Expt.

Topics / Experiments Page

No. No.

1. Balanced Diet 3
1. To analyse own food items and check if the daily diet 4
is balanced one.
2. Test of Solubility 8
2. To test the solubility of solid and liquid substances. 8
3. Sedimentation and Decantation 11
3. To separate the mixture of sand and water using the processes 11
of sedimentation and decantation.
4. Filteration 14
4. To filter a mixture of chalk and water. 14
5. Conduction of Water and Minerals in Plants 17
5. To show that stem conducts water and minerals in the plant. 17
6. Transpiration 20
6. To demonstrate the process of transpiration. 20
7. To Study Joints in Our Body 23
7. Locating joints in the human body and exploring the range of 23
movements they allow.
8. Conductors and Insulators 26
8. To classify a few substances as conductors or insulators. 26
9. A Freely Suspended Magnet 29
9. To show that a freely suspended magnet always comes to rest in 29
the north-south direction.
10. Oxygen : A Component of Air 31
10. To show that oxygen is one of the components of air. 31

Published by :
CONVENT PUBLICATION
J-2/16, Padam Chand Marg, Daryaganj,
New Delhi–110002
Mob. : +91-9868077484, 9711623862
E-mail : [email protected]

Printed at :
 1 Balanced Diet

A diet which contains all the essential nutrients, like carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins and minerals, in the right proportion for normal growth and functioning of the
body is called a balanced diet.
Besides nutrients, a balanced diet must contain enough roughage and water. A
balanced diet is essential for everybody as it provides all the essential nutrients and
adequate energy required by the body to carry out various life activities. The composition
of balanced diet for the children of age group 10-12 years, as recommended by Indian
Council of Medical Research (ICMR), is given in the following table.
Table 1.1 : Balanced diet, as recommended by ICMR, for
vegetarian children (in grams)
Food item Children
Boy Girl
Cereals 420 380
Pulses 45 45
Leafy vegetables 50 50
Other vegetables 50 50
Milk 250 250
Oil and fats 40 35
Sugar or jaggery 45 45
Root and tubers (roughage) 30 30

Non-vegetarians could replace some of the items mentioned in the above table by egg,
fish or meat, as given below.
Table 1.2 : Substituted diet for non-vegetarian
Food items which can be deleted Substitution that can be
for non-vegetarian diet suggested for deleted items

50% of pulses (i) One egg or 30 gm of meat or fish

(ii) Additional 5 gm of fat or oil

100% of pulses (i) Two eggs or 50 gm of meat or fish

(ii) 10 gm of fat or oil

Besides these, 8-10 glasses of water per day is also recommended.

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 3

 1

To analyse own food items and check if the daily diet is
balanced one.

A diet which contains all the essential nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins and minerals in the right proportion for normal growth and functioning of the
body is called a balanced diet. Besides nutrients, a balanced diet must contain enough
roughage and water.
A balanced diet is essential for everybody as it provides all the essential nutrients
and adequate energy required by the body to carry out various life activities.

A notebook, pencil and eraser.

(i) Note down the name and quantity of food items you are taking in breakfast,
lunch, dinner, snacks, etc., on a daily basis (see Table 1.3).
(ii) Now, categories these food items into cereals, pulses, vegetables, milk, oil and
fats, etc., as given in Table 1.4.
You have to be a little careful while categorising these food items. For example,
suppose you consumed a total of 10 chapatis on that day. Then write down
the amount of cereal (atta) that is required to make those 10 chapatis. You
can, of course, take help of your mother.
Similarly, if you had taken kheer then write the amount of cereal (rice), milk
and sugar that were used to make the amount of kheer you consumed. If
your dal contained ghee, note down that quantity of ghee in the ‘oil and fats’
section of the table. The important thing is you have to note down each and
every food item taken on that day. DO NOT SKIP ANYTHING.

Also, note down the amount of water taken during the day.
(iii) Make a daily dietary record for a complete week. It is important because the
food habit of a person may change over a week, particularly in the weekends.
(iv) Now calculate the average amount of food items consumed during the whole
week and compare it with the balanced diet chart as recommended by ICMR
(given in Tables 1.1 and 1.2).
Also, calculate the average amount of water taken during the whole week.

4 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

 Table 1.3 : Name and quantity of food taken in
different meals on a particular day

(i) Breakfast ..............................................................................................................

(ii) Lunch ..............................................................................................................
(iii) Dinner ..............................................................................................................
(iv) Snacks ..............................................................................................................

Table 1.4 : Dietary Record of the week

Average
   Food item Quantity of food taken over the week Quantity of
(in gm or ml) food taken
(in gm or ml)

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7

Cereals
Pulses
Leafy vegetables
Other vegetables
Milk
Oil and fats
Sugar or Jaggery
Roughage
(Roots and tubers)
Egg
Fish
Meat

As per the dietary record of a week, my diet is balanced/not balanced.

(If not balanced, then)
I have to make the following correction/s to make it a balanced one :
1. ....................................................................................................................................................................
2. ....................................................................................................................................................................
3. ....................................................................................................................................................................

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 5

 (i) Note down the amount of food items consumed accurately. Do not skip anything.
(ii) Make a dietary record of at least one complete week.

Q. 1. What is a balanced diet ?

Ans. A diet which contains all the essential nutrients like, carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins and minerals, in the right proportion for normal growth and functioning of
the body is called a balanced diet.
Q. 2. Write two significances of taking a balanced diet.
Ans. A balanced diet provides us all the essential nutrients in the right quantities for proper
growth and development of our body. Secondly, it provides adequate energy required
by the body to carry out various life activities.
Q. 3. Is there any difference between the required balanced diet of a male and a
female of the same age group ?
Ans. Yes. The recommended balanced diet of a male is more than that of a female of the
same age group.
Q. 4. What are nutrients ? Name the major nutrients.
Ans. Nutrient is component of a food item. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and
minerals are the major nutrients.
Q. 5. Which foods are called energy-giving foods ?
Ans. Foods that contain carbohydrates and fats are called energy-giving foods. Sugar, honey,
cereals, butter, oil, nuts, etc., are some of such foods.
Q. 6. What is roughage ?
Ans. Dietary fibres are called a roughage. These do not provide any nutrient to our body, but
are an essential component of our food. These help our body to get rid of undigested
food.
Q. 7. Name a few protein-rich foods.
Ans. Wheat, pulses, soyabean, milk, egg white, meat, etc.
Q. 8. Why is milk considered as a complete food ?
Ans. Milk contains all the essential nutrients, i.e. carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and
minerals in the desired proportion. Besides, it also contains lots of water. So, milk is
considered as a complete food.
Q. 9. What is obesity ?
Ans. Obesity is a condition resulting due to the consumption of too much fat-
rich foods. An obese person appears fat and blubbery. He/she is also prone to
many diseases.

6 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

 Q. 10. What happens when a person does not get enough proteins in his/her food
for a long time ?
Ans. If a person does not get enough proteins in his/her food, he/she is likely to have stunted
growth, face swelling, hair discolouration, skin diseases, diarrhoea etc.

1. Which of the following is called body-building food ?

(i) Carbohydrates (ii) Fats (iii) Proteins (iv) Vitamins
2. What is the daily requirement of milk for the children of age group 10-12, as
recommended by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) ?
(i) 100 ml (ii) 250 ml (iii) 400 ml (iv) 500 ml
3. Butter is rich in
(i) carbohydrates (ii) proteins (iii) fats (iv) vitamins
4. Which of the following in not a source of roughage?
(i) Green leafy vegetables (ii) Radish
(iii) Carrot (iv) Sugar
5. Vitamins and minerals are called
(i) energy-giving food (ii) body-building food
(iii) protective food (iv) none of the above
6. Which vitamin helps the body to fight against diseases?
(i) Vitamin A (ii) Vitamin D (iii) Vitamin E (iv) Vitamin C
7. One of your classmates is very fat and blubbery. What do you think, which
type of food he has been insisting on ?
(i) Carbohydrate-rich food (ii) Fat-rich food
(iii) Protein-rich food (iv) Vitamin-rich food

1. (iii) 2. (ii) 3. (iii) 4. (iv)

5. (iii) 6. (iv) 7. (ii)

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 7

 2 Test of Solubility

The substances that dissolve in a liquid are called soluble (in that liquid), while those
that do not dissolve are called insoluble (in that liquid).
Similarly, the liquids which dissolve in water are called miscible liquids. The liquids
which do not dissolve in water are called immiscible liquids.
In this experiment, solubility of some solid and liquid substances in water is tested.

2

To test the solubility of solid and liquid substances.

The substances that dissolve in a liquid are called soluble (in that liquid), while those
that do not dissolve are called insoluble (in that liquid).
Similarly, the liquids which dissolve in water are called miscible liquids. The liquids
which do not dissolve in water are called immiscible liquids.

(A) SOLIDS

A teaspoon each of sugar, salt, chalk powder, sand and sawdust; five glasses, five
spoons, and water.

(i) Five glasses are taken and each of them is filled up with about two-thirds of
water.
(ii) Now, a spoonful of sugar is added into the first glass and thoroughly stirred
up with a spoon.
(iii) Similarly, a spoonful of salt is added into the second glass, chalk powder into
the third, and so on. All the contents are stirred up thoroughly.
Care should be taken that different spoons are used for adding and stirring
different substances. If a single spoon is used, it should be washed out properly
after using it for any substance.
(iv) The contents are left undisturbed for a few minutes and then observed to see
what happened to the substances that were added into the water.
(v) If the substance disappeared, i.e. dissolved into the water, it means
the substance is soluble in water. But if it did not disappear (dissolved), it
is insoluble.

8 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

 Substance Disappeared Soluble/
Did not disappear in water Insoluble
Sugar ........................................................ .................................
Salt ........................................................ .................................
Chalk powder ........................................................ .................................
Sand ........................................................ .................................
Sawdust ........................................................ .................................

................................. is/are soluble in water while ................................. is/are insoluble

in water.
(Mention the name of the solid/s that is are soluble and insoluble in water).

(B) LIQUIDS

A teaspoon each of honey, lemon juice, mustard oil, coconut oil, and kerosene; five
glasses, five spoons, and water.

Similar to the above mentioned experiment, just add the given liquids in place of
solids.
Liquid Mixed up well/ Soluble/
Did not mix up Insoluble
Honey ................................. .................................
Lemon juice ................................. .................................
Mustard oil ................................. .................................
Coconut oil ................................. .................................
Kerosene ................................. .................................

..................... is/are miscible while ..................... is/are immiscible liquids. (Mention the
name of the liquid/s that is/are miscible and immiscible).

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 9

 Either different spoons should be used to add different substances, or if only
one spoon is used, it should be washed out properly before using it for another substance.

Q. 1. What do you mean by saying that sugar is soluble in water ?

Ans. It means that sugar dissolves in water.
Q. 2. In your experiment, which solid substances did you find soluble in
water ?
Ans. I found ........................ to be soluble in water. (Mention the name/s of the solid/s which
dissolved in water).
Q. 3. And what about liquids ?
Ans. Among liquids, ...................... was/were soluble in water. (Mention the names of the
liquids which dissolved in water).
Q. 4. If a solid or liquid is soluble in water, does it mean that substance is soluble
in other liquids too ?
Ans. No, it is not so. A substance that is soluble in water may be insoluble in
other liquids.
Q. 5. Can you name such a substance ?
Ans. Yes. Honey and lemon juice are soluble in water but insoluble in kerosene.
Q. 6. Can you name any substance that is insoluble in water but soluble in other
liquids ?
Ans. Yes, vaseline is insoluble in water but soluble in petrol.

1. Which of the following is soluble in water ?

(i) Petrol (ii) Nail polish (iii) Grease (iv) Vinegar
2. Which of the following is insoluble in water ?
(i) Shampoo (ii) Salt (iii) Wax (iv) Sugar
3. Liquids which mix up well in water are called
(i) miscible liquids (ii) immiscible liquids (iii) solutions (iv) solutes
4. A liquid that dissolves other substances is called a
(i) solution (ii) solvent (iii) solute (iv) soluble
5. The substance that dissolves is called
(i) solute (ii) solvent (iii) solution (iv) mixture

1. (iv) 2. (iii) 3. (i) 4. (ii)

5. (i)

10 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

 3 Sedimentation and Decantation

Sedimentation is the process of settling down of heavy solid particles in a liquid. The
solid particles settle down at the bottom of the container and the liquid (relatively lighter)
remains on top. Thus, the mixture is separated.
The process in which the liquid is poured out from the mixture in such a way that
the solid remains behind is called decantation. Sedimentation is followed by decantation
for the separation of a mixture.
In this experiment, a mixture of sand and water is separated by the processes of
sedimentation and decantation.

3

To separate the mixture of sand and water by using the
processes of sedimentation and decantation.

Sedimentation is the process of settling down of heavy solid particles in a liquid.

Decantation is the process in which liquid is poured out from the mixture in such a way
that solid remains behind.
Sedimentation is followed by dicantation for the separation of a mixture.

Beakers, glass rod and mixture of sand and water.

(i) The mixture is taken in a beaker and stirred up with the help of a glass rod. It
is then left undisturbed.
(ii) After some time, it is seen that the sand gradually settles down at the bottom
and the water remains on the top. This is sedimentation.
(iii) Now, with the help of a glass rod, the water is slowely poured into another beaker,
as shown in the figure given below (Fig.). This is decantation.

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 11

 Fig. : Sedimentation and decantation

Sand settles down at the bottom of the beaker, while the water is decanted off.

Mixture of sand and water can be separated by the processes of sedimentation and
decantation.

(i) The mixture should be left undisturbed after stirring.

(ii) Water should be poured slowly and carefully.

Q. 1. What is sedimentation ?
Ans. Sedimentation is the process of settling down of heavy solid particles in a liquid. The
solid particles settle down at the bottom of the container and the liquid remains on
top.
Q. 2. What is decantation ?
Ans. The process in which the liquid is poured out from the mixture in such a way that
the solid remains behind is called decantation.
Q. 3. Which type of mixture is separated by the processes of sedimentation and
decantation ?
Ans. These processes are used to separate a mixture in which insoluble solid particles are
heavier than the liquid particles.
Q. 4. What precautions should be taken during decantation ?
Ans. Decantation should be done slowly and using a glass rod so that the solid particles
may not come out along with the liquid.

12 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

 1. Which of the following mixtures cannot be separated by the processes of
sedimentation and decantation ?
(i) Mixture of water and kerosene
(ii) Mixture of water and sand
(iii) Mixture of water and honey
(iv) Mixture of water and coconut oil
2. Which of the following statements is true ?
(i) Decantation is followed by sedimentation.
(ii) Sedimentation is followed by decantation.
(iii) Both the processes happen simultaneously.
(iv) Decantation is followed by filtration.
3. In sedimentation, the solid particles that settle down are called
(i) supernants (ii) sediments
(iii) suspended particles (iv) decantants
4. The liquid that remains on the top during sedimentation is called
(i) sediment liquid (ii) decantant liquid
(iii) supernant liquid (iv) filtrated liquid
5. Sometimes, to speed up the process of sedimentation, some chemicals are used.
Such forced sedimentation is called
(i) distillation (ii) crystallisation
(iii) centrifugation (iv) coagulation

1. (iii) 2. (ii) 3. (ii) 4. (iii)

5. (iv)

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 13

 4 Filteration

Filtration is the process of separating insoluble solid particles from a liquid by passing
the mixture through a filter. Different types of mixtures, such as mixture of chalk powder
and water, mixture of sawdust and water, or mixture of clay and water, i.e., muddy water,
can be filtered by this process.
In this experiment, a mixture of chalk and water is filtered using a filter paper.

4

To filter a mixture of chalk and water.

Filtration is the process of separating insoluble solid particles from a liquid by passing
the mixture through a filter.

Mixture of chalk and water, a circular filter paper, a funnel, a glass rod, a beaker
and a stand.

(i) A circular filter paper is taken and folded along its diameter into semi-circles (see
Fig. 4.1). It is once again folded into four quarter-circles. Now, a cone is opened
by holding three quarter-circles of the filter paper on one side.

Fig. 4.1
(ii) This cone is fitted into a funnel and moistened
a little so that it sticks properly into the funnel
(See. Fig. 4.2).

Fig. 4.2 : Fixing of the folded filter paper in a funnel →

14 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

 (iii) The funnel is then fitted to a stand and a beaker is placed below it.
(iv) Now, with the help of a glass rod, the mixture is slowly poured into the funnel
(See Fig. 4.3).

Fig. 4.3 : Filteration

The solid gets deposited on the filter paper, whereas the liquid passes through.

Solid particles present in the mixture could not pass through the filter and thus got
deposited on it, while the liquid easily passed through and collected in the beaker.

(i) While fitting the filter paper into the funnel, the paper should be moistened a
little so that it sticks properly to the inner walls of the funnel.
(ii) Care should be taken that there must not be any air passage between them.

Q. 1. What is filtration ?
Ans. Filtration is a process of separating insoluble solid particles from a liquid by passing
the mixture through a filter.
Q. 2. What is a mixture ?
Ans. A mixture is a combination of two or more elements or compounds. These are mixed
together without losing their individual properties.
Q. 3. What kinds of mixtures can be separated by filtration ?
Ans. Different kinds of mixtures, such as mixture of chalk powder and water, mixture of
sawdust and water, or mixture of clay and water, i.e., muddy water, can be filtered by
this process.

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 15

 Q. 4. Name some substances used as filters.
Ans. Cotton, muslin cloth, filter papers, charcoal, etc., are used as filters.
Q. 5. Point out some common household practices where filtration is done.
Ans. Filtration is done in many household activities such as
(i) tea leaves are separated from prepared tea;
(ii) fruit juices are filtered to separate seeds and solid particles of pulp;
(iii) paneer is separated out of mixture of particles of solid paneer and the liquid.
Q. 6. Suppose you filtered water from a sample of muddy water. Is the water now
potable ?
Ans. No. The water may not be potable. It may still contain some dust particles and various
microorganisms that can be very harmful to us.
Q. 7. What diseases can be caused due to drinking dirty water ?
Ans. Dirty water can cause stomach problems and diseases such as cholera, dysentery,
diarrhoea, etc.
Q. 8. What are the various methods of separation of substances other than filtration ?
Ans. Besides filtration, the various other methods of separation are handpicking, threshing,
winnowing, sieving, sedimentation, decantation, evaporation, etc.
Q. 9. What do you mean by sedimentation and decantation ?
Ans. The process of settling of heavier component of mixture, when water is added into it,
is called sedimentation.
When the water, along with the dust, is removed, the process is called decantation.
Q. 10. What is evaporation ?
Ans. The process of conversion of water into its vapour is called evaporation.

1. The clear liquid obtained after filtration is called

(i) filter (ii) filtrate (iii) sediment (iv) decantant
2. Which of the following is used to purify water ?
(i) Iodine (ii) Calcium
(iii) Bleaching powder (iv) Plaster of paris
3. In modern day water filters, ultra-violet rays are used because
(i) these kill the harmful microorganisms present in water.
(ii) these separate soil particles from the water.
(iii) these are used to make water cold.
(iv) none of the above
4. Which of the following diseases can be caused by drinking dirty water ?
(i) Diabetes (ii) Cholera
(iii) AIDS (iv) Marasmus
5. Which of the following substances is NOT used as filter ?
(i) Cotton (ii) Filter paper
(iii) Porcelain (iv) Haematite
6. The process of conversion of water vapour into its liquid form is called
(i) evaporation (ii) condensation
(iii) decantation (iv) sedimentation

1. (ii) 2. (iii) 3. (i) 4. (ii)

5. (iv) 6. (ii)

16 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

 5 Conduction of Water and Minerals in Plants

Stem is the aerial part of the plant that bears leaves, branches, flowers and fruits.
Root absorbs water and minerals from the soil. Stem conducts these to the various parts
of the plant.
In this experiment, we will check out the conduction of water and minerals by the stem.

5

To show that stem conducts water and minerals in the plant.

Stem is the aerial part of the plant, which conducts water and minerals to the various
parts of the plant.

Two similar small branches of balsam (gulmehndi), periwinkle (sadabahar), or any

other plant with a soft stem, two glasses, water, red ink, a dropper, a glass stirring rod
and a sharp blade.

(i) A glass is taken and some water is

poured into it so that it fills up one-
third of the glass.
(ii) With the help of a dropper, few drops
of red ink are dropped in the water and
the mixture is thoroughly stirred up by
a glass stirring rod.
(iii) Now, the given small branch of the plant
is dipped into water, as shown in the
figure 5.1.
Fig. 5.1 : Experimental set-up
(iv) Similarly, another setup is made using plain water and the branch of the
other plant.
(v) Both the set-ups are left in open for some time.
(vi) After 3-4 hours, both the branches are taken out and, with a sharp blade their
stems are cut across (see Fig. 5.2). The cut sections are observed carefully.

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 17

 It is found that the cut section of the branch that was placed in plain water is normal,
while the cut section of the branch that was put in coloured water shows blots of red ink.

Fig. 5.2 : (a) Cutting the stem, (b) enlarged view of the cut stem.

The reddish appearance is due to the red ink that the stem was conducting. Just like
the red ink, minerals dissolved in water also move up the stem, along with water, and
go to different parts of the plant.
(Note : If a flowering twig is taken for the experiment, the colour of the flower/s changes.)

The blade should be used carefully.

Q. 1. What is stem ?
Ans. Stem is the aerial part of the plant that bears leaves, branches, flowers and fruits.
Q. 2. What are the functions of the stem ?
Ans. (i) With the exception of creepers (stems that creep on ground) and climbers (stems
that climb up on a support), the stem holds the plant upright and supports the
branches.
(ii) Besides, it carries water and minerals from the root to the leaves and distributes
food prepared by leaves to different parts of the plant.
Q. 3. Apart from these, what are the other functions of the stem ?
Ans. Besides these primary functions, sometimes stems are modified to perform other
functions like storage of food, providing support, protection, etc.
Q. 4. What is modification ?
Ans. The process in which certain parts of a plant are changed to perform some special
functions is called modification.
Q. 5. From which part of the germinating seed does the stem develop ?
Ans. Stem develops from the plumule of the germinating seed.
Q. 6. Stem grows towards light. What is this characteristic called ?
Ans. It is called phototropism.

18 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

 Q. 7. In the experiment, why did the cut section of the stem turned reddish ?
Ans. Stem conducts water and minerals absorbed by the root to various parts of the
plant. The reddish appearance was due to the red ink that the stem was conducting.
Q. 8. Why are the plants green in colour ? Is the mixture of water and minerals
green in colour ?
Ans. No, the mixture of water and minerals is not green in colour. The green colour of the
plant is due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is green in colour.

1. Stem
(i) conducts water only.
(ii) conducts water and minerals only.
(iii) conducts water, minerals and the food prepared by the leaves.
(iv) does not conduct anything.
2. In the above experiment, if a flowering twig having a white flower is taken and
cutting the stem halfway along its length, the two ends of the stem are put into
two different glasses containing red and blue coloured water for a few hours,
what will be the colour of the flower ?

(i) Red
(ii) Blue
(iii) The flower will remain white.
(iv) Some part of the flower will turn reddish while the other part bluish.
3. Plants with weak stems that cannot stand and spread on the ground are called
(i) creepers (ii) climbers (iii) shrubs (iv) lamina
4. Plants that take support on neighbouring structures and climb up are called
(i) creepers (ii) climbers (iii) petiole (iv) lamina
5. Plants with green and tender stems are called
(i) trees (ii) shrubs (iii) herbs (iv) veins
6. Which of the following is not a function of stem?
(i) Conduction of water and minerals
(ii) Conduction of food prepared by leaves
(iii) Storage of food
(iv) Absorption of water and minerals

1. (iii) 2. (iv) 3. (i) 4. (ii)

5. (iii) 6. (iv)

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 19

 6 Transpiration

The process of losing excess water in the form of water vapour from a living plant
is called transpiration. Plants release a lot of water into the air through this process.
Transpiration helps in the transport of water from the roots to the leaves.
In this experiment, the process of transpiration is demonstrated.

6

To demonstrate the process of transpiration.

The process of losing excess water in the form of water vapour from a living plant
is called transpiration. Transpiration helps in the transport of water from the roots to
the leaves.

A well-watered potted plant, two polythene bags and some strings.

(i) A well-watered potted plant is taken and one of its leafy branch is enclosed in a
polythene bag (Fig.).

Fig. : Experimental set-up

(ii) The mouth of the polythene bag is tied up firmly with a string and the setup is
kept in the Sun.

20 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

 (iii) Similarly, another similar empty polythene bag is taken and its mouth is also
tied up firmly. This bag is also kept in the Sun.
(iv) After a few hours, the inner surfaces of the bags are observed.

Some water droplets appear on the inner surface of the polythene bag in which
the leafy branch of the plant was enclosed, while there is no water droplet inside
the empty bag.

Loss of water occurs through the leaves of the plant. The water vapour released
condensed to form water droplets on the inner surface of the bag.

(i) This experiment should be conducted during daytime on a sunny day.

(ii) The mouths of the polythene bags should be tied up properly.
(iii) After the experiment, the polythene bag should be removed from the plant.

Q. 1. What is transpiration ?
Ans. The process of losing excess water in the form of water vapour from a living plant is
called transpiration.
Q. 2. Why is transpiration essential for plants ?
Ans. Transpiration helps in the upward movement of water and minerals in plants—from
root to shoot. It also keeps the plant cool.
Q. 3. From which part of the plant does transpiration occur ?
Ans. Transpiration occurs mainly from leaves.
Q. 4. Name one important function of leaves other than transpiration.
Ans. Photosynthesis.
Q. 5. In the experiment, how can you say that the water droplets that appear
inside the polythene bag are released from the plant ? It may be due to the
humidity of the environment.
Ans. The water was released from the plant itself because firstly, the water droplets appeared
on the inner surface of the polythene bag and not on the outer side. Secondly, the mouth
of the bag was tied firmly so that the internal environment of the bag was separated
completely from the external environment.

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 21

 Q. 6. What precautions did you take for this experiment ?
Ans. (i) I conducted this experiment during daytime on a sunny day.
(ii) I tied up the mouths of the polythene bags properly.
(iii) After the experiment, I removed the polythene bag from the plant.

1. If the temperature is high, the rate of transpiration will

(i) increase (ii) decrease
(iii) either increase or decrease (iv) remain the same
2. Transpiration occurs
(i) only in herbs (ii) only in shrubs
(iii) only in trees (iv) in all herbs, shrubs and trees
3. Which of the following is not an effect of transpiration?
(i) Absorption of water and minerals by root
(ii) Cooling of plant
(iii) Wilting of plant, in case of excess transpiration
(iv) Modification of root

1. (i) 2. (iv) 3. (iv)

22 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

 7 To Study Joints in Our Body

The place where two or more bones meet is termed as a joint. There are different
types of joints in our body which help us in carrying out different movements and
activities. Some of these joints allow free or partial movement, while others do not allow
any movement at all.
In this experiment, we will try to locate different joints and also explore the range
of movement they allow.

7

Locating joints in the human body and exploring the range
of movements they allow.

The place where two or more bones meet is termed as a joint. There are different
types of joints in our body which help us in carrying out different movements and
activities. Some of these joints allow free or partial movement, while others do not allow
any movement at all.

A notebook, pencil and eraser.

(i) Keeping your neck steady, move your head upward and downward. Feel the
movement. Again, keeping the neck steady, rotate it leftward and rightward.
Feel the uppermost point of the neck where the head moves. Which type of
movement occurs in the neck ? Does it rotate completely or partly, i.e., turns
only ? Write down your observation.
(ii) Touch your right shoulder with your left hand. Move your right arm backward,
forward, sideward, upward and downward. Can you do so in all directions ? Does
it rotate completely ?
(iii) Straighten your left arm. Touch its elbow with the palm of your right hand. Bend
and straighten the arm for a few times. Can you feel the working of the joint at
the elbow ?

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 23

 (iv) Similarly, check out the movements of your back wrist and fingers. Write down
your observations.
(v) Now, sit down comfortably on a chair. Touch your head with both your hands
and gently press. Does it move ? Which type of joint is found here ?
(vi) Raise your leg and try to bend it at the knee in different directions. Are you able
to do so in all directions ?
(vii) Similarly, check out the movements at the hip, ankle and toe. Tabulate all your
observations as ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ in the following table :

Movement
Body Part Rotates Rotates Does not
Completely partly/turns move at all

Neck
Shoulder
Elbow
Finger
Wrist
Skull
Back
Knee
Hip
Ankle
Toe

All joints do not rotate completely. Some rotate partly, while others do not move
at all.

Do not stress too much on any joint, otherwise you may suffer a muscle pull.

24 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

 Q. 1. What is a joint ?
Ans. The place where two or more bones meet is termed as a joint.
Q. 2. Does every joint allow free movement ?
Ans. No, all joints do not allow free movement. Some joints allow partial movement, while
some do not allow any movement at all.
Q. 3. What is the nature of the joints found in the skull ?
Ans. The joints in the skull do not move at all.
Q. 4. Which type of movement do the joints of the back allow ?
Ans. These joints allow partial movement.
Q. 5. Can you name some of the joints ?
Ans. Yes. Ball and socket joint, pivotal joint and hinge joint are a few types of joints.
Q. 6. What precautions one should take while doing this experiment ?
Ans. One should not stress too much on any joint. It may result into a muscle pull or any
other skeletal problem.

1. Which of the following statements is true about bones ?

(i) These cannot be bent.
(ii) These can be bent.
(iii) These can be bent but partially.
(iv) Some bones can be bent while the other cannot.
2. Which of the following is not a type of joint ?
(i) Pivotal joint (ii) Ball and socket joint
(iii) Rib joint (iv) Hinge joint
3. Which type of joint is found in the elbow ?
(i) Pivotal joint (ii) Fixed joint
(iii) Ball and socket joint (iv) Hinge joint
4. The type of joint, in which a cylindrical bone rotate in a ring is
(i) fixed joint (ii) hinge joint
(iii) ball and socket joint (iv) pivotal joint
5. Which type of joint resembles the movement of a door ?
(i) Pivotal joint (ii) Hinge joint
(iii) Ball and socket joint (iv) Fixed joint

1. (i) 2. (iii) 3. (iv) 4. (iv)

5. (ii)

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 25

 8 Conductors and Insulators

The substances through which electricity can pass are called conductors of electricity,
e.g., iron, copper, aluminium, etc.
The substances which cannot conduct electricity are called insulators, e.g., wood,
plastic, rubber, etc.
In this experiment, we will find out whether a substance is a conductor or an insulator.

8

To classify a few substances as conductors or insulators.

The substances which conducts electricity are called conductors e.g., iron, copper,
aluminium etc.
The substances which cannot conduct electricity are called insulators e.g., wood, plastic,
rubber etc.

A cell, a bulb, some wires, rubber bands, and substances that have to be tested.

(i) A circuit is prepared using a cell, a bulb and wires, as given in the Fig. Some
space is left in between a wire to place the material to be tested. Rubber bands
can be used to fix the wires to the cell.

Fig. : The tester

26 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

 (ii) Now, the materials are placed one by one in the empty space left in the
circuit and the observations are recorded. If the bulb glows up, the substance
is a conductor, otherwise an insulator.

Objects Material it is made up of Bulb glows (Yes/No)

1. Iron nail Iron .............................

2. Scale Plastic .............................
3. Key Brass .............................
4. Pencil lead Graphite .............................
5. Wooden block Wood .............................
6. Eraser Rubber .............................
7. Coin Alloy .............................
8. Aluminium foil Aluminium .............................
9. Candle Wax .............................
10. Glass bangle Glass .............................

Out of the 10 substances mentioned in the table, ............................................. is/are

conductor/s while ............................................. is/are insulator/s.

The circuit should be kept tight. It must not be left loose.

Q. 1. What is electric current ?

Ans. The flow of electric charge is called electric current.
Q. 2. What is electric circuit ?
Ans. The path along which an electric current can flow is called an electric circuit.
Q. 3. What is a cell ?
Ans. A cell is a source of current which converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 27

 Q. 4. What is a battery ?
Ans. A group of connected cells is called a battery.
Q. 5. An iron nail is a conductor of electricity. What does it mean ?
Ans. It means that electric current can pass through an iron nail.
Q. 6. What are insulators ?
Ans. Insulators are substances through which electric current cannot pass.
Q. 7. Name a few insulators.
Ans. Rubber, glass, plastic, etc., are insulators.

1. Which of the following is a conductor?

(i) Dry paper (ii) Plastic bottle (iii) Pencil lead (iv) Eraser
2. Which of the following is an insulator?
(i) Thermocol (ii) Key made up of brass
(iii) Iron pin (iv) Steel plate
3. Pure water
(i) conducts electricity.
(ii) does not conduct electricity.
(iii) conducts electricity if current is supplied by generator.
(iv) conducts electricity if current is supplied by battery.
4. In the experiment, if both a conductor and an insulator are connected one after
the other in the space provided,
(i) current will flow.
(ii) current will not flow.
(iii) current will flow if one more cell is connected along with the existing cell.
(iv) current will flow if two more cells are connected along with the existing cell.
5. Which of the following terms is not related to electricity?
(i) Switch (ii) Charge (iii) Circuit (iv) Translucent

1. (iii) 2. (i) 3. (ii) 4. (ii)

5. (iv)

28 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

 9 A Freely Suspended Magnet

A substance which can attract objects made up of iron, cobalt or nickel is called a
magnet. One of the properties of a magnet is, when suspended freely, it always points
in the geographical north-south direction.
In the present experiment, this property of a magnet is tested.

9

To show that a freely suspended magnet always comes to rest
in the north-south direction.

A substance which can attract objects made up of iron, cobalt or nickel is called a
magnet. If a bar magnet is suspended freely, it always rests in geographical north-south
direction.

A bar magnet, an iron bar, a wooden bar, a piece of thread, marker and a wooden
stand.

(i) A bar magnet is taken and tied at the middle

with a thread so that it can be suspended
freely from a wooden stand. If there is no
marking of poles on the magnet, one of its
ends is marked for identification.
(ii) Now the magnet is suspended from the
wooden stand in such a way that it can
rotate freely.
(iii) The magnet is gently twisted around and
then released so that it rotates for some
time and then comes to rest.
(iv) A line is drawn joining the two poles that
shows the direction in which the magnet
was pointing in its position of rest and the Fig. : A freely suspended bar magnet
observation is recorded in a table.
(v) The entire process is repeated twice, rotating the magnet in both clockwise and
anti-clockwise directions, and the observations are noted down.
(vi) Now, the same experiment is conducted using an iron bar and then a wooden
bar and the observations are recorded.

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 29

 Object Direction of its position when in rest
First time Second time Third time

1. Bar magnet
2. Iron bar
3. Wooden bar

It is clear that the magnet always rests in the north-south direction.

(i) The bars should be tied up exactly in the middle.

(ii) The stand should be wooden. A stand made up of iron can affect the result in
case of bar magnet.

Q. 1. What is a magnet ?
Ans. A substance which can attract an object made up of iron, cobalt or nickel is called a
magnet.
Q. 2. How many poles does a magnet have?
Ans. A magnet has two poles — magnetic north pole and magnetic south pole.
Q. 3. What is a bar magnet ?
Ans. A magnet which is shaped like a bar is called a bar magnet.
Q. 4. What are electromagnets ?
Ans. When electric current is passed around a magnetic substance, it acquires
magnetic properties and starts behaving like a magnet. Such magnets are called
electromagnets.

1. Which of the following is a magnetic substance, i.e., will be attracted by a

magnet?
(i) Aluminium (ii) Gold (iii) Silver (iv) Cobalt
2. Which of the following is a non-magnetic substance, i.e., will not be attracted
by a magnet ?
(i) Iron (ii) Copper (iii) Cobalt (iv) Nickel
3. Electromagnets are not used in
(i) generators (ii) radio (iii) washing machine (iv) see-saw
4. Which of the following is a natural magnet ?
(i) Alnico (ii) Bakelite (iii) Magnetite (iv) None of these

1. (iv) 2. (ii) 3. (iv) 4. (iii)

30 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

10 Oxygen : A Component of Air

Air is a mixture of many gases like Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide etc. Out of these
oxygen, is not only essential for the respiration of all living beings. It is also required
for burning of any substance. In fact, burning can occur only in the presence of oxygen.
In this experiment, it is shown that oxygen is an important component of air.

10

To show that oxygen is one of the components of air.

Air is a mixture of many gases. One of these gases is oxygen, which is not only essential
for respiration of all living beings but also required for burning of any substance. Burning
can occur only in the presence of oxygen.

Two small candles of the same size, two shallow troughs, two glasses (one much larger
than the other), water and a match box.

(i) Two small candles of the same size are taken and fixed in the middle of the
shallow troughs — one in each.
(ii) Some water is poured into the troughs.
(iii) The candles are lighted up and each one is covered by a glass, as shown in the
Fig.

Fig. : Air contains oxygen
(iv) The set-ups are left undisturbed and observed carefully to see what happens
to the burning candles and the water level in the glasses.

C.P. Lab Manual – VI 31

 (i) The candles went off one after the other. First the candle in the smaller glass
went off and then the candle in the taller glass.
(ii) Water level in both the glasses increased, but at different levels.

Burning can occur only in the presence of oxygen. Therefore, it is clear that one
component of air is oxygen. Now, the amount of air (and hence its oxygen component)
inside each glass was limited. When most of this oxygen was used up by the burning
candle, it could no longer burn and thus went off. The candle in the taller glass burnt
longer as it had more oxygen.
Also, some of the space occupied by the oxygen inside the glass became empty and
thus the water level rose up to fill or occupy this space.
The difference in the water levels of both glasses was due to the difference in the
volume of oxygen within the glasses and also due to the different diameters of the
glasses.

(i) This experiment should be conducted in the presence of a teacher.

(ii) The burning candles should be handled carefully.

Q. 1. What is air ?
Ans. Air is a mixture of many gases.
Q. 2. Name a few components of air.
Ans. Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.
Q. 3. Which gas is essential for the burning of any substance ?
Ans. Oxygen.
Q. 4. In the experiment, why did the level of water increase in the glasses ?
Ans. When most of the oxygen was used up by the burning candles, the space occupied
by the oxygen inside the glasses becomes empty and water rises up to fill that space.

1. Which gas is considered vital for living beings ?

(i) Nitrogen (ii) Hydrogen (iii) Oxygen (iv) Carbon dioxide
2. What is the percentage of oxygen in air ?
(i) 20% (ii) 15% (iii) 50% (iv) 10%
3. How much part of air does nitrogen constitute ?
(i) One-fifth (ii) One-third (iii) Two-third (iv) Four-fifth
4. Which of the following is not a constituent of air ?
(i) Carbon dioxide (ii) Uranium (iii) Dust and smoke (iv) Water vapour
5. Which of the following gases is used by plants for respiration ?
(i) Oxygen (ii) Carbon dioxide (iii) Nitrogen (iv) Hydrogen

1. (iii) 2. (i) 3. (iv) 4. (ii)

32 C.P. Lab Manual – VI

.