interpolation mode :
i) G02 - Clockwise ii) G03 - Counterclockwise

❑ For G02 and G03 the feed rate "F" function must be specified
NC PROGRAMMING

Circular Interpolation
❑ Direction of movement

G.. X.. Y.. I.. J.. F..

Direction End point Center point Feed rate

of coordinates coordinates
movement of the arc I belong to X
(G02/G03) (absolute) J belong to Y
(incremental)
NC PROGRAMMING

Circular Interpolation
❑ To determine the length for I and J, draw an arrow from the
circle starting point A to the circle center point M

❑ Two cases are distinguished :

i) A → M is paraxial to X or Y
ii) A → M is not paraxial X or Y
NC PROGRAMMING

i) A → M is paraxial to X or Y

Y Direction : Clockwise
60 A → Start Point
50 E → End Point
40 + E M → Centre of circle
A M
30

20 Block format

10 G02 X60 Y40 I20 J0

Direction of End point Center point
movement coordinates of coordinates
10 20 30 40 50 60 X the arc (absolute) I belong to X
J belong to Y
(incremental)
NC PROGRAMMING

i) A → M is paraxial to X or Y

Y Direction : Counterclockwise
60 A → Start Point
50 E → End Point
40 + A M → Centre of circle
E M
30

20 Block format

10 G03 X20 Y40 I-20 J0

Direction of End point Center point
movement coordinates of coordinates
10 20 30 40 50 60 X the arc (absolute) I belong to X
J belong to Y
(incremental)
NC PROGRAMMING

i) A → M is paraxial to X or Y
Y
60
Direction : Counterclockwise
A → Start Point
50
E E → End Point
40
M → Centre of circle
30

20 M+ Block format
10 G03 X40 Y40 I0 J20
A Direction of End point Center point
movement coordinates of coordinates
10 20 30 40 50 60 X the arc (absolute) I belong to X
J belong to Y
(incremental)
NC PROGRAMMING

i) A → M is paraxial to X or Y
Y
60
Direction : Clockwise
A → Start Point
50
A E → End Point
40
M → Centre of circle
30

20 M+ Block format
10 G02 X40 Y0 I0 J-20
E Direction of End point Center point
movement coordinates of coordinates
10 20 30 40 50 60 X the arc (absolute) I belong to X
J belong to Y
(incremental)
NC PROGRAMMING

ii) A → M is NOT paraxial to X or Y

Y
60
Direction : Clockwise
A → Start Point
50 A
E → End Point
40
J M → Centre of circle
30
I
+ E
M
20 Block format
10 G02 X45 Y30 I-15 J10
Direction End point Center point
of coordinates of coordinates
10 20 30 40 50 60 X the arc (absolute) I belong to X
movement
J belong to Y
(incremental)
 NC PROGRAMMING

Example
N10 G90

P2 P1 N15 G01 X0 Y110 F200

P1
P4 P2 N20 G02 X20 I10 J0
P3
P5 P3 N25 G03 X30 Y100 I10 J0
110 P4 N30 G01 X90
All radius = P5 N35 G02 X100 Y90 I0 J-10
R10
P6 N40 G01 Y10
P8 P6 P7 N45 G02 X90 Y0 I-10 J0
P7 P8 N50 G01 X0
S 100
N55 M02
 NC PROGRAMMING

Exercise 05 – Geometry exercise with regard to G02 and G03

Solution :
Y
N01 G91
90
P1 N02 G01
80
P2 N03
70 P3
P4 P3 N04
60
P2 P4 N05
50
40 P5 N06
30 P1 P6 N07
20 P7 N08
10 P8 N09
S
N10 M02
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 X
 NC PROGRAMMING

Exercise 05 – Geometry exercise with regard to G02 and G03

Solution :
Y
N01 G91
P2 P3
90
P1 N02 G01
80
P1 P2 N03
70
P3 N04
60
P4 N05
50
40 P5 N06
30 P4 P6 N07
20 P7 P6 P7 N08
S P5
10 P8 N09
N10 M02
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 X
NC PROGRAMMING

Explanation of
commonly
used
G codes
NC PROGRAMMING

PROGRAMMING CODES
ii) M Codes (Miscellaneous Code)

M or miscellaneous codes are used to either turn ON

or OFF different functions which control certain
machine tool operation
NC PROGRAMMING

Example of M Codes (Miscellaneous Code)

CODE Function CODE Function

M00 Program stop M06 Tool change
M01 Optional program stop M08 Coolant on
M02 Program end M09 Coolant off
M03 Spindle on clockwise M10 Clamps on
M04 Spindle on counterclockwise M11 Clamps off
M05 Spindle stop M30 Program stop, reset to start
NC PROGRAMMING

Explanation of
commonly
used
M codes
NC PROGRAMMING

PROGRAMMING CODES
iii) F Codes (Feed Command)

Used to specify the cutter feed rates in inch per minute.

iv) S Codes (Speed Command)

Used to specify the spindle speed in rpm.

v) T Codes (Tool command)

Specifies which tool to be used, machines with

automatic tool changer.
 NC PROGRAMMING

Writing of Program TABLE : Reference points and X and Y

coordinates to cut a ‘S’-slot/groove with a
(X0 Y0) point-to-point method and a continuous
path/contouring system

Position Coordinate (X) Coordinate (Y)

M1 + P2
C.P. 0 0
M.1 45 -25
P4
P5 P. 2 70 -25
M.2 60 -65
M2 + P. 4 45 -50
P8
P7 P. 5 60 -50
P6 P. 6 49 -75
P. 7 38 -65
To cut a ‘S’-slot/groove with a point-to-
P. 8 15 -65
point method and a continuous
path/contouring system
 NC PROGRAMMING

Writing of Program
❑ Program
(X0 Y0) N10 G71 G90 S150 T1
CP N20 G00 X0 Y0
P2 N30 G00 X70 Y-25 Z10
M1 + P2
N40 G01 Z-5 F250
P3 N50 G03 X45 Y-50 I-25 J0
P4
P5
P4 N60 G01 X60 Y-50
P6 N70 G02 X49 Y-75 I0 J-15
P8
M2 +
P7 N80 G01 X38 Y-65
P7
P6 P8 N90 X15 Y-65
N100 Z10
To cut a ‘S’-slot/groove with a point-
to-point method and a continuous N110 G00 M0
path/contouring system
N120 G00 X0 Y0
NC PROGRAMMING

❑ Description of the program

N10 G71 G90 S150 T1 set machine to use metric
CP N20 G00 X0 Y0
unit, incremental coordinate,
spindle speed 1500 rpm,
P2 N30 G00 X70 Y-25 Z10 choose tool no. 1.
N40 G01 Z-5 F250
rapid movement to centre
P3 N50 G03 X45 Y-50 I-25 J0
point (C.P).
P4 N60 G01 X60 Y-50
P6 N70 G02 X49 Y-75 I0 J-15 rapid movement to point 1
(P. 1), cutting tool distance is
P7 N80 G01 X38 Y-65
5.0 mm from the surface of
P8 N90 X15 Y-65 the work piece
N100 Z10
cutting tool cuts 10.00 mm
N110 G00 M0 deep, feed 250 mm/min
N120 G00 X0 Y0
NC PROGRAMMING

❑ Description of the program (Continue)

N10 G71 G90 S150 T1
circular interpolation,
CP N20 G00 X0 Y0
counter clockwise, radius
P2 N30 G00 X70 Y-25 Z10 25.0 mm, tool ends
N40 G01 Z-5 F250 interpolation cutting at P. 4
P3 N50 G03 X45 Y-50 I-25 J0 linear interpolation until P. 5
P4 N60 G01 X60 Y-50
circular interpolation,
P6 N70 G02 X49 Y-75 I0 J-15
clockwise, radius 15.0 mm,
P7 N80 G01 X38 Y-65 tool ends interpolation
P8 N90 X15 Y-65 cutting at P. 6
N100 Z10
linear interpolation until P. 7
N110 G00 M0
linear interpolation until P. 8
N120 G00 X0 Y0
NC PROGRAMMING

❑ Description of the program (Continue)

N10 G71 G90 S150 T1
CP N20 G00 X0 Y0
P2 N30 G00 X70 Y-25 Z10
N40 G01 Z-5 F250
P3 N50 G03 X45 Y-50 I-25 J0
P4 N60 G01 X60 Y-50
P6 N70 G02 X49 Y-75 I0 J-15
P7 N80 G01 X38 Y-65
tool rises up 10.0 mm
P8 N90 X15 Y-65
N100 Z10
program stops

N110 G00 M0 rapid return to centre point

N120 G00 X0 Y0 (C.P).
Advantages of CNC

Advantages:
 High Repeatability and Precision e.g. Aircraft parts

 Volume of production is very high

 Complex contours/surfaces need to be machined. E.g. Turbines

 Flexibility in job change, automatic tool settings, less scrap

 More safe, higher productivity, better quality

 Less paper work, faster prototype production, reduction in lead

time
Disadvantages of CNC

Disadvantages:

 Costly setup, skilled operators

 Computers, programming knowledge required

 Maintenance is difficult