PUBLISHED BY: Phone 0120-4160479 nail: pagequant Delhi Office «M-28, (© Quavtunt Pace Pye. Lap, 4° Baition : 2010-11 5 Béition : 2011-12 6° Edition : 2012-19 7 Baition : 2019-14 8° Balti 9B 10° Edition : 2016-17 A Edition : 2017-18 12% Edition : 2018-19 130/- onl Webs s@gmaicom ‘Naveen Shahdara, Delhi-110032 Trommation contained inthis work i derived from sources ‘bebeved tbe reliable. Every efforthas been made to ensure however nei vce the acuracy or completeness of any information and neither the publisher nor the authors ‘hal be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages ‘avsing out of use ofthis information. published herein, dat Balajee Offset, Del, 2 mSingh Guat ications® ‘tum Publication Gann quantim Page Pvt Lid) Uno. 59/27, Site - 4 Industrial Area, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad-201 010 site: wyww.quantumpage.co.in may be od the publisher nor the authors —==CONTENS BAS103 : Engineering Mathematies-I (1-1.Cto 1-286) «Rank of matrix, haraceristie equation, 1 Linear Dependence (21Ct02-310) (a order derivatives), Lebnitz theorem, ives, Euler’s Theorem for (6-1Ct05-40) vergence andl their ‘SHORT QUESTIONS (0-1 CtoSQ-31 C) SOLVED PAPERS (2018-19 TO 2021-22) (SP. Cto SP-160)Matrices CONTENTS fo a Elementary Transformations, wun IBC to 1-4C Inverse of a Matrix atrix, Solution of. 1-4C to 1-100 ‘Linear Equations IMAC to 1-18C 2 Linear Dependence and eu Independence of Veetors 1-18C to 1-200 fon Values and Eigen Vectors can. 1-200 to 1-25C lex Matrices, Hermit Skew-Hermitian and Unitary Matrices, Applications to Engineering Problems 1-25C to 1-286 1-16 Bem-1) 1-2C (Sem-1) eee PART-1 Elementary Transformations, Inverse of a Matrix. CONCEPT OUTLINE Elementary Operations : ‘The following operations on a matrix are called elementary operations: i. Interd ‘two rows or two columns, eg. +> Ry, C, +» C, ‘arow or columa by anon zero number K, 6.6, KC, 168 the elements of a row (or coluran) to the sments of another row (or column), K 0, €-8- >R,—3R, C,->C,+2C, ¢ matrices of same inverse of A, i, fii, Addition of K corresponding. Questions-Answers ‘Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions g ° WaeTH | Compute the inverse of the matric i 3 employing clomentary row transformation. We know that,Sieber Ger ae rele & g = F i os nes Seder iSieber ler are win] Petticoat i 1-8C (Sem-1) <1 o10 fae Rok, oon 01 0 {1 0 ofA Ry R,-3R, 0-3 1, 21 0) = |1 0 0A R,>R,-2R, Ry > R, +R, a Bla pons BR oR,-R, wie kee oe Lie Tee. = nok 4 1]. 4 ‘AKTU 2020-21, Marks 10 ESE] Saag 10 4 Ans: Ale o 41 9 4 14 6 1-4€ (Sem-1) Matrices Que 13. [Find inverse employing elementary transformation. a8 4 A=|2 3 4 oad AKTU 2018-16, Marks 10 Same as Q. 1.1, Page 1-20, Unit-1. 1-1 0 Ans: Ats|-2 3-4 -2 3-5 PART-2 Rank of Matrix, Solution of System of Linear Equations. CONCEPT OUTLINE ‘Rank of a Matrix : A number r is said to be the rank of a matrix A if, it possesses the following properties : i, There is at least one square sub-matrix of A of order r whose determinant is not equal to zero. fi, If the matrix A contains any square sub-matrix of order r +1, then the determinant of every square sub-matrix of A of order r+ 1should be zero, ‘Therefore the rank of a matrix is the order of any highest order non Questions-Answers ‘Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions _ |Pee Engineering M athomaties-1 eT] ng tne eako8 74 5, ewer | 32-1) form|4 2 6 Givenmatris Rank of matrix = 2. 1-5 (Sem.1) he matrix by reducing 0 normal R,>R,-(R,+R) C,36,-¢, RRL R>R,-R, Cy +0 -20, 0505+, C5 ->0y +O Cy >-C 1-6C (Sem-1) Matrices Que 15. | Using elementary transformations, find the rank of the following. “Answer ROR-RIS ROR +213 ROKR ROR IS RORI2116 Bema) sngicering Mathematics! med umber sono 0 ae jc A toits normal form when TE] Reo the matrix Gee ssh a a8 < |. As]; 2 3 4 A267 ARTO 2018-19, Hence fina the rank. el tad ls a od tregreamatixae|? 4 24 | “1-2 6 -7 ay ARR oa 0 BORA Too 4 OR oR eR 00 5-3 [Peo 2 le +e-20, poe 9 arate moe fo le, 20,-40, 05-8 1000 05 0-4 2 7 Cy = loraa 0 [oe 050-8 100 0 | 080 -4 (ROR 4/5R | “Jo 0 0 16/5) FRR, oo ont a po dal =]0 0 16/5 o/%% Sree 1-8c¢Gem) —— eres +t 8 8 Olas nesren icon 010 o|ao19R “Joo 1 oR s56R, 0000 1, 0) =lo o Which is the required normal form. ‘Since, the non zero rows are 3 hence, the rank of the given matrix is 8. ‘Que Tis 4 2 2-184 ‘1 Find the rank of the matrix 4 =| "5 2 3] by reducing it to 6-3 8 6 normal form. Same as Q. 1.6, Page 1-7C, Unit-1. [Answer : Rank of matrix = 3} Que 18. | Investigate for what values of 4 and y, the system of equations x +y+==6,x+2y+S2=10 and x+ 29422 =y,has i. No solution. ‘AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10 xtyte=6 e42y+82= 10 x+2ysaz=b No solution. Unique solution. i. Infinite number of sol xty+2=61-9C (Sem) p22 10 pease Inmatiifor, ; 41 tf bee | 7) Le bead | 1117 pak cetaral=|1 2 3 * ?)R oR pak fae elo1 2: 4/R°R-% or at: 06 hit i 6 sjo1l 2 4 Joo 2-8 : #10) 1 Fornasoltion Rae RO, je h-820ork=Sand p= 1040 0r 110. seg 8e0ori.e3 aad may have any value ‘i, Infinite solutions : RA) =R(O)=2 ie,2-8200r2 =Sandy—10=0ory.=10. | Ques, | Find the value of k for which the system of equations (Gk-S\v4.2y +82=0, r+ (Bh-B)y +e =0,e+3y+ (Gk-8)z=0hasa ‘ARTU 2021-22, Marks 10 non trivial solution, al For the given system of equations to have a non-trivial solution, the determinant of the cefficiont matrix should be zero. fees 33 5 8 tba fee ss Bk-2 3h e-2 3 apa =o =0 (Operating G, +(C,+Cs) 1-10 (Sem-1) Matrices Nee ere h sk-8 3 h 3 sh-@ (sk-2) ineeneireag pattie 0 e123) (Bk—2)(8k- 1D = 12 38,108,108, Que I0, | For what values of and j the system of linear equations: xayee=6 (i-2) =0 [Operating RyRy; Ry—Ry) x4 2y+52=10 petoceny jution for A= 2 and = 8. “AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10 iawn) Same as Q. 1.8, Page 1-8C, Unit-1, [Answer i. Forunique olution: 26, n#16 i, Forno solution: = 6, ye 16 ii, Forinfinite solution: 2=6, = 16) bao. 6 CsA:Bl=-Jo1 40: 4 00 2-6 : 4-16) Putting = 2and y= 8in eg. (1.10.1), we get 111: 6) fli day [ 6 014: 4{s]oa allyf-| 4 o 0-4 :-8} |o o ~allz} |-8 xeyhe=6 yedend S4e-8 2-2 Putting 2=2, we get y+8=4 Putting y =—4,2= 2, we get x-44226 = x28 (1.10.0) syed1-110 Sema) ngineering Mathematics 1 [pants] aractristic Equation, Cayley Gen ‘and its Application. CONCEPT OUTLINE Gpasieorini Matrix Lat Abe any suare ats of ern and Caan cate Tie tat AL al is called the characteristic i atrx ofA where [is an identity matrix of order" lik ai On a ‘Alsothe determinant |A-M|=| 2: a2? San 4 ae te characterise oAanthe otf cc ne characters ros latent rots or eigen valves of eigen value h. ‘Theorem : Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation fe, iffora square matrix. A of order n, [Ana] = CORDS 0,2 FOIE a yh then the matrix equation Xa sar" ie, ATHaAM +o Am + +,[=0is satisfied by X= A, +a.=0 Questions-Answers ‘Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions 112 compute A" and provethat A¥- 547 +748. 3454. A1~ 5A? + 84?=24 + 885 re|0 5 0], 55 (Auer 021-22, ares 10] 2411 Que 1-11, Find the characteristic of the matrix A =|0 1 0|, 1-12 (Sem-1) o See Mee Lesser Br eal ‘The characteristic equation ofthe matrix A is |A-A| =0 eat © 17 0 ja 1 2a) (2-11 =7) 2-2) -0] -10-0) 41-14 or [23 ~522+ Th—3 = 0} According to Cayley-H ‘AS— 5A! +7A—31=0 Multiplying eq. (1) by A we get AB—5A + 7-341 =0 =0 theorem, we have ay rte Lye. Ate Fiat sa 70) 21 iypeiy But. 4=/0 1 ojfo 10 11 alia 2 44041 24141 24042" =|0+0+0 0+1+0 0+0+0]~ 24+0+2 14142 14044] [4 544) [211] fro 0 4?54+1=|0 1 0]-5/0 1 ofs7]o 1 0 445} [212] [ood wf] = AS(A8—5A2 474-3. 54 o4 4 4 o 5 sAMAGT Us AP 842+ 74-31 =0) fe 44]) 211) foo =|0 1 ofsfo 1 olslo 1 0 eee ia B58 =|o30 558_ a Mathematics Engineering Maths a pate fos a linear ea] repress mat -SAt4 3 inawnereA* [1 2 1418 € Sem.) 1-14 (em-D) Matrices 241? — 1050+ 1478 polynomial me 3 Given: AtLia eccrine 7s gy 1g 1 ; : jean-o| 5 ao a)" [ -1 2-0 | cond respectively and adding, L ce DeW O47 | we get 28-DAD-D 6 Dee , = CDA AM HOA toe tal Be “a3 Ths, ANG AM HAAN + on ta =0 7 ), we get | (1 2 a) Dividing eq. (112.2) by 63 (1.12.2) | eaaeae | BeTHE] vevity ester ttmiton torent 4 5 2ase¢ [288+ | 36@ af—208¢ 140 Hence find A“, 7B ‘Answer ‘is 498 Characteristicequation, |A—2| =0 ee (PA)=(28 4 124 210 At 54 +7) PUA) =(24°+ TA? 421A) (AP BA + {Que13. | State and prove Cayley: For verification of Cayley-Hamilton theorem we need to verify, “Answer | AM-1AT-4A41=0 (114) Cayley-Hamilton Theorem : Every square matrix satisfies its own haraclerstc equation, 4+ wun) be the characteristics | then the matrix equation, | +4, = Oia satisied by X =A af och ]=0 Pron: Sethe lone ements of a odiA“AD in auefrne 12 s]f1 2 8] fu 25 ar At=ad=|2 4 5] 2 4 5| =|25 45 56 FAH are at most ofthe first degree in 3 5 63 6 6] [31 56 70) are at most of degree (n 1) in b. Thus ran be written as31 56 70) [341 616 770 14 95 aiff 2 8 goo [25 45 50])2 4 8 a1 56 T0||3 5 6 wo 3 353 636. 793. a os a) [154 205 301 Fromeg. (11418 jponataael= ea 696 799] [S41 616 770 48 2 8 16 20 acoCayey-Hamilion theorem veried- eg Doth ie by A, we got Balad a0 44 25 at] [11 22 33] [4 0 0] a-|25 45 56[+/22 44 55|+/0 4 0 ai 56 70} [33°55 66] [0 0 4! 1-3 Ate|-3 3-1) 2-1 0 89 510 635 10 0] [000 js}o 1 0j=[0 0 0 12 20 24] [0 0 1] [p00 Acta -(A?- 114-40) ‘Que 115. | Find the characteristic equation of the matrix 142 ate A*- 6+ 9A*-243- 1244 4 994-91. Tswer | ‘The characteristic equation of A is A-il}=0 115 C (Sem) 1-16C (Sem-1) Matrices wecGemy (1-2) [6 -52.422-2) =0 (1-07-54 M=0 4-0 2-4117f2 11) f6 5 5 awa|a1 2 a\/a 2 -al-|-5 6 5) 11 2}|1 41 2} ls + 6 fe 5 5]f2 11 aa|-5 6 -5/[-1 2 -1 5 5 6|[1 a2 22-21 21] “21 22 2 [2 21 2 22 -21 m1) [36 -90 20 Atoat+sa—ar=|-21 22 -21|-|-30 36-20 30-30 36 -9 9] [4 0 o} 18 -9|-lo 4 9| -9 1s} [0 0 4 za 21 22 [Now computing the given equation, = AS GAP SAt~ 2A" 124" «224 97 = AS— GAP + 9A'— 4A? + 4A? — 24° — 124% + 294 —9F ~ GA? + SA ~ A+ 24?~ 124" + 234 ~97 4 2(A"- GAP +94 41) + 54-7 +2(0)+5A-1 2-11) [100 =5/-1 2 -1|-[0 10 11 2] foo.‘Also ex! polyno! Ass areal 24 #708 8 a0 mial B= AY ~ 147 ~ 448 4 gs, Mratie polynomialin A and hence fat 1-18C (Sem-1) ee Same as Q. 1. Matrices Page 1140, Unit 1 0-1 b aica| -1 0-4 PART-4 Linear Dependence and Independence of Vectors. Answer: Ate ARTO 2018-19, Marks ip fer Q. 1.14, Page I-14C, Unite AP AltA‘ = 1A 8484 24 47 Pda +I +A 1A'—4A+D + At Ay) (116. Characteristic oqustonfmatix e- ‘+120 By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, AY ~ 114 4A +T=0 1.63) (On putting value of eg. (1.16.2) in eq. (1.16.1), we get BeAteAt] 129 ata |2 45 35 6 4 B=|25 31 16 =|27 34 6 6 56 a 50 aL Es 3] [14 25 3Y 5|-|25 45 56 6) [31 56 70 ai] fi 2 3] [1 0 0 s6|+/2 4 5|+/0 1 0 70} [3 5 6] |o 0 1. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix CONGEPT OUTLINE Linear Dependence and Linear Independence :Aset ofn-vectors a,x, =Oandifall ay, Matrix : Let A be any square matrix of ordern and ate, The matrix (A ~ 2J] is called the characteristic matrix ofA where [is an identity matrix of order n. | mia aye tn zy aan) tap Also the determinant JA—if| =|“ "2 Sm | reg Gyo Egg ‘and the coots ofthis equation ‘or eigen values ofA. non-zerovector | ‘eigen vector of = Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions | Jase ee 3 the characteristic polynomial Questions-Answers (0,0, Dbe clement yearly independent. sor af : stent aT REA 10420and-oy +05 =0 ay =dy 20 vectors is linearly independent, Adding these two, we get 3u,> 4a, 4 -ie +2, = 0, we get we 5 4 weet 2 4g gy e g (27g Matuy=0 1-20€ (Sem-1) ‘anist Hence, there exist scalars not all equa to zero such that equation (1.19.1) is, satisfied. Therefore they are linearly dependent, ‘Que 1.20, ] Show that the vectors, =(1,2,3),,=18,-2,11,,=(1,-6, 5] forma linearly dependent system. 3a, +a,~52,=0 Solving the above equations (1.20.2) and (1.20.8), we get 2 42% 2 KGa = aS = K (say) ‘Thus for any value of K equation is satisfied. Hence the vectors are linearly dependent. PARTS Eigen Values and Bigen Vectors. CONCEPT GUTLINE Let A be an x n matrix. Suppose the linear transformation ¥ = AX transform X into a scalar multiple ofiteelfi.., AX=V=iX Questions-Answers ‘Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions ARTO 2031-22, Marks 10owe | TEM ge nbaais aes 234977 15,4720 eigenvalues are 13.7 Bocce ep ean be caesated as fllows: 11 yy =] il palo Bs all lel ess © X= When 1-220 (Som-1) Matrices 6 a .early independent eigen vectors. Is it possible to obtain a iagonalize this matrix ? 3 10 5) ‘Que 122, | Show that the matrix A= |-2 -3 ~4|, hasless than = 10 [-14 + 2. + 19] +5 [-10+9+ 34) =0 20] = 10 (2 —2)+ 584-1) =0 20+ 15.-5=0 ~ = 2.23, Bigen veetor for = 2 Esp} [3 5 5 2} Lo xe ly +5220 =Be-Sy-4ee 0 Ax tby eden1-24 (Sem-1) sme (220 and eg (1.22.8), we gt similarity transformation is not possible [4 2 tothe eigen vector onvestor|| med]ig Mathematics -T Engineering. 1-26 (Sem-1) Matrices 3 2-81 3+5F S Que iraz|2+3i 6 i | them prove that Ais a-5i -i 7 pmol 0 > #=2 “Answer = steed 3 asa 8-5F rr) F tonjugate oray=|2-3i 5 4 | =BGay) 1 | sesh 87 4 ‘Then B=|24+3 5 i iu 7 PART-6 ; : 3 aa 9-8i Compler Matrices, Hermitian, Skew-Hermnitian and Unitary i Gyulew 6 2. [2a ‘Matrices, Applications to Engineering Problems. Fe Fl agegeceteeea) GONGEPT GUTLINE BisHermitianie, Z is Hermitian. Complex Conjugate of a Matrix : A m: which complex js0126.| Show that the matrix i ears clements are replaced by its corresponding conjugate complex s p+ a ‘mbersiscallecomplex conjugute ofthat matrix. tis denotedas 7 epee Rad | ForEsamplesIf A= Ee | wanever | : Ae a= [fe Bera az. [lei 2-38 [pes ani ae [Ta mn Matrix: A square matrix Ais said to bo Hermitian if a-[e 28 pu asiy m Matrix: A square matrix A is said tobe skew ; matrix Ais 8 ee ay[ere Fe Terran ae dire Si] | Unita ; | Aggy Matehx «A square matrix A is said to be unitaryveal ona [po ay JLP ” _pranep-i (040-484 EPH) CHD +10 ~iy ai stared ene aisaitery ait onsingular matrices P and Q such that Pag i, ‘ARTU 2020-21, Marks 19] ‘QoeL | Find ne 118 ‘normal form, |1 2 3)- oat 1-28¢ (Sem-1) Matrices 100) [2-10] fro -r 824-4 1p 1 a)e|-1 1 olalo 1 o ooo} [1 -1a} foo y 100] [2-10] [10-1 GGG Joy of =|-1 1 ofafo a -1 ooo) [1-11] loo 4 [Now this is required normal form PAQ, therefore on comparing, wwe get 2-10 10-1 P=|-1 1 0fandQ=|0 1-1) oo] a-nd ©002-20 (Sem-1) Differential Caleulus-I PART-1 ‘Successive Differentiation (nth Order Derivatives), Leibnitz Theorem. GONGEPT GUTLINE ‘Some Standard Results for n"* Derivative are: een Din Sins Detox E Dees Gtatian ara 3 : go ee aS s 2 re rt a sett to rpg | | 1 Drintars)=orain (1S +0004) Pertal Derivatives 19C to 1-260 8 Dr cos(ax +0) =a"cos (n5+ax+8) 9. Drew sin (bx-+e)=7" where +: Buler's Theorem for soe 1-26C, Homugeneous Fu Total Derivatives (oe +048) ‘and v are any two functions ofx such that all their desired differential coefficients exist, then the n! differential coofficient oftheir product is given by D* (wv) = °C,D* uv +*C,D* u Dv +"C, Du Dv tenet MCD UDO + cack UDO _Questions-Answors ‘Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions Qu Find the n'* differential coefficient of 210 (Sem-1)Dy D as Jn 9| 280 Gem, rt 1 24 1+ 2005204 ent yeasts Jovorr] auace tee) eT) is Afnestet 2 1 3, Lg5 99+ bens 4 yo Peper ters beaten (244%) m),2 1 ca cosa 28 gen debt os (200) Fe ost =) yeoabesinat at = E(asinaxcos bx) ye esin (a+8)x-+ain(a~6)2] atesiye ea 1 0+%8) [eirslesner a7 apse] y= sinxcos 8x y= Hsinds-sin2s) dae rsa 25-22-28) que2a, ln ten derivative ata { a. ies = oath nat) 2 patted (sata eax) PF 2-4 (Sem) Differential Caleudus-1 —_— eT We know that, Where Now differentiating y, Where 0 tan Ao cot BeeRR 1, = Ele tg awed wn n= g log x}+ (n=)! =n, +(2-D! Iza, y+a-t | Quez.a | teu =sin nz + eos ns, then prove that u,=n"(1+ CY sin ans}, where u, is ther“ differential coefficient of u wart.2. ‘The differential coefficient of wis given as up ntein (n+22) +1 cone) On squaring and taking the square root, we getgarner Booey LS [usin a (voy s Y and si, Pn 0) cov-ts, then show that (1-29) 9,,5~(2n 44 sorory (nts may, = 0and ve Qn+ Day, sehee tog) then show ==, 27 OR #D8% 541 —(n Hee ese cgay, whens =O: “i =a) gael _C siete oe, meee TS ; ie ee ; W253) 03g Differentiating oq (2.5.4) times by Leibnitz theorem, we got G27, 9+ 20 Ip C25, 2p Ma 2D Yaean 2N41) ayy, Cn" + may, = 0 (258) Fromeg.(25.1)y(0) =e" or10 = @ # Fromeq.(25.2)y,(0) = =e? F Piteretal Caos -1 ent (-me#) mt gnc (am) 2400 (nF) ome enc (0) = (B+ m4) 90) = (92 4 m2) ( tt nie) yf) = =m (2 + m2) (32 +m?) YO) = (8 + m8) 90) = 22-484 m2) oF |— mitt? +m?) (3? +m?) f= emlet, ifnisodd mB + MVE £m) nalln—2? +me2, ifnigeven J— mitt? +m?) (3? + > ifnisodd and y,.2= lm %(2? + mt) (4? + Que 2s. | ty +y- I = 2s, prove that CED Ia t Ont DIqygt + 2m 9, =0. Answer | 7 » ifniseven Given: y¥ray-Me= Be Let zayin So, ztrlode 2241-22=0 N ee tee (ea) ‘Taking positive sign, ye tes (eam aye mis Poa a = mise?" mw =1 On squaring both 2 Dy de mtyt 262)Py=0 ean mey hie 2 Mea)ntimesby Leibniz theorem, nin=) +ny, ~ sation SEE By + HYnat +, ~My, = pn DAI HEMI =O yr, then find the n'* derivagi quent Jity= washer Vativeatyy 20. on yn (eo flew find, AKTU 202 [ARETO 2081-22, Manisa) ‘Answer ‘reat yes fee nf Diterentiatingeg. (2.7. sift, 2) jenn erie] five nem 214 On squaring bthsides, (esth,t= me Diferentaing above equation aguin, or (L+3ty, +27 {213 ilforentiating eg. nin Dy +275, ait Gm, 72) 04 (2.7.8) and (2.74) respect = (mn? — (0) 18 neg. (2:75) ) = (m1) (0) =m? 1) 3(0)= (m2 2 90) 2-22) Differential Cal yscisem-!) 286 $_____________~*~ yO) = (232) (0) = (m2 39m? — yO) = (mt) (m2 — Pmt and Sag above results, we have 20° (isen Guedh: | Ify= eters then prove that (+49, + @s— Ny, =Oand pe (20r+ De—tly, 5, tml + Dy, =O. ‘ARTO 20RD a1, Marke 10 as, “Answer Given y= t's (28. Differentiating eq. (2.8.1) wa.ts, we got 2.82) 4x29 Differentiating 09. (2.8.2) w.r.tx, we get (14 ayy + 20, = 91 (14th, +29,-94 0 (at, + (2e— Dy, =0 +(2nx—Dy, +n(n=1) (284) Differentiating eq. 2.8.4) againw.r.tx, we get Vyas +2) + 20y, , + (2nx Dy, 5+ Bay, trim ~ Dy, =O Cexty, 2+ Qin + Lely, .y #nln+ ty, =0 Que2_ | Prove that: pim,n) = E> On>0. [m+n ‘Answer fie wef em etdrvring Mathematics-T Boginee perp ete Replacing bY Multiplying bth sides bye” erate | emt ds Integrating bah sides wit frm 00% Bf evenae=] eiffe i” sate ‘Let, ' 2(1+z) 29 vy Orie Talm= [ xf e* tlm f = inva Film=lmn pm, m) Tala ‘Tous, Bm, m) = Que 210. | Ify= sinm sin"), prove that : A-29 3,,4- (n+ Dry,.4~ 0? mi)y, = Oand find, atx=0, [ARTO201E-19, Marks 10 oR. Ify =sin (m sin-1x), find the value of y, at x = 0. == ARTU 2020-21, Marks 10 = sn mins) (2203) ne mitnsinty Be 10.10 [L-x* y, = m cos(m sin-1 x) Squaring both sien, 1-28) 5,8= mos sinh =m? (1 sin? (m sin, cos?x = 1~sin*a} 2-10 (Sem-1) Differential Caleulus -1 a Te=EeeeeeeOO iT = my") ifferentiating both sides wr.tx ‘Again dif x 2 (1-2) 99,92— 20) = ~2mbyy, as 74729, 4 my 0 2103) Now, differentiating eq (2.11.9) n times by Leibnite theorem, Dig ya 129) + "C19 e 1K 28) + "C095 2 ~ Wy 2) 4 *C, y,(1)) +miy, =0 a (2) 9p 2- (ON + DY, (n= mb, = 0 (2104 By putting x= 0in eq. (2.10.0, eq. (2.10.2) eg.(2.10.), and eq, (2 10.0, we get (2.105) Putting n =1, 2,3, we get ys(0) = (12 = my (0) = m2). 9) = (22—m2y,(0)=0 ¥5(0) = (8? m2\12—m2)m (0) = (42m) (22 m2hy, (0) =0 Ingeneral, co ={° AO tn 29? —m (Que 2:11. | If sin y =2 log(x +1) show that (+89, 2+ On + DG+ Dy, + (02449, 20 sin“ty= 2k ARTU 2018-19, Marks 10 ‘Answer ye Differentiating eq. (2.11.1 2 =m), when nis odd G@+D @+0) tix, we get ALD) y= cost? log(s +1 (+ Ly, = 2 cosl2 log (e+ 1} Again differentiating eq. (2.11.2) w.r.t.x, we get 2 +D (211.2) (+ Dy, +94 = —2sinl2 log Ge + (4 D8y, + (e+ Dy, =—dy G+ D+ + Dy, bay 0 (2.11.8)rnethod of finding approximate shape y iar or parametric equation withyy ta points. parabolas. Where the two parameter a and 6 are connected by the relais a+b=ewherec is agiven constant. “wwe | Using the given relation atbze Eliminate b=e~c from the given family Which is now a one-parameter family of parabolas with a as the paras Differentisting eee 2-12 (Sem-l) Differential Cateutus-1 ny” 2.122) reget the required envelope as sy Que Bis. | Find the evolute of the hyperbola =z-57=1. Deduce the evolute of a rectangular hyperbola. Bguation of hyperbola fv 2.19.) ae Differentiating wa.t. x, we got Bx _2y my 25.2989 ob or (2182) (218.3) Now the eenter of curvature is2139 033) ag ‘Que 214, | Trace the curve y"(a-a) =2°. ‘Answer Given curve: y%a-x)=2° ‘are even, the curve is symmetrical contain any constant term; the Yeaxis by equating the coefficient of hi ‘Weean disor the position ofthe curve w.r.t. asymptote ==: 2-14€ Sem-1) Differential Calculus -I ‘Tangent + 4, Points of Intersection wit surve meet X-axis and Y-axis at the origin only 5. Region : Equation ofc ye fis negative for a. ‘Thus curve does not exist for a cos 0=1ord=0 For 0= 0, x= a(0~sin 0) = 0, Therofore, the curve passes through the origin,; Bagineering Mathematics T 3. Asymptotes : Since for inginite, therefore the 4. Points of Intersecti i. Intersection wit ‘=O which give X=0. Therefore, ii Intersection with Y-axis Putting « 1 scree 0, which is satisfied by only 0=0, which gives, =0 ‘mherefore, intersection with Y-axis is (0,0) & Region : We know that - 1 Sc0s 0<1 Multiplying by we get 12 —eos02-1 or ~1S~cos0S1 ois 1-cos0s1+1 or 0S1~cos0s2 Oa(l-cos0)<22 or 0SyS2a Curve lies between the lines y =0 andy = 2a. 6 Special Points : From eq. 2.17.1), a 4 = a{l-cos6)and & =e sin® (a o08 6) and 1 tang Corresponding values of x, y and dyldx for different values of ® are siven below: a asad 8 4 “8 (273) al cos 8) a | = [0 Jo($-s) | or fa(%-2) [ae y 0 @ 2a @ 0 | #{ ef 1 Jo] a |e ‘Tangent atthe poi From eq. (2.1 BITC (Gems 2-18 Semel) Dien Caletas-1 andy doesnt tends Pf ny ite valu of x andy fo eee teva or SE = 2 coset tense, 2 seneative rll vaaesoto 2 Thecurveis concave downwards. Que 2.18. | Find the envelope of the family oflines = 2 =1, where a*s and b are connected by the relation a" +b" =e", (ARTU 2020-21, Marke 10 ‘Answer ‘The equation of the given family of curve is x,y Seder (218.1) ‘where the parameter a and b are connected by the relation sincethereis eee, (2182) isarclation between a and therefore we shall regard as 2183) Elimination a and b between eq, (2.18.1), (2.18.2) and e9.(2.185), we get the required envelope aa2-196 (Sem) neering Mathematics -T Engineering: 2-20C (Sem-1) Differential Cateutus-1 Que 29. ]If, z= 27+ 9" verify #-2. “Raswer | 2294" 2.19.0) Differentiating wr-t.x, we have (2.186) au, ou rove thats 4 y = 2eotn. ae *? ay ou atu | yu Also evaluates? Fe +2ay +25 +9t Te. AKTU 2020-21, Marke 10 ‘tis not a homogenous function so we convert it into a homogenous function, ‘Questions-Answers Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions eerscies nls Aiea naie ieee roe | SS ee, ‘Now, itis a homogenous function of degree 22-21 (Sema) ‘Engineering Mathematics T Now, by Bur’ formula eet gud, fw), , See (' eee) sey SoG eutane re 2H, yt geotw sho Ser Also, by Buler’s formula, = 00 = 11 [tere et -m } =-Deot [2 cosec? u+11 = 2cot u [-2eosec! u~ 1) Queda] For what value of n, w= 1° (3 eos" @ - 1) satisfies the a (#2) +A 3 (sn0$) =07 A212) Differentiating tw. we get = © pra costo- 10] =r eos! 0-1) = m(n+l) (8 cost 0-1) (2.21.2) eee & op (3¢-25in20)) =—aresin 2 (Sanne) nen sino -arsat cod (in 205 2sin 0080) sé Blo Blo 20 tsem:) Dea ae pace) ote atalino) or eare-nto 1(@ oe) « 2 h(E (sin02) «or aeto- ara lor) oreo owl te asin (213) no n(n + 1) (3 cos* 0~ 1)— Gr" (3 cos? 9-1) = 0 "(3 cos* 0— 1) [n?+n-6] =0 Since, r" (3 cos? 0-1) #0 2.218) (Que 22, | tu = fi) where r?=2* +94, show that atu, ou 1 Bu Pu purrs pin Seo reve tre “Answer Petey? 2.221) Differentiating partially w.rt. x, we get @r as aor 9 Lak py wan x, we get fovx(-$ 2) roto 2 ww) =w 2+ ww 20+ w 20 [-Lend-nen-enZew- £00] at py-£2 pent pent=lp— pnes =F pm-S i prsE poet pn-S r+ 5 PO) 228 prin = Bro Sr = Sere Sro = Srosro Sinitay, 2 = 5 Harn) {Using eg. (2.22.0)Engineering Mathematis~ 1 eae Sr wet = rot rey 2 Given FF ax-y ‘aking logon eth sides, we got hat Beaty A stogte-yi 2 Ly =y) 2a = -y) 2a a = og (2-9) 27 and, = Toy tog 9) By ny) & step) stag tev) 97 2S asta 4+ iy lg e-y) Now adding. (2.2.1 and eg. (2.28.2), wo got @ Es axle ty) ple ty) ax? 9? Que228 ites (FF; FH ands =ucos., Prova SoS] a] Oe «Be te | aw 22 a any ; y ey then show that yEare eat oS 4B oye) Bay lg ey) e009) #2 og 3) “a ey (22831 yz uo the 2-240 (Sem-l) Differential Caleutus-1 ae ifn Cato 'T ou wine Wied five Sinlay, ae | xusinv)+ ylucoso)+24 wy fxr + y? 2? i =suwsin + yuo esau @ [Payee and, 2 enemas ys ean nese wfise® = bu uae, duds , du at © Or de” Os Gx” OF Or 24/1), uy, e(-2) Ade = 22) Bon ¥(3)-38<9), au/ 1 au. Mg 24}. (2). mde day a Sone a}-S0)- gR ae gu _ yu 2 io pe sat 2254 omadding (2.25.1, 092.252) and e4 (2.25.9), we get oa, OH, OH 20 tay a Gabe] true tan? (2)-y* tan" (2) 9 0 prove tha Differentiating wt, we got 1 w= sttan'(2)-pPtan ‘(8 we yt Ley? = 2xtan™| 2] —. ast seth Gu B+ gaw(2)-] Sop te (T a ~z- “sy ee Pas 2-260 (Sem-1) Differential Caleutus-1 ‘Que 227, | If V= (2x~ dy, By 4z, 42-20) prove that OV, + 4V,+3V,= 0, Let v=f.@R Where, Pobre graye Rae 5 v,= HP, M2, WaR ef 5” @P ee Qa OR ox 5-3 v= 2% 0-2¥ id oP ei 2 oR VV oy, = 2% ® 2m) p= Ee = Xa Mey e® Similarly, v= Fea Boro 3 0¥ --2% 2% 123 w,- 2% enn Vo ® cye™ v= Mos Mae, a8, n= Lor Teor Te 2 9a¥ gv, = 12% 12% e219 2 hoe (ema) On adding eq, (2.27.1), €q (2.27.2) and oq, (2.27.8), ye get 6V, + 4V, +3V, 20 PART-4 Euler's Theorem for Homogeneous Functions, Total Derivatives. CONCEPT OUTLINE Buler’s Theorem Ifu is a homogeneous function of = and y of. du, degree n then tym Total Derivatives If = f(x,y), where x = f, (0,9 =f, (0, then du. ou ds du dy Gay dt du / dts called the total differential coefficient of u w.rt.ematies-T ; Baginering Mates 2-280 (Sem-1) Differential Caleulus-1 ‘Questions-Answers Soe a sar Scena le eee i is | funetions. au derivative and verify the (Que 236. | Find SP asa total Fesult hy == "| A. Buler’s Theorem :Ifu is a homogencous function of x andy of degree 1, then fe yteetand x = eM y og direct substitution ite =a% + 9% + 24 and = = 6! yo tt ogy zee sin St. “aaower | du _ duds au dy , du de a edt dt ad B. Proof: Let, a og 2g Oe 8 06, Moy, Bane ey ae | j de dy 2 sir woe, 9 on 3¢— Se sin 36 dt e dt (229.1) ae 1H wet sin +S cos 8 a 2e sin 3 + Be! St Putting al values neg, (2281), we get GE MO at 5-50 rn sin te wasn = tee + Aye cos 8 ~ Gye sin t+ dzo™ sin 3¢ + Gee eos SY Adding eq, (2.29.1) and eq, (3.29.2), we get 7 Aelle + y os t+ sin 34 — Gey sin 8¢—z cos”) a Meera e ee 5% ene fe) ~ 6efe% cos 3¢ sin 3t —e% cos 3 {++ y =e eos 3¢and z =e” sini a at FAP Met «et gg gyaety ety ‘QeeB, | Prove hat su, ¢om,» Etanwit vi { 38492) cos 31) + (e% sin 34)? 8° 3t + sin? 34) ee ee)sionotanonngenis fasting ote convert tint a homog, function. a 8 tansy Lita e2Ginw)+y2Ginw) =n (sinw) wey ue yeosu lt = 2 sinu | eos yeosutt = 5 au, au 8 yy MS tany aay 2 Bay! ‘Que 21, | Verify Euler's theorem forz = =, * >. By? me norma Efe) ezenenus fnetion of degre (-U/6). Thus, using Bol) | So, zis aos theorem & & 1 tyes A, & 7 | 2-80 (Sem-1) Ly aagging yt) Dynal ay gee gama +9) & Similar, y= : a aay Now, Bay Ze et ae ey PF ea.) thos, 2Z4y%e de aay 6 Que2s, | tu = cos! (GEE3p) then show that 20 yO ey Taswer | Here, we have, w= om (E44) TF est ve en an 12 ag TARTU 2018-19, Marks 10 1 +} cotu=0 ery _10+2) a 21s ahomogeneous function in x,y of degree 4@ yz 1 sy Bue’ theorem, WORBVE #3, 7 =52 yy Bole's theorems wel wu, 21, tue wy 2 1 au au i (sin u) = 5 cos w i esi + 2 z x yyy cove Eee | CONTENTS 00 1 Bapansion of Ponta By nnn, ABO to BTC Maxime and Minima of mmnouinnee SBC to 8-186 Functions of St Variables, Le Method of Mult + Jacobians, Approximation of Errore 3-10 (Sem-1)gineering Mathematies-1 SOC em Matrig, (2 Marks Questi, ons) TT OO wut fou af serena AYE, 1] alae or Prove that the matrix A = Ble a “ Fite, we] weal i] ma AS SAB EE 12, IfA is a unitary matrix, show that A~! is also unitary. AM AA*= AA = a oe a ons 18, Show that the matrix =|-7 0 5i| is Hermitian matrix. 3i1 0 ois aa [3 0 5 310 _fo-a s Aa|-7 0 -a| 31 1 0} 5q-2.0(Sem-1) 2 Marks Questions squcemy Ce 0-7-3 (Ays|-i 0 1 3-5 0. asAeAy : enc, he given matriis not Hermitian matrix. 1e eigen values of the given matrix A 14, For what value of are real 10 5+i 4 Az|x 20 2 42-10 ‘ans; We know that, for Hermitian matrix, (A) =A ma tcp os), [19 © 2) aare [tf] mem Tif ome ‘xn Taking LHS, aie [: aE aE 3] 2 of2 oll2 of [e8 W]-s 3] [12 wy = [0 “ke oli “La al [asso “87 _[- 65 87 -[oin aol -[s 0) 15, For the given matric A= | ‘Taking RHS, 5 -3 f1 0 194+ 307= +3 1 of ol sol) ‘l [2 -87] [30 0) _[-65. -87 =|as 0 |*Lo s0]=| 38 30 LHS = RHS (Fence proved) 12 14, Caleulate the inverse of the matrix | + 7]. the verso the mae [2 2 12 ang -{ af A=IA bak b sea ee wematios 1 $@-80(6em., ‘Engineering Math 2 27/2 [A [o J} Ls i oper Fao Ror, RR 2, a gk 0-8 10) 78 23], fb tk [es Are Rok T2A44 pe apes 23 ms (50) Ar] L7. Define veetor space. {non empty) set V of vectors with the same ponents nach hat with any twovector @ and Bin Vall theirlinear combinations @@ +B 8 (a, P any real numbers) are elements of V. 18, Reduce the matrix A to triangular form. 123 as|257 212 123 rd As|257 912 v2 3 RyRy 2h =fo.a4 oR fave] Roo RyRy Ry 19, Reduce the matrix 1] into form and find its | into normal form a TARTU 2081-22, Marks 02| — jem) qo 5m 2 Marks Questions ff clark ae As ii 11 “lo -2 al Rak BR, -[; ° HI O30,-¢, 0-2-2) G+G-¢ 1 00 -[ 2 a Cs O,-0, 100 [ora] sees = lh 1 7 Since the order of identity matrixis 2, hence the rank s2. 110, For which value of '' the rank of the matrix 154 A= (0/3 2] is27 b 18 10| ome haha —— CY‘Bngineering Mathematics 288-2)= as I o 0,0,3 $850 eq, Q-WF-N-10-9-D 410-14 ay} 29 $M 14 h4A1=0 22 a 142, Find the rank of the matrix|2 2 9}, Rank of matrix = 222 ‘Number of non-zeroes row = 1 TAS Tethe cigen values ofmatrixA are 1,1, 1, then find the eigen values of A?+ 24 + 37, ‘Ans. Eigen values of A? a re 1, 18,12 Eigen values of 24 are 2,2, 2 Eigen values of SF are 3, 3, 3 114 tbe matic a APs A+ er, AKTU 2018-19, Marks 02) SOLA + 2443 are +249),14249)=6,6,6 12 3 0 3 5], then find the eigen value of 00-2 [AKTU 2081-22, Marks 02 03 5 ris A= ‘xns, Mats 00 3 eet He Bigen values of A® are: ( (-2)"=—1,27,-§ Eigen value of A® + 54 + 8f = (@1- (-8-10+8)=2, 50,-10 548,07 +545, 116. Show that veetors (1, 6,4), (0,2, 3) and (0, 1,2) ae inary independent. [ARTU 2019-0, ark 0] iateo ‘Hence given matrix is non-singular Score eae age .ctors are linearly independet oe the geno , c (Sem-D) 7 sa = Mer tag “12 3