Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

Course Name: Mathematical Foundations for

Computing, Probability and Statistics

Course Code: 21MATCS41

QUESTION BANK

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Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

MODULE-I FUNDAMENTALS OF LOGIC

1.1 Laws of Logic

1. Prove by using laws of logic. (p → q) ∧ [¬q ∧ (r ∨ ¬q)] ⇔ ¬(q ∨ p) (VTU June 2018) .
2. Prove that for any three propositions p, q, r, [(p ∨ q) → r] ⇐⇒ [(p → r) ∧ (q → r)] ( VTU Jan 2020, Dec
2009)
3. Prove without using Truth table. [∼ p ∧ (∼ q ∧ r)] ∨ [(q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ r)] ⇔ r (VTU Jan 2021, June 2018,
Jan 2017)
4. Prove the following using laws of logic : p → (q → r) ⇔ (p ∧ q) → r ( VTU Jan 2017, Dec 2009)
5. Prove that [(¬p ∨ ¬q) −→ (p ∧ q ∧ r)] ⇐⇒ p ∧ q (VTU June 2019, Jan 2014, June 2013)
6. Using the laws of logic, show that (p → q) ∧ (¬q ∧ (r ∨ ¬q)) ⇔ ¬[q ∨ p] (VTU Jan 2019, June 2015, Dec
2012)
7. Without using truth table Prove that [(¬p ∨ ¬q) ∧ (F0 ∨ p) ∧ p] ⇔ (p ∧ ¬q) (VTU Jan 2019)
8. Establish the following logical equivalence. (p ∨ q) ∨ (¬p ∧ ¬q ∧ r) ⇔ (p ∨ q ∨ r) (VTU June 2019, June
2017)
9. Simplify the following network. (VTU July 2015)
10. Write converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following statements.
• If a triangle is not isosceles, then it is not equilateral.
• If two lines are parallel, then they are equidistant.

1.2 Validity of Arguments:

1. Test the validity of the following statement: If there is strike by student, the examination will be
postponed. The exam was not postponed. ∴ There was no strike by student. (VTU Jan 2019)
2. Test the validity of : If I study, then I will not fail in the examination. If I do not watch T.V. in the
evening, then I will study. I failed in the examination. ∴ I must have watched T.V. in the evening. (VTU
Jan 2019)
3. Show that r ∨ s follows from c ∨ d, c ∨ d → ¬h, ¬h → (a ∧ ¬b), a ∧ ¬b → r ∨ s (VTU Dec 2014, Dec
2013, June 2009)
4. Establish the validity of the following Argument. i) p, p → q, s ∨ r, r →∼ q ∴ s ∨ t (VTU Jan 2017, June
2011, 2010, 2008)
5. Establish the validity of the following Argument.
(∼ p∨ ∼ q) → (r ∧ s)
r→t
∼t
∴p (VTU June 2019, June 2018)
6. Test the validity of the argument : If Ravi studies, then he will pass DMS. If Ravi does not play cricket,
then he will study. Ravi failed in DMS. ∴ Ravi played cricket. (VTU Jan 2019)

7. Establish the validity of the following Argument.

p∨q

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Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

∼ (p ∨ r)
∼r
∴q

1.3 Open statements-Quantifiers

1. Let p(x) : x ≥ 0, q(x) : x 2 ≥ 0 and r(x) : x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0. Then for the universe comprising of all real
numbers, find the truth values of,
(i)∃x, [p(x) ∧ q(x)] (ii) ∀x, [p(x) → q(x)] (iii) ∃x, [p(x) ∧ r(x)] (iv)∀x, [r(x)∨q(x)]

2. Consider the following open statements with the set of all real numbers as the universe, p(x) : x ≥ 0,
q(x) : x 2 ≥ 0, r(x) : x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0 and s(x) : x 2 − 3 > 0 then find the truth values of the following :
(i) ∃x, [p(x) ∧ r(x)] ( ii) ∃x, [p(x) ∧ q(x)] (iii) ∀x, [p(x) → q(x)] (iv) ∀x, [q(x) → s(x)]
(v) ∀x, [r(x) → p(x)] ( VTU Jan 2021,Sept. 2020, Jan 2019, Dec 2007)
3. Let p(x), q(x) and r(x) denote the following open statements: p(x) : x 2 − 7x + 10 = 0, q(x) : x 2 − 2x − 3
= 0, r(x) : x < 0. Determine the truth or falsity of the following statements when the universe contains
only the integers 2 and 5. If a statement is false, provide a counter example or explanations.
i) ∀x, [p(x) →∼ r(x)] ii) ∀x, [q(x) → r(x)] iii)∃x, [q(x) → r(x)] iv)∃x, *p(x) → r(x)+

1.4 Definitions and the Proofs of Theorems

1. For all integers k and ℓ, if k, ℓ both are odd, then k + ℓ is even and kℓ is odd. (VTU July 2021, Jan 2018)
2. Give : (i) A direct proof (ii) An indirect proof and (iii) Proof by contradiction, for the following
statement: “If n is an even integer, then (n + 7) is an even integer”. (VTU Jan 2015)
3. Give a direct proof of the statement “If n is an odd integer, then n 2 is also an odd integer” (VTU June
2019)
4. Give i) direct proof ii) indirect proof iii) proof by contradiction for the following statement: “ if n is an
odd integer then n + 9 is an even integer”. ( VTU Jan 2020, Dec 2016, 2008, June 2013)
5. Give a direct proof for each of the following. (i) For all integers k and ℓ, if k, ℓ are both even, then k + ℓ
is even. (VTU June 2019, Jan 2019) (ii) For all integers k and ℓ, if k, ℓ are even, then k.ℓ is even. (VTU June
2019, Jan 2019, June 2017, 2015)
6. For each of the following statements, provide an indirect proof by stating and proving the contra
positive: (i) For all integers k and ℓ, if kℓ is odd, then both k and ℓ are odd. (ii) For all integers k and ℓ, if k
+ ℓ is even, then k and ℓ are both even or both odd. ( VTU June 2008)
7. Prove that for every integer n, n 2 is even if and only if n is even. ( VTU June 2012)
8. Give a direct proof of the statement “the square of an odd integer is an odd integer”. ( VTU Dec 2013,
2009)
9. Provide proof by contradiction for “For every integer n, if n 2 is odd, then n is odd”. ( VTU June 2016)
10. Prove that for all real numbers x and y, if x + y > 100, then x > 50 or y > 50. ( VTU June 2016, Dec
2011)

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Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

MODULE-II RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

2.1 Cartesian Product, Relations

1. Let A = {a, b, c}, B = {1, 2} and C = {x, y, z}, Find A × (B ∪ C) and (A × B) ∪ C. (VTU Jan
2021,July 2017)

2. For any sets A and B prove that,A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C). (VTU Jan 2021,Jan 2020)

3. P.T. A × (B − C) = (A × B) − (A × C). ( VTU Jan 2020, Jan 2019 )

4. P.T. A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C). (VTU Jan 2020, Dec 2013, 2011)

5. Define Cartesian product of two sets. For A, B, C ⊆ U, prove that

(A ∩ B) × C = (A × C) ∩ (B × C) ( June 2016, 2013)

6. Let A= {1, 2, 3} and B ={2, 4, 5}. Determine the following:

i)|A × B| ii) Number of relations from A to B iii) Number of binary relations on A

iv) Number of relations from A to B that contain (1, 2) and (1, 5)

v) Number of relations from A to B that contain exactly 5 ordered pairs

vi) Number of binary relations on A that contains at least 7 ordered pairs. (VTU Jan 2017,

June 2015)

7. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let R be the relation on A defined by “xRy iff x divides y”, written
x|y.

i) Write down R as a set of ordered pairs.

ii) Write down the relation matrix M(R) and draw the digraph of R

iii) Determine the in-degrees and out-degrees of the vertices in the digraph. (VTU Jan 2021,

Sep 2020)

8.Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6} and R be a relation on A defined by aRb if and only if a is a multiple of

b.

i) Write R as a set of ordered pairs

ii) Represent R as a matrix

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Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

iii) Draw the digraph of R.

iv) Determine the in-degrees and out-degrees of the vertices in the digraph. (VTU Jan 2020,

July 2017,Dec 2015, June 2015, 2013)

2.2 Equivalence Classes and Partitions

1. Let R be an equivalence relation on set A and a, b ∈ A. Then prove the following are

equivalent : (VTU Jan 2019)

i) a ∈ [a] ii) aRb iff [a] = [b] iii) if a ∩ = φ then a = .

2. Let A = {a, b, c, d, e}. Consider partition P = {{a, b}, {c, d}, {e}} of A. Find the

equivalence relation inducing this partition. (VTU July 2021, July 2018)

3. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and define a relation R on A × A by (x1, y1)R(x2, y2) iff

x1 + y1 = x2 + y2.

i) Verify that R is an equivalence relation on A.

ii) Determine the equivalence classes [(1, 3)], [(2, 4)] and [(1, 1)].

iii) Determine the partition of A × A induced by R.(VTU July 2021,Jan 2020, July 2019, Jan
2018, Jan 2017, Dec 2015, Dec 2014, June 2012)

4. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and R be the equivalence relation on A that induces the partition

A = {1, 2} ∪ {3} ∪ {4, 5, 7} ∪ {6}. Find R. (VTU June 2016)

5. Define a partition of a set. Prove that the relation

R = {(1, 1), (1, 2),(2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 4),(4, 3), (3, 3), (4, 4)}is an equivalence relation on set A
= {1, 2, 3, 4}. Also determine the partition induced by R on A.

2.3 Partial order, Poset and Hasse diagram:

1. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12} and R be a relation on A defined by aRb iff a divides b, then i)
Prove that R is a partial order on A ii) Draw the Hasse diagram of the Poset (A, R) iii) Determine
the relation matrix for R. (VTU July 2021)

2. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12} and R be the partial ordering on A defined by aRb iff a divides b,

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Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

then i) Draw the Hasse diagram of the Poset (A, R) ii) Determine the relation matrix for R.

(VTU Jan 2021,July 2017, Dec 2014)

3. Draw the digraph and Hasse diagram representing the positive divisors of 36. (VTU Jan 2020,

July 2019, Jan 2019, July 2018, June 2016)

4. Let A = {a, b, c}, B = P (A) where P (A) is the power set of A. Let R be a subset relation

on A. Show that (B, R) is a POSET and draw its Hasse diagram. (VTU Jan 2019)

5. For A = {a, b, c, d, e}, the Hasse diagram for the Poset (A, R) is as shown in fig.

Determine the relation matrix for R and construct the digraph for R. (VTU Jan 2017, June
2014)

6. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18} and define R on A y xRy if “x divides y”, Draw the diagram for

the poset (A, R). Also write the matrix of relation. (VTU Sep 2020, July 2019)

7. Draw Hasse diagram representing the positive divisors of 72. (VTU June 2015, Dec 2011)

8. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18}. On A, define the relation R by aRb iff a divides b. Prove that R
is a partial order on A. Draw the Hasse diagram for this relation. (VTU June 2012)

9. If R is a relation on A = {1, 2, 3, 4} defined by xRy iff x|y. Prove that (A, R) is a Poset. Draw
its Hasse diagram. (VTU Dec 2013)

10. Let, R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 4), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)} be relation, verify that R is a
partial ordering relation or not. If yes, draw the Hasse diagram for R. (VTU Sep 2020)

11. For the Hasse diagram given in fig.

write i) maximal ii) minimal iii) greatest and iv) least element (s). (VTU June 2017)

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Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

Graph theory:
1. Define isomorphism of two graphs. By labeling the graphs show that following graphs
are isomorphic

2. Define Graph isomorphism. Determine whether the following graphs are isomorphic or not

3. Define the following with an example to each.

i) Simple graph ii) Complete graph iii) Regular graph iv) Spanning sub graph v) Induced
subgraph vi) Complete Bipartite graph vii) Tree viii) Complement of graph. (VTU July 2019)
4. Define the following with an example: i) Simple graph ii) Regular graph iii) Subgraph iv)
Maximal subgraph v) Induced subgraph. (VTU Jan 2017)
5. Define: i) Complete bipartite graph ii) Regular graph iii) Induced sub graph.Give one example
for each. (VTU June 2016)
6. Define subgraph, spanning subgraph, induced subgraph and complete graph with an
example each. (VTU June 2015)
7. Prove that in every graph the number of vertices of odd degree is even.

Functions:

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Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

MODULE-III:STATISTICAL METHODS

3.1 COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION AND LINES OF REGRESSION:

1.Compute the coefficient of correlation and the equation of the lines of regression for the data.
x 10 14 18 22 26 30
y 18 12 24 6 30 36
2.Compute the coefficient of correlation and the equation of the lines of regression for the data.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 9 8 10 12 11 13 14
3. Compute the coefficient of correlation and the equation of the lines of regression for the data.
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 5 3 8 7

4. Compute the coefficient of correlation and the equation of the lines of regression for the data.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
y 10 12 16 28 25 36 41 49 40 50
5. Find the regression line of y on x for the following data. And estimate the value of y
when x=10.
x 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 14
y 1 2 4 4 5 7 8 9
6. Compute the Karl Pearson‟s coefficient of correlation for the ages of husbands and wives.
Husbands age : x 23 27 28 28 29 30 31 33 35 36
Wife‟s age :y 18 20 22 27 21 29 27 29 28 29
7. The following table gives the heights of fathers(x) and sons(y): Calculate the coefficient
of correlation and lines of regression.
x 65 66 67 67 68 69 70 72
y 67 68 65 68 72 72 69 71
8. With the usual notation, compute x , y and r from the following lines of regression :

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Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

y  0.516 x  33.73 and x  0.512 y  65.04

9.The two regression equations of the variables x and y are x=19.13-0.87y and y=11.64-0.5x.

Find (i) Mean of x‟s(ii) Mean of y‟s(iii) correlation coefficient etween x and y.

10.In a partially destroyed lab record, only the lines of regression of y on x and x on y

Are available as 4 x  5 y  33  0 and 20 x  9 y  107 respectively. Calculate x, y

And coefficient of correlation between x and y.

11. Psychological tests of intelligence and of engineering ability were applied to 10 students.

Here is a record of ungrouped data showing intelligence ratio(I.R) and engineering

ratio(E.R).Calculate the co-efficient of correlation.

Student A B C D E F G H I J
I.R 105 104 102 101 100 99 98 96 93 92
E.R 101 103 100 98 95 96 104 92 97 94
12. While calculating correlation coefficient between two variables x and y from 25 pairs of
observations, the following results were obtained.

N=25,Σx=125,Σx2=650,Σy=100,Σy2=460, Σxy=508.Later it was discovered at the time of

checking that pairs of values

x y
8 12
6 8

Were copied down as

x y
6 14
8 6
Obtain the correct value of correlation coefficient.

3.2 CURVE FITTING (Straight line,parabola,Exponential curve)

Fit a straight line to the following data in the least square sense.

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Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

1.

x 1 2 3 4 5
y 14 27 40 55 68
2.

x
0 1 2 3 4 5
y
9 8 24 28 26 20
3. Find the equation of best fitting straight line for the following data and hence estimate the
value of the dependent variable corresponding to the value 30 of the independent variable.
x 5 10 15 20 25
y 16 19 23 26 30

4. Fit a second degree parabola y  a x 2  b x  c for the following data ,hence estimate y at
x=6.

x 1 2 3 4 5
y 10 12 13 16 19
5. Fit a second degree parabola y  a x 2  b x  c for the following data.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y 2 6 7 8 10 11 11 10 9

6. . Fit a second degree parabola y  a x 2  b x  c for the following data.

x 10 12 15 23 20
y 14 17 23 25 21

7. Fit a second degree parabola y  ax 2  bx  c in the least square sense for the following data
x 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
y 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.1
8. Fit a second degree parabola y  ax 2  bx  c in the least square sense for the following data
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 1.8 1.3 2.5 6.3
9. Fit a second degree parabola y  ax 2  bx  c in the least square sense for the following data
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 1 3 7 13 21 31

10.Fit a power curve y  a x for the following data.

b

x 1 2 3 4 5

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Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

y 0.5 2 4.5 8 12.5

11.Fit a power curve y  a x for the following data.
b

x 5 6 7 8 9 10
y 133 55 23 7 2 2

12.Fit a power curve y  a x for the following data.

b

x 1 5 7 9 12
y 10 15 12 15 21
13. An experiment on lifetime t of cutting tool at different cutting speeds v (units) are
given below .Fit a power curve v  a t for the following data.
b

v 350 400 500 600

t 61 26 7 2.6

3.3 RANK CORRELATION:

1.Ten students got the following marks in two subjects x and y . Compute their rank
correlation coefficient.

marks in x 78 36 98 25 75 82 90 62 65 39
marks in y 84 51 91 60 68 62 86 58 53 47
2.Compute the rank correlation coefficient for the following data.

x 68 64 75 50 64 80 75 40 55 64
y 62 58 68 45 81 60 68 48 50 70
3.Compute the rank correlation coefficient for the following data.

x 1 6 5 10 3 2 4 9 7 8
y 6 4 9 8 1 2 3 10 5 7

4.Compute the rank correlation coefficient for the following data.

Height of 3 8 9 2 7 10 4 6 1 5
Husband(inches)
Height of 5 9 10 1 8 7 3 4 2 6
wife(inches)
5.Ten students got the following marks in two subjects x and y . Compute their rank
correlation coefficient.

marks in x 78 36 98 25 75 82 90 62 65 39
marks in y 84 51 91 60 68 62 86 58 53 47

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Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

6. The scores for 10 students in English and Maths as follows

English 56 75 45 71 62 64 58 80 76 61
Maths 66 70 40 60 65 56 59 77 67 63
Compute the rank of the students in the two subjects and also the correlation coefficient.
MODULE-IV: PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS:

4.1 DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES

1.Find the value of k such that the following distribution represents a finite probability
distribution. Hence find its mean and Standard deviation. Also find
p( x  1), p( x  1) and p(1  x  2) ,Mean of x, SD of x.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
p(x) k 2k 3k 4k 3k 2k k

2. Find the value of k such that the following distribution represents a finite probability
distribution. Hence find its mean and Standard deviation. Also find
Mean of x, SD of x.
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
p(x) 0.1 0.1 K 0.1 2k k k

3. Find the value of k such that the following distribution represents a finite probability
distribution. Hence find its mean and standard deviation. Also find
p( x  4), p( x  5) & p(3  x  6) ,what will be the minimum value of k so that
p( x  2)  3 ?
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
p(x) k 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k 13k
4. Find the value of k such that the following distribution represents a finite probability
distribution. Also find p(3  x  5)
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
p(x) k 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k

5.A random variable X has the following probability density function.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(x) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k 2 7k 2  k

i)Find the value of k ii) Evaluate P( x  6), P( x  6) and P(3  x  6) iii)Find mean,variance,
Standard Deviation.

6. A random variable X take the values -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3 such that P(X=0) = P(X<0) and
P(X=-3)=P(X=-2)=P(X=-1)=P(X=1)=P(X=2)=P(X=3). Find the Probability Distribution.

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Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

7. A random variable X take the values 1,2,3,4 such that 2P(X=1) = 3P(X=2) =
P(X=3)=5P(X=4) Find the Probability Distribution &CDF.
8.Suppose a random variable X takes the values -3,-1,2,5 with respective probabilities
(2k-3)/10,(k-2)/10,(k-1)/10,(k+1)/10. Find the value of k and (i) P(3  x  4)(ii) P( x  2) .

4.2 BINOMIAL AND POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS:

1.Derive the expression for mean ,variance and SD of binomial distribution.
2.The number of telephone lines busy at an instant of time is a binomial variate with probability

0.1 that a line is busy. If 10 lines are chosen at random, what is the probability that

i) no lines are busy ii) all lines are busy iii) atleast one line is busy iv) atmost 2 lines are busy.

3. The probability that a pen manufactured by a factory be defective is 1/10. If 12 such pens
Are manufactured, what is the probability that (i) exactly 2 are defective
(ii) at least 2 are defective (iii) none of them are defective.
4. The probability that a bomb dropped hits the target is 0.2, find the probability that out
of 6 bombs dropped (i) Exactly two will hit the target (ii) At least 3 will hit the target.
5. A die is tossed thrice. A success is „getting 1 or 6‟ on a toss. Find the mean and
variance of the number of successes.
6. A die is thrown 8 times. Find the probability that 3 falls (i) Exactly two times
(ii) At least once (iii) At the most 7 times
7. Out of 800 families of 5 children each, how many would you expect to have i)3 boys

ii) 5 girls iii) either 2 or 3 boys iv) at most 2 girls? Assume equal probabilities

for boys and girls.

8.In a bombing action, there are 50% chance that any bomb will strike the target. Two direct
hits are required to destroy the target completely. How many bombs are required to be
dropped to give a 99% chance or better of completely destroying the target?
9.If 10% of rivets produced by a machine are defective. Find the probability that, out of
12 such rivets(i)exactly 2 are defective (ii) at least 2 are defective (iii) none of them
are defective.

4.3 POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS:

1.Derive the expression for mean , variance and SD of Poisson distribution.

2.In a certain factory turning out razor blades there is a small probability of 1/500 for any
blade to be defective. The blades are supplied in a packets of 10. Use Poisson distribution
to calculate the approximate number of packets containing i) no defective ii) one defective
iii) two defective blades(ix) No defective blades in a consignment of 10,000 packets.

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Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

3.In sampling a large no. of parts manufactured by a machine, the mean number of defectives
in a sample of 20 is 2. Out of 1000 such samples, how many would be expected to
contain at least 3 defective parts.?
4. If the probability of a bad reaction from certain injection is 0.001, determine the chance
that out of 200 individuals more than two will get a bad reaction.
5.If a random variable has Poisson Distribution such that p(1) = p(2),
find (i) Mean of the Distribution (ii) P(4).
6.The probability that an individual suffers a bad reaction from a certain injection is 0.001.
Using Poisson distribution, determine the probability that out of 2000 individuals:
(i) Exactly 3 and (ii) More than 2 , will suffer a bad reaction.
7.Given that 2% of fuses manufactured by a firm are defective, find by using Poisson
distribution, the probability that a box containing 200 fuses has (i) no defective fuses
(ii) 3 or more defective fuses (iii) At least one defective fuse
8. The number of accidents per day(x) as recorded in a textile industry over a period of
400 days is given. Fit a poisson distribution for the data and calculate the theoretical
frequencies.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f 173 168 37 18 3 1

4.4 CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES

 kx 2 0 x3
1.A random variable has the density function p( x)  
0 elsewhere
Evaluate k and find i) P( x  1) ii) P(1  x  2) iii) P( x  2) iv) P( x  1) v) P( x  2). vi)
Find Mean, Standard Deviation.

 Cx 2 0 x3
2.A random variable has the density function p( x)  
0 elsewhere
find C and P(1 < x < 2) (ii) P( x  1) (iii) P( x > 1).

1 / 2( x  1) 1  x  1
3.If f( x ) = p( x)  
 0 elsewhere

represents the density function of a random variable X, Find E(X) and Var(X).
4.. (i) Is the function defined by f(x) = ; x > 0; f(x) = 0; x < 0 is a density function?
(ii) If so, determine the probability that the variate having this density will fall in the
interval (1,2). (iii) Also, find the cumulative probability function F(2)
5.The probability density p(x) of a continuous random variable is given
By p(x)= ∞< x < ∞. Prove that y0 = ½ Find the mean and variance of

PREPARED BY:MRS SMITHA G KINI (A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,MANGALURU)

Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

The distribution.
6. The probability density p(x) of a continuous random variable is given
By p(x)= 10< x < ∞. Find y0 .Also Find the mean of the distri ution.
7.The frequency function of a continuous random variable is given by
f(x) = y0 x(2 - x); 0  x  2 . Find the value of y0, mean and variance of X.

4.5 NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS:

1.In a test on electric bulbs, it was found that the lifetime of a particular brand distributed
normally with an average life of 2000 hours and S.D of 60 hours. If a firm purchase 2500
bulbs then find the number of bulbs that are likely to last for i)more than 2100 hours
ii) less than 1950 hours iii) between 1900 & 2100 hours.
[ Given  (1.67)  0.4525 &  (0.83)  0.2967 ]

2.200 students appeared in an examination, distribution of marks is assumed to be normal

with mean = 30, S.D. = 6:25. How many students are expected to get marks
(i) between 20 and 40 (ii) less than 35.

3.Suppose that the student IQ scores form a normal distribution with mean 100 and
standard deviation 20.Find the percentage of students whose (i) score is less than 80
(i)score falls between 90 and 140 (iii) score is more than 120.

4.The weekly wages of workers in a company are normally distributed with mean of
Rs. 700/- and standard deviation of Rs. 50. Find the probability that the weekly wage
of a randomly chosen worker is (i) Rs. 650 and Rs. 750 (ii) More than Rs 750.

5.In a test on 2000 electric bulbs, it was found that the life of a particular make was normally

distributed with an average life of 2040 hours and SD of 60 hours. Estimate the number of

bulbs likely to burn for i) more than 2150 hours ii) less than 1950 hours iii) more than 1920

hours but less than 2160 hours. Given A(1.5)=0.4332, A(1.83)=0.4664, A(2)=0.4772.

6.The marks of 1000 students in an examination follows a normal distribution with mean 70
and standard deviation 5. Find the number of students whose marks will be i) less than 65
ii) more than 75 iii) between 65 and 75 given that A(1)=0.3413.

7.In an examination, 7% of students score less than 35% marks and 89% of students score
less than 60% marks. Find the mean and standard deviation, if the marks are normally
distributed. It is given that P(0 < z < 1:2263) = 0:39 and P(0 < z < 1:4757 = 0:43).

PREPARED BY:MRS SMITHA G KINI (A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,MANGALURU)

Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

8.In a normal distribution 31% of items are under 45 and 8% of the items are over 64.
Find the mean and S.D. of the distribution.

9.A sample of 100 dry battery cells tested to find the length of life produced by a company and
following results are recorded : Mean life = 12 hours, Standard Deviation = 3 hours.
Assuming data to be normally distributed, find the expected life of a dry cell :
(i) more than 15 hours (ii) Between 10 and 14 hours

10.X is a normal variate with mean 30 and S.D, 5, find the probabilities that (i) 26  x  40
(ii) X >= 45 and (iii) IX – 30I> 5

PREPARED BY:MRS SMITHA G KINI (A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,MANGALURU)

Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

MODULE –V:JOINT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS,SAMPLING THEORY

5.1 Joint Probability Distributions

1.The joint distribution of two random variables X and Y is as follows
X / Y -4 2 7
1 1/8 1/4 1/8
5 1/4 1/8 1/8
Compute the following.
i) E(X) and E(Y) ii) E(XY) iii)  X and  Y
iv)COV(X, Y) v)  ( X , Y ) [VTU July 2022,Dec 2018, July 2017]

2.The joint distribution of two random variables X and Y is as follows

X / Y -3 2 4
1 0.1 0.2 0.2
3 0.3 0.1 0.1
Compute the following.
i) Marginal probability Distributions of X and Y ii) E(XY) iii)  X and  Y
iv)COV(X, Y) v)  ( X , Y )
and Check whether they are independent or not. [VTU Jan 2014]

3.The joint distribution of two random variables X and Y is as follows

X / Y 1 3 6
1 1/9 1/6 1/18
3 1/6 1/4 1/12
6 1/18 1/12 1/36
Compute the following.
i) Marginal probability Distributions of X and Y
And also Check whether X and Y are independent or not. [VTU Jan 2013]
4.The joint distribution of two random variables X and Y is as follows
X / Y 2 3 4
1 0.06 0.15 0.09
2 0.14 0.35 0.21
Determine the Marginal probability Distributions of X and Y
And also Check whether X and Y are independent or not. [VTU Jan 2012]

PREPARED BY:MRS SMITHA G KINI (A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,MANGALURU)

Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

5.The joint distribution of two random variables X and Y is as follows

X / Y -2 -1 4 6
1 0.1 0.2 0 0.3
2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0
Compute the following.
i) E(X) and E(Y) ii) E(XY) iii)  X and  Y
iv)COV(X, Y) v)  ( X , Y ) [VTU Dec 2020, July 2019,Dec2010]
6.The joint distribution of two random variables X and Y is as follows
X / Y 1 3 9
2 1/8 1/24 1/12
4 1/4 1/4 0
6 1/8 1/24 1/12
Compute the following.
i) Marginal probability Distributions of X and Y ii) COV(X, Y) [VTU Dec 2018,Jun 2011]

7. Compute (i) P(X=1,Y=2) (ii) P(X  1, Y  2 )(iii) P(X  1, Y  2) (iv) P(X + Y  2)

by using the following probability distribution of X & Y:
X / Y 0 1 2 3 Sum
0 0 1/8 1/4 1/8 1/2
1 1/8 1/4 1/8 0 1/2
Sum 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8 1

8.X and Y are independent random variables. X take values 2, 5, 7 with probability
1/2, 1/4, 1/4 respectively. Y takes values 3, 4, 5 with probability 1/3, 1/3, 1/3.
i) Find the joint probability distribution of X and Y.
ii) Show that the covariance of X and Y is equal to zero.
iii) Find the probability distribution of Z=X+Y.

9.A fair coin is tossed thrice. The random variables X and Y are defined as follows:

X=0 or 1 according as head or tail occurs on the first toss, Y= Number of heads

i) Determine the Marginal probability distribution of X and Y

ii) Determine the joint distribution of X and Y
iii) Determine E(X), E(Y) and E(XY)
iv) Determine  X ,  Y

Check whether X and Y are independent.

10.A fair coin is tossed 4 times. Let X denote the no. of heads occuring and let Y denote
the longest string of heads occurring. FInd the joint distribution of X and Y. [VTU June 2011]
11. The joint distribution of two discrete random variables X and Y is f(x; y) = k(2x + y) where
x and y are integers such that 0  x  2; 0  y  3. Find (i) The value of k

PREPARED BY:MRS SMITHA G KINI (A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,MANGALURU)

Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

(ii) Marginal distributions of X and Y (iii) Are X and Y independent ?

[VTU June 2021,Jan 2018]
12.X and Y are independent random variables. X takes the values 1,2 with probability 0.5 each
and y takes the values -2, 5, 8 with probabilities 0.3, 0.5, 0.2. Find the joint distribution of
X and Y. Hence find cov(x,y). [VTU Jan 2018]

5.2:SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS, TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- Z TEST

1.Explain i) Null Hypothesis ii) Alternate Hypothesis iii) Degrees of freedom iv) Significance

level v)Type-1 and Type-2 Error, vi) Confidence Intervals. [VTU:Jan 2020, June 2019,

Dec 2018, JUNE/ JULY – 17, Jan 2014, June 2012]

2. What is null hypothesis, Alternate hypothesis and significance level? [Jan 2020,
VTU Dec 2018, July 2013]
3. A coin was tossed 400 times and the head turned up 216 times. Test the hypothesis that
coin is unbiased at 5% level of significance. [VTU July 2013, 2007]
4. A die is tossed 960 times and 5 appear 184 times, is the die biased? [VTU:JUNE/JULY-15,
2006]
5. In 324 throws of a six faced „die‟ an odd num er turned up 181 times. Is it reasona le to think
that the die is an ubiased one? [VTU July 2017]
6. A die was thrown 9000 times and a throw of 5 or 6 was obtained 3240 times. On the
assumption of random throwing, do the data indicate an unbiased die? [VTU Jan 2020,
Jan 2018, 2010]
7. A coin is tossed 1000 times and head turns up 540 times. Test the hypothesis that the coin is
an unbiased one. [VTU Dec 2018, Jan 2014]

5.3 STUDENT’S ‘t’ TEST

1. A machinist is making engine parts with axle diameter of 0.7 inch. A random sample of 10
parts shows mean diameter of 0.742 inch with a standard deviation of 0.04 inch. On the basis
of this sample, would you say that the work is inferior? Given: t0.05(9) = 2:262 [VTU 2009]
2. Nine items have values 45,47,50,52,48,47,50,53,51. Does the mean of these differ
significantly from assumed mean of 47.5?(_ = 8; t0:05 = 2:31) [VTU:JUNE/JULY-15,

July 2013, 2010]

3. A random sample of 10 boys had the following IQ: 70, 120, 110, 101, 88, 83, 95, 98. 107, 100.
Do these data support the assumption of a population mean IQ of 100? (at 5% level of
significance? [VTU 2006]

PREPARED BY:MRS SMITHA G KINI (A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,MANGALURU)

Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

4. A certain stimulus administered to each of the 12 patients resulted in the following

change in blood pressure. 5, 3, 8, -1, 3, 0, 6, -2, 1, 5, 0, 4. Can it be concluded that the
stimulus will increase the blood pressure? t 0.05 for 11 d . f  2.201 . [VTU June 2019, Jan
2018, Dec 2012, Dec 2010, 2007]
5. A sample of 12 measurements of diameter of metal ball gave the mean 7.38mm with S.D.
1.24mm. Find 95% and 99% confidence limits for actual diameter. Given that t0:05(11) = 2:2
And t0:01(11) = 3:11

6.10 individuals are chosen at random from a population and their height in inches are found
to be 63,63,66,67,68,69,70,70,71 and 71. Test the hypothesis that the mean height of
the universe is 66 inches.(Given that t0:05 = 2:262 for 9 d.f) [VTU: Dec 2018, DEC/JAN 16,
Jan 2014, June 2012]
7.Two horses A and B were tested according to the time(in seconds) to run a particular race with
the following results:
Horse A 28 30 32 33 33 29 34
Horse B 29 30 30 24 27 29
Test whether you can discriminate between two horses. ( t 0.05  2.2 and t 0.02  2.72 for 11 d.f)

8. 11 students were given a test in statistics, they were provided additional coaching and then
a second test of equal difficulty was held at the end of the coaching. Marks scored by then
in the two tests were given.
Test 1 23 20 19 21 18 20 18 17 23 16 19
Test 2 24 19 22 18 20 22 20 20 23 20 17
Do the marks given evidence that the students have benefited by extra coaching? Given t 0.05 (10)
= 2:228, test the hypothesis at 5% level of significance. [VTU: DEC/JAN 14, Dec 2011]
9. A group of 10 boys fed on diet A and another group of 8 boys fed on a different disk B for a
period of 6 months recorded the following increase in weight ( lbs) :
Diet A 5 6 8 1 12 4 3 9 6 10
Diet B 2 3 6 8 10 1 2 8
Test whether diets A and B differ significantly t0:05 = 2:12 at 16d:f:
10. A group of boys and girls were given in Intelligence test. The mean score, SD score and
numbers in cach group are as follows :

Boys Girls
Mean 74 70
SD 8 10
X 12 10

Is the difference between the means of the two groups

PREPARED BY:MRS SMITHA G KINI (A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,MANGALURU)

Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

significant at 5% level of significance? Given that t0:05 = 2:086 for 20d:f: [VTU June 2019]

11.Two types of batteries are tested for their length of life and the following results were
obtained.
n1  10, x1  500 hrs,  1  100
2
Battery A:
Battery B: n2  10, x2  500 hrs,  2  121
2

Compute Student‟s t .

5.4 CHI SQUARE TEST

1. Genetic theory state that children having parent of blood type M and the other of blood type
N, will always be one of three types M, MN, N and that the proportion of these types on an
average be 1:2:1. The report states that out of the 300 children having one M parent and one
N parent, 30% are found to be of type M, 45% are found to be of type MN, and the remaining
of type N, test the theory by chi square test. [VTU: JUNE/ JULY – 17, Jan 2012].

2. In an experiment of pea breeding, the following frequencies of seed were obtained.

Round Wrinkled Round Wrinkled Total
Yellow Yellow Green Green
315 101 108 32 556
Can you say that the experiment is in agreement with the theory which predicts proportion of
frequencies 9:3:3:1?
Given that  2 0.05  7.815 for 3 d . f

3.A die is thrown 60 times and the frequency distribution for the number appearing on the

face is given by the following table.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 15 6 4 7 11 17
Test the hypothesis that the die is un biased.Given that  0.05 (5)  11.5 ,  0.01 (5)  15.09 .
2 2

4.Fit a Poisson distribution for the following data and test the goodness of fit in 5% level
of significance. Given that  2 0.05  7.815 for 4 d . f .

x 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency 122 60 15 2 1

5.Fit a poisson distribution for the following data and test the goodness of fit in 5% level of
significance.

PREPARED BY:MRS SMITHA G KINI (A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,MANGALURU)

Mathematical Foundations for Computing, probability and Statistics 21MATCS41

x 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency 419 352 154 56 19

6.4 coins are tossed 100 times and the following results were obtained. Fit a binomial

distribution for the data and test the goodness of fit.  0.05  9.49 for 4 d . f
2

Number of heads 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency 5 29 36 25 5
7.A set of 5 similar coins tossed 320 times gives following table: Test the hypothesis that data
follows

binomial distribution  0.05  11.07 for 5 d . f
2

Number of heads 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 6 27 72 112 71 32

[VTU:JUNE/JULY-15, Jan 2015, July 2013, 2004]

8. The following table gives the number of aircraft accidents that occured during the
various days of the week. FInd whether the accident are uniformly disributed over the week.
 0.05
2
 9.41 for 4 d . f 
Day Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Toatal
No. Of Accidents 14 16 8 12 11 9 14 84

[VTU June 2019, Dec 2012, June 2010]

PREPARED BY:MRS SMITHA G KINI (A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,MANGALURU)