Internet and Open Source Concepts

One Mark Questions

Question 1.
What is open-source software?
Answer:
It is software with source code freely available to the customer and free to use but
doesn’t have to be free of charge.

Question 2.
What is free software?
Answer:
Free software means the software is freely accessible and can be freely used,
changed, improved, copied and distributed by all who wish to do so and doesn’t
have to be paid.

Question 3.
What is OSS and FLOSS?
Answer:
OSS means Open Source Software refers to software whose source code is available
to customers.
FLOSS refers to Free/Libre/Open Source Software. It is software that is both free
software as well as open-source software. Libre means freedom.

Question 4.
What is proprietary software?
Answer:
A software neither open or freely available is called proprietary software.

Question 5.
What is freeware?
Answer:
A software available free of cost to use and distribute, but not for modification and
without source code.

Question 6.
What are the browsers?
Answer:
It is a software application used to locate and display Web pages.
Question 7.
What is the URL?
Answer:
The Uniform Resource Locator (URS) is the global address of documents and other
resources on the World Wide Web.

Question 8.
What is telnet?
Answer:
Telnet is a protocol that allows connecting to remote computers (called hosts) over
a TCP/ IP network (such as the Internet).

Question 9.
What is a domain name?
Answer:
A domain name is a unique name that identifies a website on the internet.

Question 10.
What is domain affiliation?
Answer:
A domain affiliation means the type of domain whether it is commercial (.com),
education (.edu) or government (.gov) etc.,

Question 11.
Define e-commerce?
Answer:
The e-commerce is defined as buying and selling of products or services over
electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks.

Question 12.
Expand IPR.
Answer:
The expansion of IPR is Intellectual Property Rights.

Two Mark Questions

Question 1.
List the OSS and FLOSS.
Answer:
List of OSS

• Apache HTTP Server rhttp://httpd.apache.org/l (webserver)

• Blender rhttp://www.blerider.orgl (3D graphics and animation package)
List of FLOSS
Mozilla Suite
OpenOffice.org

Question 2.
What is FSF?
Answer:
A Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit organization created for the
purpose of supporting free software movement.

Question 3.
What are OSI and W3C?
Answer:

• OSI means Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting

open-source software.
• W3C is an acronym for World Wide Web Consortium is responsible for
producing the software standards for WWW.

Question 4.
What is the URL and HTTP?
Answer:

• URL- Uniform Resource Locator and

• HTTP – HyperText Transfer protocol
Question 5.
Name the different protocols used?
Answer:
The different protocol used are HTTP, FTP, SMPT, TCP/IP, UDP, POP, etc.,

Question 6.
List the services of e-commerce?
Answer:
Few services of eCommerce are:

• Domain name purchasing

• Secure hosting
• Full integration with the payment gateway of your choice
• Web design
• Shopping cart system
• Marketing
Question 7.
Write a note on WIPO.
Answer:
WIPO is the global forum for intellectual property services, policy, information and,
cooperation. It is a self-funding agency of the United Nations, with 187 member
states. Its mission is to lead the development of a balanced and effective
international intellectual property (IP) system that enables innovation and
creativity for the benefit of all.

Three Mark Questions

Question 1.
What is Open source?
Answer:
The term “open source” refers to something that can be modified because its design
is publicly accessible. Open-source software is software whose source code is
available for modification or enhancement by anyone but need not be free of charge.

Its developers make its source code available to others who would like to view that
code, copy it, learn from it, alter it, or share it. LibreOffice and the GNU Image
Manipulation Program are examples of open-source software.

Open-source software licenses allow other people to make changes to source code
and include those changes into their own projects. Some open-source licenses make
sure that anyone who alters and then shares a program with others must also share
that program’s source code without charging a licensing fee for it.

Question 2.
Write the advantages of WWW.
Answer:
Advantages of WWW

▪ Availability of mainly free information

▪ Reduces the costs of information
▪ The same protocol of communication can be used for all the services
▪ Provide rapid interactive communication
▪ Provides the exchange of huge volumes of data
▪ Provides access to different sources of information, which is continuously
updated
▪ Provides management of companies information systems.
▪ It is accessible from anywhere, any time.
▪ It has become the global media for information exchange.
Question 3.
What is Telnet?
Answer:
TELNET (TELecommunication NETwork) is a network protocol developed in 1969,
used on the Internet or local area network (LAN).
The telnet provides access to a command-line, interface on a remote host by means
of a virtual terminal. The network terminal protocol (TELNET) allows a user to log
in on any other computer on the network. We can start a remote session by
specifying a computer to connect to. From that time until we finish the session,
anything we type is sent to the other computer.

The Telnet program runs on the computer and connects your PC to a server on the
network. , We can then enter commands through the Telnet program and they will
be executed as if we were entering them directly on the server-side.

This enables to control the server and communicate with other servers on the
network. To start a Telnet session, we must log in to a server by entering a valid
username and password. Telnet is a common way to remotely control Web servers.

Question 4.
Write web servers.
Answer:
1. A web is a computer on which a web site is hosted and a program that runs on
such a computer. So the term web server refers to both hardware and software.

2. A web site is a collection of web pages generally written using HyperText Markup
Language (HTML). For a web site to be available to everyone in the world at all
times, it needs to be stored or “hosted” on a computer that is connected to the
internet. Such a computer is known as a Web Server.

3. A web server program is software that runs on the web site hosting Server
computer. Its main purpose is serving web pages for requests from web browsers.

4. The Server machine hosts (stores) the web site on its hard disk while the server
program helps deliver the web pages and their associated files like images, flash
movies, etc. to clients (browsers).

5. There are many web server programs available. The most famous and popular of
them all is Apache developed by the Apache Foundation. It is free and also available
for several operating systems including Windows, Macintosh, and Linux/Unix.

Question 5.
Write a note on open source.
Answer:
The term “open source” refers to something that can be modified because its design
is 1 publicly accessible. Open-source software is software whose source code is
available for modification or enhancement by anyone but need not be free of charge.

Its developers make its source code available to others who would like to view that
code, copy it, learn from it, alter it, or share it. Libre Office and the GNU Image
Manipulation Program are examples of open-source software.

Open-source software licenses allow other people to make changes to source code
and include those changes into their own projects. Some open-source licenses make
sure that anyone who alters and then shares a program with others must also share
that program’s source code without charging a licensing fee for it.

Question 6.
Explain free software.
Answer:
Free software means the software is freely accessible and can be freely used,
changed, improved, copied and distributed by all who wish to do so and doesn’t
have to be paid. Free in Free Software is referring to freedom, not price. In
particular, four freedoms define Free Software:

1. The freedom to run the program, for any purpose.

2. The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs.
3. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.
4. The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the
public, so that the whole community benefits.

Question 7.
Explain URLs.
Answer:
It is the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web.
URLs have the following format:
protocol://hostname/other_information for
example, http:// www.vpuc.com /
The protocol specifies how information from the link is transferred. The protocol
used for web resources is HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The protocol is
followed by a colon, two slashes, and then the domain name. The domain name is
the computer on which the resource is located. Links to particular files or
subdirectories may be further specified after the domain name.
For example, the two URLs below point to two different files at the domain
vpuc.com. The first specifies an executable file that should be fetched using the FTP
protocol; the second specifies a Web page that should be fetched using the HTTP
protocol:

• ftp://www.vpuc.com/timetable.exe
• http://www.vpuc.com/index.html

Question 8.
How e-commerce Works?
Answer:
The e-commerce is defined as buying and selling of products or services over
electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks.

The working of e-commerce:

There are five major components of eCommerce, the Merchant Account, the
Shopping System, the Payment Gateway (for real-time-processing), the Hosting
Service and the Security System.
1. The Merchant Account:
Any type of real eCommerce requires a Merchant Account. A merchant account
comes with a merchant identification number. In order to process transactions
require either a terminal (the little box that you swipe your credit card through at
retail outlets) or software that runs on your PC and will dial up the merchant via
your modem/and then process the transaction and deposit the money into your
bank account.

2. The Shopping System:

A site with a variety of products should use the shopping cart system because it’s
the easiest way for customers to choose items during the shop. There are many
choices when selecting a Shopping System but some of the most important should
be. functionality, ease of use, and compatibility. Shopping systems like anything else
now days can be purchased or leased.

3. SSL Certificate:
This Certificate provides security for the credit card information from the user’s
browser through the trader website and then into the Gateway. Certificates can be
purchased from companies like Geo Trust, VeriSign and a handful of others.

4. Gateway Account:
Once the user sends his order it is transferred from his machine to the Shop-Cart
and is protected by the Secure Socket Layer (SSL), the server then sends data to the
Payment Gateway. Gateways are services linked between the e-commerce website
and the banking networks. The Gateway is simply the door into the ATM banking
network. The processor accepts the data from the shop-cart and brings it into the
ATM network.

If the order is accepted, it will then charge the order amount to the customer’s
account and sends the Gateway an authorization code. The Customers Bank will
then settle the remainder of the transaction at a later time.
Payment Diagram:
1. Consumer places an order with the merchant through any number of sales
channels: Web Site, Call Center, Retail, Wireless or Broadband.

2. Authorize.Net detects an order has been placed, securely encrypts and forwards
the Authorization Request to the Consumer’s Credit Card Issuer to verify the
consumer’s credit card account and funds availability.

3. The Authorization (or Decline) Response is returned via Authorize.Net to the

Merchant. Round trip this process averages less than 3 seconds.

4. Upon approval, the Merchant fulfills the consumer’s order.

5. Authorize.Net sends the settlement request to the Merchant Account Provider.

6. The Merchant Account Provider deposits transaction funds into the Merchant’s
Checking Account.

Question 9.
Explain types of e-commerce.
Answer:
1. B2B – Business to business:
Electronic commerce that is conducted between business organizations is referred
to as business-to-business or B2B. for example, transactions between the
manufacturing industry with suppliers of raw materials.

2. B2C- Business to Consumer:

Electronic commerce that is conducted between traders and consumers is referred
to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce
conducted by . companies such as Amazon.com, ebay.com, etc.,

3. C2B – Consumer to Business:

It is an electronic commerce business model in which consumers (individuals) offer
products and services to companies and the companies pay them.

4. C2C – Consumer to Consumer:

Customer to Customer (C2C) markets are new ways to allow customers to interact
with each other. In customers to customer markets, customers can sell goods and or
services to each other. There are many sites offering free classifieds, auctions, and
forums. Eg. Quickr.com etc.,

Question 10.
Explain the IPR in India.
Answer:
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), very broadly, are rights granted to creators and
owners of works that are results of human intellectual creativity. These works can
be in the industrial, scientific, literary and artistic domains, which can be in the form
of an invention, a manuscript, a suite of software, or a business name.

India has set up an Intellectual Property Right (IPR) regime, which is WTO
compatible and is well established at all levels whether statutory, administrative or
judicial. In the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the office of the ‘Controller
General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (CGPDTM)’ has been set up under the
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion.

It administers all matters relating to patents, designs, trademarks, and geographical

indications and also directs and supervises the functioning of:

• The Patent Office (including Designs Wing)

• The Patent Information System (PIS)
• The Trade Marks Registry (TMR), and
• The Geographical Indications Registry (GIR)
Besides, a ‘Copyright Office’ has been set up in the Department of Education of the
Ministry of Human Resource Development, to provide all facilities including
registration of copyrights and its neighbouring rights.

The issues relating to the layout design of integrated circuits, the ‘Department of
Information Technology’ in the Ministry of Information Technology is the nodal
organisation. While ‘Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority’ in
the Ministry of Agriculture administers all measures and policies relating to plant
varieties.
Legislations Covering IPRS in INDIA
1. Patents:

• The Patents Act, 1970.

• The act was last amended in March 1999.
2. Design:

• The Designs Act, 1911.

 • A new Design Act 2000 has been enacted superseding the earlier Designs Act
1911.
3. Trade Mark:

• The Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958.

• A new Trademarks Act, 1999 has been enacted superseding the earlier Trade
and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958. (Enforcement pending)
4. Copyright:
The Copyright Act, 1957 as amended in 1983,1984 and 1992,1994,1999 and the
Copyright Rules, 1958.

5. Layout Design of Integrated Circuits:

The Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Layout Design Act 2000. (Enforcement
pending)

6. Protection of Undisclosed Information:

No exclusive legislation exists but the matter would be generally covered under the
Contract Act, 1872.

7. Geographical Indications:
The Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act 1999.
(Enforcement pending).