Project Background Tables of Content

1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction and Purpose
1.2 Contract Data
1.3 Scope of Services and Objectives
1.3.1 Objective of Project
1.3.2 The Scope of Project Services
2. Project Description
2.1 Type of Project
2.2 Location
2.3 Project Back Ground
3. Land use categories, power estimation, and power forecast
3.1 Land use categories
3.2 Power Estimation
3.3 Load Growth Forecast
4. Planning and design of the medium voltage network
4.1 The operation mode of the power supply system
4.2 The selection of equipment
4. 3 Selection of Topology and Hierarchy
4.3.1 The fundamental structure of the power system configuration (topology)
4.3.2 Selection of Topology
4.3.3 Hierarchical Approaches
4.4 Distribution System Remote Monitoring
5. Road Lighting Design
6. Telecommunication Networks
6.1 Overview
6.2 Preferred Telecom Infrastructure for Feche Project
6.3 Optical Access Network
6.4 Full-Service Optical Access Network
6.5 Introduction
6.6 Optical Fiber
6.7 Optical Access Network Architecture
 7. SWOT Analysis Major Finding and their Implications
7.1 SWOT Analysis
7.2 Summary of Major Findings/ Planning Issues & Planning Implications
7.3 Synthesis of Major Finding/planning issue and their implication

List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Location of the Project
Figure 2.2 Small Village nest to condominium
Figure 3.1 Picture Sample of transformer and High Tension
Figure 3.2 Picture for sample transformer and LV electric line
Figure 3.3 Sub-Station –Salo Gora Gelan condominium
Figure 3.4 Gelan condominium Sub-station
Figure 3.5 telecom tower electric utility
Figure 5.1 Typical radial topology
Figure 5.2 Typical Ring topology
Figure 5.3 SCADA block diagram system
Figure 5.4 Nomo solar pole Lighting
List of Tables
Table: 1.1 Project Data for Feche site
Table: 2.1 Project Description for Power and Telecom
Table: 3.1 Exist telecommunication figures
 1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction and Purpose
Shaggar is the recent instituted city which formulated and endorsed by Oromia Regional government. It has
been known that an administration city faces many challenges to fulfil the need of infrastructure and facilities
and housing. To solve the mentioned problem Shaggar city Administration launched five Neighborhood
Development Plans projects for implementation.

The project is aimed at providing the high‐class basic infrastructure development that can
contribute to the regional, national, and international prospect investors creating opportunities to participate in
the diverse impact and export trades and manufacturing activities.

Since, smart city is a place where traditional networks and services are made more flexible, efficient, and
sustainable with the use of information, digital and telecommunication technologies, to improve its operations
for the benefit of its inhabitants. Smart cities are greener, safer, faster and friendlier. The different components
of a smart city include smart infrastructure, smart transportation, smart energy, smart healthcare, and smart
technology. These components are what makes the cities smart and efficient. Information and communication
technology (ICT) are enabling keys for transforming traditional cities to smart cities.

The purpose of this report is to describe the current status of electric power, street light and telecom infrastructure
level in the area. It illustrates the overall infrastructure accessibility within the selected site. Type of telecom
system, transmission system and power supply and its distribution mode of the community.
1.2 Contract Data
Project Name Sheger City Administration

Client Sheger City Administration

Consultant ECO
Type of Services
Project Period

Table 1.1 Project Data for Feche site

1
1.3 Scope of Services and Objectives
1.3.1 Objective of Project
The fundamental intention of Feche project is to develop commercial city with modern styles
of urbanization characterized by and equipped with efficient and effective well planned and
designed basic infrastructures. To do these, it is vital to generate complete detailed studies and
designs, proposals, and identifying the approaches are consultant’s roles and responsibilities.

The general objective as described in the TOR is to prepare an implementable Neighborhood Development Plan
for the site to “facilitate the implementation of the Spatial Development Plan Framework proposal to bring
compact, healthy, livable, vibrant, inclusive and sustainable development”, and to establish competitive modern
commercial city with all attendant facilities.
1.3.2 The Scope of Project Services

The Consultancy services shall be carried following generally accepted standards of professional
practice, following recognized engineering procedures. The Consultant’s scope of work is to Prepare
Neighborhood Development Plan for different five sites, produce detailed engineering designs for
infrastructure and utilities in the NDP including roads, water supply, sewerage, wastewater treatment plant,
power, telecom, and solid waste site. The general scope of the service covers the following major tasks.
 Carry out the necessary field investigation including all field works like site visits, data collection from
the project site.
 Carry out preliminary and final design works covering preparation of preliminary design
and final design.
 Identifying and evaluating of the existing utilities, and preparing the existing statues and the proposals.

2. Project Description
2.1 Type of Project
The project has proposed to launch Neighborhood Development Plan which is an action- oriented development
basis to improve the living standard inhabitants significantly.

2
2.2 Location
The site is located at about 8.8684° latitude 38.8334° longitude.

Fig-2.1 Location of the Project

Feche is located in Oromia National Regional State, Shaggar administration city. The project site is surrounded
by Addis Ababa - Adama highway in the south, Koye feche condominium in the north direction and Tullu Dimtu
condominium in West direction. The Feche project site includes one town which adjacent to Tullu Dimtu
condominium, and 3 rural kebeles. Most of the project area is covered by agriculture. The total project area is
336 hectare, and about eight hundred house holders have been existed in project area.

3
 Fig-2.2- Small Village nest to condominium

2.3 Project Back Ground

As stated in TOR, Shaggar City Planning and Development Office (SPDO) is established with the mission
making the city guided by a plan and principle of comprehensive development, which shall be prepared and
delivered in modern, timely, and cost-effective manner to enhance city’s development. The city administration
then, has formulated five Neighborhood Development Plans projects inception of developing
a special economic zone in which industrialized and urbanized smart city shall be realized in a strategically and
geographical surrounding Finfinee district. ECO Engineering Corporation of Oromia, is the consulting firm,
has been recruited to undertake Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document for utility and infrastructure.

Project Name Shaggar City Administration

Client Shaggar City Administration

Region/Zone ECO

Length/Capacity

Climate Classification

Elevation (m) min-max

Table 2.1 Project Description for Power and Telecom

4
 3. Land use categories, power estimation, and power forecast
Most commonly power demand estimation can be done by adding the capacities of the different
electrical equipment used for the different land‐use categories. However, in the conditions
where there are no particular load schedules, standardized load densities are used for different land use categor
ies to estimate the power.

3.1 Land use categories

The major land use categories considered for the power demand estimation in the Feche project
are manufactures, residential, mixed residential, commercial, recreation, transport, service, special service,
urban agriculture and administration. The following table shows the planned land use functions portion:

S.No Space Activity Area in meter square Area in hectare percentage%

1 Commercial 40,997.00 4.10 1.22
2 Manufacture 272,024.00 27.2024 8.10
3 Mixed Residence 2,297,642.00 229.7642 68.38
4 Residence 174,866.68 17.49 5.20
5 Service 54,755.00 5.48 1.63
6 Special Service 73,364.00 7.3364 2.18
7 Urban Agriculture 59,551.00 5.9551 1.77
8 Administration 10,602.00 1.06 0.32
9 Transport& Recreation 3,700,000 37 10.98
Table 3.1- Land use categories.
 5

Space Activity area in hectare

Commercial
1%
11% 7%

Manufactures

0%
2%
Mixed Residen
2%
2% Residen

5% Service

Spec.Service

Urban Agric

Administration

Transport&Recreation

229.76 , 70%

Fig: - Space Activity area in hectare

a) Industries and Manufactures

There are three types of industrial and manufacturing based on its capacity. These are light industries, medium
industries, and heavy industries. The type of industries and manufacture in Facce project may be including the
following:-
  Machine and vehicles assembly
 Agro‐processing
 Medical and pharmaceutical
 Leather products
 Building materials
 Chemicals
 Electrical and electronics
 Textile and garment
 Jewelry and ornamental
 Home equipment and furniture
 Rubber and plastic
 Printing and packaging

Manufactures covers the total area of 27hectare, which 8.10% of site. By considering the circulation area and
green, and assuming the remaining area for manufacture shades (65%), we will have 17.55hectare.

b) Administration Center
The Administration Centers include all civic centers such as municipal, sectorial offices and other civic centers
are planned as compact and pedestrian‐friendly systems, which respect the scales of the planned urban form.
The total are coverage of administration center is 1.06hectare (0.32%). However, the circulation and green area
should be suggested and so the total area consider for administration building is 70% of the total area.
Additionally, the supposed floor area for each (60x40) m2.

c) Mixed Residential
In the Faccee site, the Residential Mixed Use Land use is proposed for mixed‐use commercial development
comprising a mix of retail and commercial uses. The roughly estimated area for mixed residential is 68% of
total area, 29hectare. From the known trend, most of the time mixed residential building will be taken as
40/60%-which means 40% for commercial and 60% for residential. Taking this into account, the residential
portion of mixed residential shall be 17.4hectare and commercial portion will be 11.6hectare.
d) Residential
According to data and information collected from our socio-economics, the density of residential is 120
dwelling/hectare. The Population density within this residential classification is estimated to be 128,657 and
40080 households. The total area thought for residential is 17.49 hectare. The estimated height of the total floor
is assumed for residential buildings 10floors.

3.2 Power Estimation

The power estimation is an essential task and forms the basis for the planning of the power system
There are five methods to estimate power.
1. Load forecast with load increase factors – This method is based on the existing
power system load and the increase in past years and estimate the future load increase
employing exponential increase functions and trend analyses.
2. Load forecast with economic characteristic data – Load forecast with
economic characteristic data assumes different relations between economic growth,
availability of energy resources, energy consumption and requirement in general,
and growth in population
3. Load forecast with estimated values – Matching existing settlements based on
area, population number, etc. with the new proposed area.
4. Load forecast with specific loads and degrees of electrification – More exact
planning is possible using development plans from planners and estimating the
power demand based on different types and number of stories.
5. Load forecast with standardized load curves ‐ Determination of the system load
based on annual energy consumptions of individual consumer or consumer groups,
which can be taken from the service provider
For this project, we estimated the power demand with “the load forecast with a specific load and degrees of
electrification” method. The method takes into account standard load densities (W/m2) for different
applications. The load densities are taken from IEEE 241‐1991 and NEC standards.

This method is selected due to the following reasons:

 It is the best among the different forecasting methods (i.e. load
forecast with load increase factor, load forecast with economic
characteristic data, load forecast with estimated values)
 There is a development plan
 The different types of buildings and the number of stories are specified.
Based on this, the power estimation of all 100plots, arranged in 10 different functional land use.
 Total area of
S.No Land Use Cat Total area-m2 Area for Building-m2 Number of floor(max) Building

1 Commercial 40,997.00 24,598.20 10 245982

2 Manufacture 272,024.00 163,214.40 1 163214.4

3 Mixed Residential 2,297,642.00 1,378,585.20 10 13785852

4 Residential 174,866.68 104,920.01 10 1049200.08

5 Service 54,755.00 32,853.00 6 197118

6 Spec Service 73,364.00 44,018.40 buffer zone for PHT 0

7 Urban agriculture 59,551.00 35,730.60 1 35730.6

8 administrator 10,602.00 6,361.20 10 63612

Table 3.2 Estimated used area for different purpose

Demand forecast within Demand forecast

Total floor Estimated power demand
S. No Space occupancy next 5 within next
area in m2 in kw
years=Pdnow*1.05 10years=Pdnow*1.1

1 Commercial 245,982.00 2,951.78 3,099.37 3,246.96

2 Manufacture 163,214.40 1,958.57 2,056.50 2,154.43

3 Mixed Residential 13,785,852.00 165,430.22 173,701.74 181,973.25

4 Residential 1,049,200.08 12,590.40 13,219.92 13,849.44

5 Service 197,118.00 2,365.42 2,483.69 2,601.96

6 Spec Service - - - -

7 Urban agriculture 35,730.60 428.77 450.21 471.64

8 administrator 63,612.00 763.34 801.51 839.68

Total 186,488.51 195812.9344 205137.3599

Table 3.3 Power demand of each block with the next 5 and 10 years forecast
 Urban Agr Commerc
LOAD DEMAND IN KW
0% 2%

Manufact
adminstration Trans& Recreat
1%
0% 5%
Service
Commerc
Reside 1%

Manufact

Mixed Resid

Rsiden
Mixed Resid
84%
Service

Urban Agr

adminstration

Trans& Recreat

Figure 3.3 Power demand for 10 spaces Activities

3.3 Load Growth Forecast

Electrical Load Prediction is the estimation of future load by the designer. Prediction of the load is an
important and central process in the planning of transmission and distribution systems. Load
estimation perdition is important for the reduction of the distribution system from problems like
 Overloading
 Instability in the system
 Power cuts and power shortage
  Poor reliability and safety issues
For the Faccee project area, the load growth forecast is based on the IEC standard i.e. the Impact of
nominal load growth over time. Typically, some slight growth in kilowatt demand (Generally 0.5 to 1%
per year) will be experienced over time. In this case, we use 1% for the load forecast. As per this, the
additional demand growth over 10 years the demand will be 206MW. Considering the power factor 0.8,
the total capacity requirements for the next 10 years will be 258 MVA. The details of the IEEE and NEC
standards and the power calculation and growth forecast for each land functions are annexed in Appendix
A, B, and C respectively.

3.4 Review of Existing and planned substations

Currently, there are nine sub-stations which are nearby to six NDP. The power source of all sub-stations
are from hydropower plants. The installed capacity and voltage levels of each sub-stations which are closer to
NDPs sites are illustrated below in below.

Transmission lines passing through the selected area

S.No Name of Transmission line Voltage level(kV) Selected Areas passed over by the transmission line

1 Sebeta 2-kality 1 230kV line 230 Gara Furi,Galan Guda,Galan Logestic

2 Kality 1-Mekanisa 132kV line 132 Gara Furi,Galan Guda,Galan Logestic

3 kalti 1-Gefersa 132kV line 132 Galan Guda,Galan Logestic

4 Kaliti 1-Legetafo 230kV line 230 Galan Logestic, Feche

5 Gelan-kaliti 1 132kV line 132 Galan Logestic

6 Gelan-Indode TS-Kaliti 1 132kV line 132 Galan Logestic

7 Gelan-yesu-Kaliti 1 132kV line 132 Galan Logestic

8 Koye Abo-Gelan 400kV line 400 Feche

Table 3.4 Ring Transmission line Interconnect Sub-Station--- (source:-EEP)

Among the above mentioned sub-stations the three nearby and best alternative sub-stations for Facce Project
are:

 Sub-station Koye-Abo, which located near to Facce Project, and roughly 4km far from
this site.
 The second sub-station is Gelan-yesu-Kality Sub-station, which about 6.2km far from the
selected site.
  Kality I sub-station, near Gelan condominium. This is 7.3km far from the project site.

Power Sub-station which are under Operation, and closest to NDPs

List of Sub-Station which are close to six NDPs site

capacity of transformer in (MVA)

Transformer Transformer
Substation Name
Voltage Ratio (kV) Rating (MVA)
33kV 15kV

132/66/15 25/25/25 0 12.5

132/15 25/31.5 0 31.5
1 Geferssa
132/33/15 30/15/15 15 15
132/45/15 50/16/50 0 68
132/45/15 25/25/10 0 10
132/45/15 12/12/4.0 0 4
132/15 50 0 50
2 Sebeta I
132/15 50 0 50
132/33 50 50 0
132/33 50 50 0
230/33 50 50 0
3 Sebeta II
230/33 125 125 0
132/15 40/50 0 50
Mekanissa
4 132/15 16/20 0 20
132/15 20/25 0 25
Kaliti II
132/15 20/25 0
7 25
132/45/15 22/22/7.3 0 7.3
132/45/15 22/22/7.3 0 7.3
132/15 31.5 0 31.5
8 Kaliti I
132/15 31.5 0 31.5
132/15 31.5 0 31.5
132/33 50 50 0
230/33kV 125 0 125
230/33kV 125 0 125
9 Kilinto
230/33kV 125 0 125
230/33kV 125 0 125
230/33/15kV 125 62.5 62.5
10 Koye Abo 230/33/15kV 125 62.5 62.5
230/33/15kV 125 62.5 62.5
 132/15 40/50 0 50
132/15 40/50 0 50
11 Gelan
132/33 40/50 0 50
132/33 40/50 0 50
Table: - The list of Sub-station closer to NDPs

Fig-2.2- Transmission lines feed different sub-station

From the above specification, the high tension transmission lines interconnected the sub-stations which
located inside and adjacent to Addis Ababa are categories four types, depend on its capacity.
1. Transmission line with 500KV…substituted by Pink color
2. Transmission line with 400K……substituted by back ‘’
3. Transmission line with 230KV…..’’ ‘’ ‘’ Red ‘’
4. Transmission line with 132KV…..’’ ‘’ ‘’ Green ‘’
 4 Planning and design of the medium voltage network

The aim of planning electrical power systems is to fully serve the interests of the consumers to be supplied
with electricity. To determine the configuration of the power system in terms of technical, operational, and
economic criteria, planning principles have to be defined and used. The reliability of the power supply
system (Power station, transmission, and distribution system, etc.) is influenced by:
 The operational mode of the power supply system
 The selection of equipment
 The fundamental structure of the power system configuration(topology)
Understandably, 100% security and reliability of electrical power supply cannot be achieved. In each case,
a compromise between supply reliability, the design of the system, the operation requirements, the interest
of consumers, and the expected investment cost are to be considered. The power system in the Faccee
project can be characterized into three different subsystems according to its tasks.
 The high voltage transmission grid – Its major task is the transportation of
electrical energy over long distances (This is not in our scope)
 Distribution systems with 33KV/66KV – This serves as a network of
distribution in urban population centers. Industrial suppliers and high power
demanding customers are provided directly from the 33KV/66KV line.
 LV distribution with 480/220V – This is mainly done for individual residential customers.
4.1 The operation mode of the power supply system

The mode of operation is the first major element in the architecture of the power network. There are mainly two
modes i.e. overhead and underground. The general understanding is that the underground cables are laid beneath
the ground and the overhead cables are visible overhead. But apart from this, there are many significant features
of both the types of these cables from the perspectives of electrical power transmission or distribution. In the
changed scenario of the power system design, particularly, the distribution system, the cables, and their
characteristics have become highly selective and the technological advancements have also made the selection
of cable for a particular application more flexible. Several factors are affecting the selection of overhead or
underground transmission
System cost‐ the underground system is more expensive than the overhead system.
Safety ‐ as the conductors are constantly exposed to the open atmosphere, there
are several concerns related to the safety of the system and also reliability. The
adverse conditions like heavy rain, wind, snowfall, humid and salty contents in
the air could deteriorate the lifespan of these conductors and raise serious electrical
 safety concerns. The underground system is not susceptible to such environmental
problems.
Possibility of expansion – On the possibility of expansion, the overhead system is
more preferable. However, in our case, all our designs take into consideration
future expansion and leave the necessary space in the underground manholes and
PVC ducts.
Fault detection – Fault detection is easier in overhead lines.

Suitability for long‐distance – Overhead installation is more suitable for long

distances. However, in our design, we provided switching stations as intermediate
facilities to minimize the distances.
Appearance – Overhead installations are traditional and are not good aesthetically.
Although the overhead installations seem a good fit, the underground cables have several advantages over
the overhead lines; they have smaller voltage drops, low chances of developing faults and have low
maintenance costs. Recent developments in cable technology make the underground cable more relevant
and popular. Our research and experiences also lead us to use underground installations as most new
settlements around the globe chose underground installation.
4.2 The selection of equipment

The selection of operation mode defines the type of conductor used in our system which is underground
cable. The next step is deciding the voltage level and hence deciding the subsequent equipment. The
voltage levels are selected based on IEC recommended system voltages as shows in below table and EEP
distribution voltage recommendations. The voltage level of the nearby substations also influences the type
of transformers at the substation.

Voltage Type Nominal System Supplied for Remark

Voltage
Low voltage(LV) 400v/230v Household customer
&small industry
‘’ 500v Motors of industries
Medium Voltage(MV) 6kv HV-motor in
Indust &power system
‘’ 10kv Urban supply&
Power system
‘’ 20kv Rural &indu power
 system
‘’ ‘’ 30kv Indus supply, rural
power supply
High Voltage(HV) 110kv Urban transport, sub-
transmission system
High Voltage(HV) 220kv transmission system
High Voltage(HV) 380kv/400kv Transmission sytem
Table: Recommended System Voltages according to IEC 60038

4. 3 Selection of Topology and Hierarchy

4.3.1 The fundamental structure of the power system configuration (topology)
The selection of the new substation locations are influenced by what are the magnitudes of initial loads and
expected loads after 5, 10, 20 years? What is the likely transformer capacity required? How many transformers
will be required and will it be better to put in a smaller size and then increase ratings later, e.g. after 10 years?
Proximity to the load center keeping in view the future load growth. The orientation of the proposed incoming
lines to be terminated at the substations. Is there a suitable route for the 132kV supply to this site? Can the
230kV/132kV line be routed to this site without constraints? What site facilities and buildings will be
required? What minimum plot dimensions are needed for the substation? Are there any sensitive installations
nearby – e.g. telephone exchanges, hospitals?
 What type of switch gear will be best, outdoor 33KV, indoor 15KV, or some other
combination?
 Calculation of substation fault levels and conductor ratings.
 The cost of setting up a new substation

4.3.2 Selection of Topology

Reliability and operational considerations play an important role in power distribution system planning and
design. Radial distribution system topology is the most common topology worldwide due to its simplicity in
design and operation but it provides the least degree of reliability. On the other hand, ring distribution systems
represent a compromise solution that provides an increased reliability level at moderate planning cost. Ring
topology provides simple structure, low maintenance cost, flexibility in response to load variability and faults
and standardization of cables cross-sectional areas. Interruption duration of loads after faults is limited to
switching duration only regardless of repair duration. Also, reserve capacity for service restoration is provided
by the same ring. In ring distribution systems, reliability is enhanced compared to radial system because each
load point can be supplied from the two ends of the ring. Ring distribution systems are radially operated by
opening at least one line segment along the ring tour, and the status of open/closed lines changes in case of fault
in a line segment for restoration of power

1) Radial Topology

The radial system is the simplest electrical distribution arrangement, and the least expensive in terms of
equipment initial cost. It’s also the least reliable arrangement since it only uses a single utility source. The
conventional simple radial system receives power at the utility supply voltage at a single substation and steps
the voltage down to the utilization level. The loss of the utility source, transformer, or the service or distribution
equipment will result in a loss of service.

Further, the loads must be shut down in order to perform maintenance on the system. This arrangement is most
commonly used where the need for low initial cost, simplicity, and space economy outweigh the need for
enhanced reliability.
Typical equipment for this system arrangement is a single unit substation consisting of a fused primary switch,
a transformer of sufficient size to supply the loads, and a low voltage switchboard.
Fig-3.5-Typical radial topology
  Loading of lines during normal operation is 50% of the permissible loading, higher loading possible
depending on the load duration.

 Reserve for one line outage is guaranteed.

 System losses can be minimized.
 Flexibility to respond to changing load conditions.
 Standardization of cross‐sections.

Advantages of the radial distribution system

 Simplest as fed at only end.

 The initial cost is low.
 It is useful when the generating is at low voltage.
 Preferred when the station is located at the center of the load.
 More economical for some areas which have a low load requirement
 Require less amount of cables
 It has a low maintenance

Disadvantages of the radial distribution system

 The end of distributor near to the substation gets heavily loaded.

 When load on the distributor changes, the clients at the distant end of the distributor face serious
voltage fluctuations.
 As users are dependent on single feeder and distributor, a fault on any of these two causes interruption
in supply to all the users connected to that distributor
2) Ring Topology

The simplest kind of ring‐main system is obtained by connecting the lines ends back to the feeding station as
shown in Fig. 3.6.
 Figure -3.6- Typical ring topology

 A Ring main typology is selected for the power distribution as it is the most reliable.

Advantages of the ring distribution system

• In ring power is supplied from both ends as compared to radial

• In case of a fault in the radial circuit the entire system goes off unlike in ring where by incase one end gets a
fault the other end still keeps on supplying power
• Compared to the radial system, the voltage drop is less along the distribution line
• More subscribers can be installed to the system than the radial system
• Less voltage fluctuations can be seen at client’s terminals. Voltage fluctuations in high loaded areas can be
reduced using a tie line

Disadvantages of the ring distribution system

• Ring is very expensive n requires more materials than radial
• Radial circuit is more economical
• High maintenance cost
• It is not usable when the client is located at the center of the load

4.3.3 Hierarchical Approaches

From the substations, outgoing circuits are provided to all the nearest loads (manufacturing, commercial,
residential, mixed residential,). In most cases, a single feeder is considered for all the land use
categories/customers. The main distribution element at each customer is the switching station. The switching
stations are the main instruments in utilizing the full benefits of the ring typology as shown in Fig 4.4. The
switching stations are placed closer to the loads.
This will benefit in the following ways:
 Reduced losses
 Risk containment and mitigation
 Will give a chance for future distributed energy resource
After the switching stations, RMUs are provided to the power the transformers at each buildings. As much as
possible, a single RMU is used to feed two adjacent transformers. A total of switching station and 10 RMUs
required for this project.
4.4 Distribution System Remote Monitoring

The control of the substation, monitoring of the status of the switchgear, feeder loads, and transformer loading,
metering, and other parameters can be remotely monitored. The choice of a
SCADA system will impose technical requirements that will need to be incorporated in the substation and
distribution design. A SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is an automation control system that
is used in industries such as energy, oil and gas, water, power, and many more. The system has a centralized
system that monitors and controls entire sites, ranging from an industrial plant to a complex of plants across the
country. A SCADA system works by operating with signals that communicate via channels to provide the user
with remote controls of any equipment in a given system. It also implements a distributed database, or tag
database, that Human Machine Interface (HMI)
 supervisory system
 Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
 communication infrastructures
We incorporated the SCADA system in our distribution plan as it fits the technical requirement and it is already
utilized by Ethiopian Electric Power for remote monitoring. The main control station will be at the substations
and each switching station is connected to the control room via fiber optic cables.

Fig-3.7-SCADA block diagram system

5. Road Lighting Design

1) General description

 The main task of road lighting is to assure proper luminous levels on the roads to enable the good vision
for all road users.
2) Standard Use

 The right light levels are determined by the internationally accepted standard Commission (CIE,
International Commission on Illumination). This standard defines the required lighting for every type of
motorized road, with roads classified according to a set of defining characteristics such as traffic volume
and composition, the number of lanes, usage, weather condition (fog, rain), and type of road surface (
paved, unpaved, cemented, asphalt).
 There may many type of roads on this project. The height and spacing between street pole is depends
on the road design, land use and final city plan layout. Accordingly, the selection of pole height, planning
and design, selection of light fitting and analysis of parameter shall be done after the work land use and
categories with site plan is being finalized.
 However, due to its many advantages, Nomo solar pole lighting is proposed for this project. It has
combines remote centralized control and management of street lights
 through solar photovoltaic applications and ZigBee wireless communication technology, 4G
communication, cloud computing, Internet of Things and mobile Internet technologies, with brightness
adjustment, active fault alarm, Lamp cable anti-theft, visual remote control, and other sensor extension
applications. Smart solar street lights can greatly
 Improve the level of public lighting management, save power resources, reduce operation and
maintenance costs, and increase additional revenue.
 Urban street lights serve as the densest urban infrastructure for information gathering and
dissemination. Smart lighting is an important part of the smart city and the best entrance. Smart solar
street lights are an effective support for the city. Low-power smart solar street light is the perfect
embodiment of smart city new energy application.
 Nomo intelligent outdoor lighting solution for Smart City comes with an upgrade option to become a
public streetlight Wi-Fi hotspot. Nomo in partnership with one of the most advanced routers and wireless
ISP systems manufacturer is able to provide an easily installable wireless device which is carrying out
the public internet hotspot function for the street lighting poles. Besides it support usb charger (charged
service)
1. LED charger indicator light
2. Non slip pad surface
3. 10w transmitter coil
4. Fanless design for quiet operation
5. Wireless charging chipset control the current flow
6. Thermal protection sensor can dial back power for safer operation
 7. Foreign object detection circuit to prevent conductive materials from receiving the power from
the charger.

Fig-3.8-Nomo solar pole Lighting

6. Telecommunication Networks

6.1 Overview

Telecommunication systems play a very important role in the infrastructure of smart cities. An excess of
networked devices interact to provide safe, convenient and environmentally conscious new services. Residents
in smart cities can enjoy their lives using these services, seamlessly and without being aware of the existence of
the networks.
In cities, transportation, distribution, finance, and energy services are connected to networks and interact to
provide more reliable, convenient, and environmentally conscious new services. Residents in smart cities will
have seamless access to these services without needing to know about the networks on which they are based.
Recognizing the crucial role of telecommunication sector in the entire economic activities and impact on growth
and developments governors in different regime in the last century have been attempting to expand this service
for citizens, though at different scale. A structurally different communication institution had and has been
established all along in telecommunication history of the country. In our country, recently the responsible
institution to render this service is the Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation (ETC). This sector structure
has stretched down from national level up to sub areas.
ETC has been monopolistically providing nationwide telecommunications services since 1996. These are
including consisting of:

1) Telephone and telegraph services

2) Public telephone service
3) Cellular mobile service
4) Public Data Network (Data Transmission Leased Line and Internet)

(1) Telephone Service

Telephone Service is calls which including voice, voicemail and conference and data calls, and supplementary
services that including call forwarding and call transfer. It is also messaging and multi-media services.

The provision of nationwide telephone service to fulfill the waiting demand is current core activity for ETC and
has been accelerated recent years. From a viewpoint of accessibility to the telephone service, most of the regions
except certain areas (including rural areas) have been covered to some extent by the telephone network

(2) Public Telephone Service

A service available to the public for originating and receiving national and international calls and access to
emergency services through a telephone number or numbers in a national or international telephone

ETC is providing public payphones in a nationwide basis. Since the start of the public payphone service, ETC
established 935 coin telephones as of 2001, and starting card phone system in early 2002. However, the number
of public telephones is insufficient compare with other telecom communication.

(3) Mobile-phone Service

A mobile phone or cellphone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link
while the user is moving within a telephone service area, as opposed to a fixed-location phone landline phone.
The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator, which
provides access to the public switched telephone network PSTN. Modern mobile telephone services use
a cellular network architecture and therefore mobile telephones are called cellphones cell phones in North
America. In addition to telephony, digital mobile phones support a variety of other services, such as text
messaging, multimedia messaging, email, Internet access (via LTE, 5G or Wi-Fi), short-range wireless
communications (infrared, Bluetooth), satellite access (navigation, messaging connectivity), business
applications, video games and digital photography. Mobile phones offering only basic capabilities are known
as feature phones; mobile phones which offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to
as smartphones.
In 1999 ETC entered into Mobile-phone Service. In 2001, the service covers urban and suburb areas of Addis
Ababa and metropolitan. Nowadays, compare to other countries, Ethiopia is massively lagging behind in the
development of telecommunications. Under the country code +251, there were a total of 65.39 million
connections in 2021. Among them were 64.50 million mobile phones, which corresponds to an average of 0.54
per person.

6.2 Preferred Telecom Infrastructure for Feche Project

Depending on the structure and purpose of use of smart city applications, different network and communication
technologies are used, as well as different network protocols used to connect the system components that support
these applications. A strong network infrastructure is needed to support different applications in smart city
systems. A hierarchical topology structure is also required in which the operations of the applications can be
carried out, as well as the network protocols suitable for the needs.

Gigaband Solution – Gigabit broadband is an internet connection that offers a speed of 1 gigabit per second (
1Gbps/1GB) or more. The proposed design can accommodate this and has the following characteristics.

 Giga network, 1Gbps to 80Gbps and beyond

 Fiber to the x (FTTx)
 Giga home and smart homes
 Free Wifi
 Private LTE (Long term evolution) and Private 5G
Smart commercial City ‐ A smart city is a municipality that uses information and communication
technologies (ICT) to increase operational efficiency, share information with the publicand improve both the q
uality of government services and citizen welfare. The following can be included in this platform.

 Smart Transportation
 Smart Energy and Water
 E – Healthcare
 Smart Garbage Disposal
 Smart Agriculture
 Smart Lighting, Smart Parking, Smart Transit, Smart Waste Management, Video Surveillance, robotic
network, etc

Digital Transformation – This is the result of the gigaband solution. With such an infrastructure
in place, the following things can be achieved.
  Broadband
 Main Data Centers, Backup data center, Satellite backup
 Cloud Network
 Big Data
 Internet of things (IoT), SCADA, Robotic network
 4K / VR / Game online

On‐demand fiber blowing to anywhere in the Feche project via the adopted flexible micro‐
duct pipe and spare fiber in the feeder network is achievable.

6.3 Optical Access Network

Full‐service optical access network for high‐speed data, voice, and video

• No exist switching center within the area, so

• New Switching centers should be designed and implemented. But, the number of switching center
needs for Feche project is depends on description of site plan, land use and categories.
• Optical cable, micro‐duct, manholes, and hand holes will be designed

Backbone network

• No existing fiber route in the site that cross the Feche area
• Permanent new fiber route, pipe, and manhole facility design

Datacenter, Backup data center

• Main Datacenter point should be required for project area

6.4 Full-Service Optical Access Network

6.4.1 Introduction

Based on ITU‐T L.90 recommendation progress on multimedia technologies has led to the active development
of many kinds of broadband services such as data and video communication using access networks. High‐speed
broadband networks must be developed economically to provide such services to all subscribers. To provide
these services in a timely way, it is necessary to construct optical access networks quickly, efficiently, and cost‐
effectively. However, recent progress in the application of optical plant technology in local access networks has
provided substantial technical and economical experiences in several countries. Considering this, the network
design must take into account planning, construction, maintenance, and operation. Here, an optical access
network is defined as a network of optical fiber cables that extend from a carrier's central office to the cabinets,
buildings, individual homes, apartment blocks, or business offices for broadband services.
6.4.2 Optical Fiber

A suitable choice of fiber and splicing technology should be made. Single‐mode fiber, normally compliant with
[ITU‐T G.652] and [ITU‐T G.657], is the most appropriate for a wide range of telecommunication services in
the local distribution network since this fiber benefits from economy of scale and has long‐term potential utility
for future services. With the current usage of single‐mode fiber, splicing techniques will allow typical splice
losses of less than 0.5 dB to be achieved.

As per ITU-T recommendation, only ITU-T G.657 category A fibers are compatible with ITU-T with G.652
fibers. Using other fiber types will increase the uncertainty regarding the splice value and compatibility issue.

6.4.3 Optical Access Network Architecture

a) Point to Point Architecture
This distributes one or more fibers individually from an OLT (Optical line terminal) in a central office to an
ONU (Optical network unit) in buildings, apartment blocks, or residential premises. Therefore, a large number
of fibers are installed and distributed from central office to customers.
The location of active node is in a temperature-controlled environment. Between a central office and building
basement, only splice are used enclosures or in street cabinets in an outside plant.
This configuration has a low optical loss and provides the maximum distance between central office and
customers. The insertion loss of the optical line is a sum of the fiber, splice, and connector losses. Moreover,
this may be suitable for customers requiring large bandwidth and/or high security.
b) Ring Architecture
This starts and ends at the same central office and distributes two or more fibers to ONUs (optical network units)
in buildings, apartment blocks, or residential premises. Therefore, for point-to-point ring networks a very large
number of fibers are installed and distributed from central offices to customers. By contrast, for multiple‐type
ring networks the number of distributed fibers can be reduced compared to a point‐to‐point ring network. The
advantages of the ring network are very high reliability and its ease of maintenance for alternative routing.
c) Point-to-multipoint architecture
The basic configuration of a point-to-multipoint network is one branching component per OLT (Optical line
terminal) port. Figure 8 would be the configuration with two branching components per OLT port. The feature
of the point‐to‐multipoint network is that a fiber optic branching component or an active node is placed between
an OLT (Optical line terminal) and multiple ONUs (Optical network units). The location which is installed for
use with (fiber optic) branching components or active nodes is the most important item in terms of this network
design and construction. Moreover, two types of (fiber optic) branching components can be used in this network.
One type has a wavelength multiplexer and de‐multiplexer, the other does not. A (fiber optic) branching
component without a wavelength multiplexer and de‐ multiplexer increases the insertion loss and reduces the
transmission distance as the number of branches are increased. By contrast, a (fiber optic) branching component
with a wavelength multiplexer and de‐multiplexer is mainly used in WDM systems. The insertion loss does not
increase greatly but it is difficult to control and manage the wavelength when the number of branches is
increased.
d) Optical transmission performance for optical access networks
As per ITU‐T recommendations, optical access network routes should be designed to meet the optical access
network performances (attenuation range, return loss, dispersion, etc.) described in such system requirements as
described in [ITU‐T G.982], [ITU‐T G.983.1] to [ITU‐T G.983.5],

[ITU‐T G.984.1] to [ITU‐T G.984.7], [ITU‐T G.985], [ITU‐T G.986] and [ITU‐T G.987.x]. The calculation of
the total network optical loss will take into account [ITU‐T G.982] recommendation

e) Adopted Optical Access Network Architecture

Point-to-multi point architecture shall be adopted because of its many advantage over others.
7. SWOT Analysis Major Finding and their Implications
7.1 SWOT Analysis
a) Strength and Opportunity
 Three electric power sub-stations are located nearest to the site
 Since the site is closest to the sub-stations, it will take the short routine for transmission line.
 Government policy and commitment to build Neighborhood villages, and to end a GERD hydro
power start building of new sub-station, and do expansion
 Meanwhile, three sub-stations are located closer to project site, this minimize the cost requires
to stretch transmission line, decrease electric loss.
 Adopting fiber optic technology-which high performing equipment
World rapid growing technology

Weakness and Threat

 There is disproportion relation between growing demands for energy electric power supply.
 Rising cost of electric building new (grids, sub-station, transmission line and distribution
system)
  Dry season-because most source Ethiopia electric power (about 90%) is from hydro power, it
threats
 Lack of relevant professional in related fields has had a strongly negative impact. There are two
electric power line tower carrying high tension voltage that have been crossing, which is not
recommended.
 The expensive initial cost of telecommunication equipment to build new switching center/core.

b) Planning Assumption

 The estimated Peak power demand for Feche is 186MW-233KVA

 The power source for site shall be connected from two sources. Because, the either two sub-stations or
needs new (its own) sub-station. This is depend on the peak power demand we will get during power
estimation and power forecasting of the project.
 Since the electric utility should be Uninterrupted and Quality supply, Smart, Sustainable and expandable
for the supposed NDP project, it shall have minimum of one power sub-station, even if it is not sure to
estimate the number of sub-station. The load estimation needs the project plan that indicates the land use
categories and function, estimated and planed number of residences, commercial and business, social
service and so on should be identified first.
 The core of smart city implementation is the Internet of Things (IoT). The smart cities need to have three
key features: intelligence, interconnection, and instrumentation which the IoT can provide. It can be said
that the use of the IoT can make the smart cities feasible. A large variety of sensors including RFID, IR,
and GPS, connect the buildings, infrastructure, transport, networks and utilities through ICT.
 In a big picture, a city is a system of systems with a unique history and set in a specific social and
environmental context. For a city to prosper, all the key city systems need to work together, by utilizing
all of their resources to overcome the challenges the city faces. The “smartness” of a city describes its
ability to bring together all its resources, to effectively operate with maximum possible efficiency to
fulfil the purposes it has set itself. Therefore, to fulfil our requirements, the Feche site should have its
own telecom core center/switching center.
 The transmission for network access shall be optical fiber from central office to customers, point-to-
multipoint architecture is the better one for its many advantage.

7.3 Synthesis of Major Finding/planning issue and their implication

 One new transmission sub-station which supplies 233kVA loads is required for Feche project
 Underground installed optical fiber for telecom transmission system is required from the nearest
switching center.
Appendix A: Load considerations according to IEEE 241‐1991

Prescriptive unit lighting power allowance (ULPA) (w/ft2) –Gross light area of total building

Typical appliance /General purpose receptacle loads (Excluding plug‐in‐type AC and heating
equipment)
Typical apartment loads
Appendix B: Load estimation according to NEC

General lighting loads by occupancy (NEC)