MODULE 2: WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Water distribution systems

The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate quality,
quantity and pressure. Distribution system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to
supply water from its source to the point of usage. Therefore, the system of supplying water to
the consumer at the desired pressure is known as water distribution system. Pipes, valves and
other appurtenances are widely used in water distribution systems and are costly. Cost increases
exponentially with increase in pipe diameter. So economy is a significant factor in making design
of pipes.
The following are the basic requirement of a distribution system
(i) To supply water at all the intended places with sufficient pressure head.
(ii) To meet the water demand (including fire demand)
(iii) To reduce capital construction costs by choosing proper pipe diameter and all
appurtenances
(iv) Easy operation and maintenance
(v) To reduce the losses and costs of connection in the system
In any distribution system, water flows from source to treatment plants and from treatment plants
to distribution area. This may be by (a) gravity (depending upon ground elevation), (b) pumping,
(c) combination of both gravity and pumping (which is more reliable at the scheduled hours).
Features of a minimum size community water distribution system (example). Source: HICKEY (2008)
Appurtenances
Proper functioning of the water mains in a distribution system requires many different devices in
addition to the sections of pipe. These devices, called appurtenances, include hydrants, valves
(shutoff valves, throttling valves, pressure-reducing valves), water meters, stop cock and taps,
and other fittings. For successful working of a water distribution system, these appurtenances are
essential features.

The various valves used for this system of water distribution are as follows
Valves: Many different types of valves are used in water distribution systems to control the
quantity and direction of flow. Many of these can be opened or closed manually by screw stems
or gear train devices; large valves often are power operated using electric or hydraulic systems.
1. Gate or Sluice valve: They are used to regulate the flow of water through the pipe lines.
They are placed throughout the distribution network, allowing sections of pipeline to be
shut off and isolated during repairs of broken mains, pumps, or hydrants. These should be
located at points of low pressure
2. Air relief valve: Water mains generally follow the hills and valleys of the natural
topography. It is not uncommon for pockets of air to develop at the high points of the
main. These pockets of air reduce the flow capacity of the system and increase pressure
losses. Air-release valves are placed in the pipeline at the peaks to automatically vent the
accumulated air in the system.
3. Reflux of check valve: check valve (also known as non-return valve) is used to permit
flow in only one direction in a pipe; it closes automatically when the flow stops or tends
to flow in the opposite direction. It is used to prevent water to flow back in the opposite
direction. A common type, called a swing-check valve. The valve disk is lifted up by the
force of the flowing water and closes by gravity when the flow stops. A valve seat
prevents the disk from swinging open in the opposite direction. Check valves are usually
installed in the discharge piping of a pump to prevent backflow when the pump stops.
4. Safety valve or pressure relieve valve: they are used to release excessive pressure which
may build up in a closed pipe. Pressure-reducing valves operate automatically to lower
excessive hydrostatic pressure in water mains that are at a low elevation in the system. In
 effect, these valves form separate networks or pressure zones in a large distribution
system.
5. Scour valve or blow off valve: the scour valve is used to drain off the water from the
pipe after closing the supply.

Fire Hydrant
The primary purpose of a hydrant is to provide convenient access to water for firefighting and
other emergencies. The water hydrant is used for tapping water from the mains for fire
extinguishing, street washing, flushing sewer lines and many other purposes. A hydrant also
serves for flushing out water mains, washing debris off public streets, and providing access to the
underground pipe system for pressure testing. The spacing and location of hydrants depend
primarily on fire protection and insurance needs. Hydrants are also placed at dead ends and at
high and low points in the pipeline. The two types of hydrants are flush hydrant and post
hydrant.

Pipe Fittings
Pipe fittings are used to join pipes together. In addition to the valve, various types of valve
fittings such as caps, flanges, nipples, elbows, bends, unions, tees, etc. are used during laying of
water distribution pipes.
Figure 1: Types of Fittings
Figure 2: Another set of pipe fittings

Different Types of Pipe Distribution Systems

There are four methods of laying distribution pipes (pipe network systems) in a locality or
colony namely
(a) Dead end system: It is also known as tree (Branched pattern) system. There is only one
main pipe. A number of sub-main pipes are taken out of it. Each sub-main is divided into
many branch piles called laterals. From laterals, the service connections are given to the
consumers
Schematic design of a dead-end distribution system. Source: GONU (2009)
(b) Grid Iron system (Looped patterns): This is an improvement over the dead end system.
In this system, sub-mains and branches are interconnected with each other. Looped
patterns are preferred; branched systems require frequent flushing of pipes and are
susceptible to water service disruptions.

Design of the Gridiron distribution system. Source: GONU (2009)

 (c) Ring System: this system is adopted in well planned cities only. In this system, each city
is divided inro square or circular blocks. The water mains are laid around all the four
sides of the square or round the circle and branches, sub-mains etc. are laid along the
inner roads.

Design of a ring distribution system. Source: GONU (2009)

(d) Radial system: this system is just the opposite of the ring system and water flows
towards outer periphery just from one point.

The radial system. Source: GONU (2009)

Methods of Water Distribution System
The flowing methods are used for distributing water in a distribution system
1. Gravity flow method: this method is used to distribute water from the higher level to the
consumers at a lower level. In this method, no pumping is required.
2. Pumping Method: In this method, treated water is not stored but it is pumped directly
into the water mains
3. Combined gravity and pumping method: in this method, the pump is connected to the
mains and the elevated reservoirs. The water is pumped to the reservoir for storage and
then it is supplied to the consumers by gravity flow
NB: the pumping method is the most undesirable distribution system because in the event of
power failure, there will be complete interruption in the water supply. Also, since water
consumption varies from time to time and from hour to hour, the pump will have to be run at
varying speeds according to the variation in the consumption. This will wear out the pump in a
short time.

Head Power of a Pump

If H is the total head against which water is to be lifted by a pump and if W kg of water is lifted
in a second;
Then work done by the pump = W × H m-kg/sec
= w × Q × H m-kg/sec
where w = density of water in kg/m3; Q = water discharge in m3/sec
× ×
Then Water Horse Power WHP = =

75 is a conversion factor of m-kg/sec to Horse Power (H.P)

Water Horse Power %×&×'
But Brake Horse Power B. H. P = =
!" # Ƞ 75Ƞ
In this equation, the value of H is obtained by the following equation H = h + hf
Where h = is the total static head or difference in level between the lowest water level in the well
and full supply level of the tank. It is actually the sum of sum of suction lift and discharge lift.
*+, -
hf = loss of head in the conveying pipe due to friction =
./0

where = coefficient of friction; I = total length of pipe in metres; v = velocity in m/sec; g =

acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2 and d = diameter of pipe in metres.
 *+, - *+ 4 *+×36× - 2*+× -
Therefore hf = = × .
= =
./0 .×1.23×0 50- .×1.23×5- ×07 5 - /07

2*+× -
Thus ' = ℎ + 5 - /07

In working out the total head, loss of head due to friction is only considered, as other losses of
head are minor and negligible
Example
Population of a city is 120,000 and the rate of water supply per head per day is 200 litres.
Calculate the B.H.P. of motor to raise the water to an overhead tank 50 m high. Length and
diameter of the rising main is 200m and 40 cm, respectively. Assume motor efficiency 90% and
that of pump 60%. Assume = 0.01 and peak hourly demand of 1.5 times average demand.
Solutions
Average water demand = 120000 × 200 = 24 × 106 litres/day = 24 × 103 m3/day
.4:::
= 24000 m3/day = .4×6:×6: m3/sec = 0.28 m3/sec

Peak hour demand = 1.5 × 0.28 = 0.42 m3/sec

W = 1000 × 0.42 = 420 kg/sec (since density of water is 1000kg/m3)
h = 50 m
8 < × &. 8 × 0.01 × 200 × 0.42. 2.816
ℎ= = = ≅ 2.84 G
= . >? 9.87 × 9.81 × 0.4 0.991

H = h + hf = 50+2.84 = 52.84 m
Efficiency = 0.9×0.6 = 0.54
Water Horse Power H × ' 420 × 52.84
Brake Horse Power B. H. P = = =
!" # Ƞ 75" 75 × 0.54
Approximately 548 Horse Powers

SEDIMENTATION TANK
Sedimentation tank, settling tank, or clarifier: refers to a rectangular, square or circular tank,
designed to hold water for a time long enough, to allow suspended particles to settle. The settled
solids form a layer of accumulated solids at the bottom of the tank which is called sludge.
Sedimentation Tank Zones: Irrespective of the shape, all the sedimentation tanks have ‘four’
zones (Figure 1), each with its own function, as given in Table 1 below:

Figure 1: Sedimentation Tank Zones

Table 1: Function of various Zones

Important Factors in the design of a Sedimentation Tank

Detention Time: is the theoretical amount of time water remains in a settling tank.
It can be computed as follows:
K L!">Mℎ L × NO!P?Mℎ N × Q!RMℎ Q
IJ = =
& KS<TG! S <S% K
I G! I
where TD = detention time, hours (h)
V = volume of the settling zone/volume of the tank (L×B×D), m3
Q = average tank inflow rate/ average volumetric flow rate of incoming water, m3/hr. (volume
per unit time). Detention time is usually expressed in terms of hours.
Most commonly, a minimum detention time of 2.5h is recommended by most water supply or
environmental agencies as most of the settleable solids reach the sludge layer within this time
period.

Surface Overflow Rate: Another factor or term that is of importance in the design and operation
of a settling tank is the “overflow rate,” or “surface loading,” as it is called. It is defined as the
volumetric flow rate(Q) of water flowing ‘over the surface with plan area ‘A’. It is abbreviated as
SOR and is also called the surface loading rate (SLR)
It can be computed as follows:
&
UV =
WX
where vo = Surface overflow rate m3/d.m2
Q = average inflow rate
As = tank surface area (top view)
It is important to note that the surface overflow rate is, in fact, a ‘velocity’ if the units
are cancelled out as m3/m2. d = m/d. Overflow rate can be visualized as an average ‘upflow’
velocity of water in the settling tank. All suspended particles that settle at a faster velocity than vo
reach the sludge layer at the bottom of the tank i.e all particles having a settling velocity of more
than the overflow rate will settle in a sedimentation tank.

Weir loading rate: It is also called the weir hydraulic loading rate with units of expression as
m3/d. m. It is defined as the average flow rate (Q) per unit length (m) of the weir at the outlet.
The permissible values are limited to reduce the velocity of water approaching the outlet launder
enough to provide for smooth exit (of clarified water) without creating disturbance which
otherwise will result in the re suspension of the settled solids. The typical values range between
140m3/d. m to 270 m3/d. m with a recommended maximum of 250 m3/d. m.

Other important factors are

Depth of Tank: it is also an important factor and should be between 2.5 and 5.0 m
Velocity of flow: the velocity of flow of water is obtained by dividing the volumetric flow by
vertical cross-sectional area of the tank.
Sludge Capacity: The sludge capacity depends on the period of cleaning and the amount of
matter removed from the water. Hence proper allowance should be given in designing the size of
tanks. However, no allowance is provided if there is a mechanical provision of sludge removal.

Typical design criteria/design details for Sedimentation Tank

1. Detention period: for plain sedimentation: 3 to 4 h, and for coagulated sedimentation: 2
to 2.5 h (In general, Minimum =2.5 and Maximum = 8 hours)
2. Velocity of flow: Not greater than 30 cm/min (horizontal flow).
3. Tank dimensions: L: B = 3:1 to 6:1. Generally L= 30 m (common) maximum 100 m.
Breadth/Width= 6 m to 10 m. Circular: Diameter not greater than 60 m. Generally, 20 to 40 m.
4. Depth 2.5 to 5.0 m (3 m).
5. Surface Overflow Rate: For plain sedimentation 12000 to 18000 L/d/m2 (12 to 18 m3/d. m2)
tank area; for thoroughly flocculated water 24000 to 30000 L/d/m2 tank area (Rectangular
sedimentation tank (20 to 40 m3/d. m2). Circular = 25 to 75 m3/m2. d (Normally 30–40).
6. Slopes: Rectangular 1% towards inlet and circular 8%
7. Weir loading rate, m3/m. d = 140–270 (250 recommended maximum).
8. Sludge depth, m = 0.6 to 1.0 (Equipment dependent)

Sedimentation Tank Design

By combining specified values of detention time and overflow rate, it is possible to determine the
required dimensions of a settling tank. The tanks may be either rectangular or circular in shape.
The tank's actual water depth is called the side water depth, or SWD. The height of the tank wall
is usually about 0.45 m, or 1.5 ft, above the SWD. This is called FREEBOARD, and it serves to
prevent splashing of water over the tank sides
The side water depth (SWD), overflow rate (v₀), and hydraulic detention time (HDT) are
interrelated parameters.
Since v₀ represents the upward traveling rate, distance divided by velocity gives you the time it
takes for a given amount of water to rise vertically for discharge through effluent channels
Example 1: What is the surface area (m2) of the settling tank used for the design discharge of
1.5m3/s? (Assume the depth overflow rate for the tank as 40 m3/m2/day)
Solution
&
UV =
WX
where vo = Surface overflow rate m3/d.m2
Q = average inflow rate
As = tank surface area (top view)
&
WX =
UV
1.5
WX = × 24 × 60 × 60
40
Surface Area = 3240 m2
Example 2: Design a rectangular sedimentation tank to treat 2.4 million litres of raw water per
day. The detention period may be assumed to be 3 hours.
Solution
Raw water flow per day = 2.4 x 106 litres
Detention period = 3h
Y
Recall, IJ =

Therefore, K = IJ × &
K = 3ℎ × 2.4 × 106 L/?
3 106 L
K= ? × 2.4 × = 3 × 10 L
24 ?
Convert litres to m3
1 m3 = 1000 litres
V = 3 × 102 = 300 m3
Assumed depth of tank = 3 m
V = L×B×D
Surface area (L×B) = 300/3 = 100 m2
Tank dimensions: L: B = 3 (L/B = 3) (assumed)
3B2 = 100 m2
B = 5.8 m
L = 3B = 3 × 5.8 = 17.4 m
Hence overall dimensions of plain sedimentation tank = 17.4 m × 5.8 m × 3 m
Check
..4 ×3:^ _/0
Surface loading (Overflow rate) = =
\] 3:: `-

Overflow rate = 24000 l/d. m2 < 40000 l/d. m2

Therefore, okay (For a rectangular sedimentation tank, Typical range of values of SOR =
20–40 m3/m2. d)

Example 3: Determine the dimensions of a rectangular plain sedimentation tank. Use the
followings data:
a) Volumetric flow rate of water to be treated = 5 MLD
b) Detention time = 3 h
c) Horizontal velocity of water = 15 cm/min
Solution
Data given:
• Detention time = 3 h
= 3 60 = 180 min
• Horizontal velocity = 0.15 m/min
Length of tank = 0.15 180 = 27 m

Now volume V = Q x T
Convert megalitre per day to cubic meter per day
Therefore,
5 × 106 Ga 3
K= × = 0.625 × 10a = 625 Ga
10a ? 24

Y 6.
Therefore, bOScc c! M S" PO!P, W = = = 23.15 G.
_ .

Now assuming a side water depth i.e. working depth of water = 3 m

 23.15
H ?Mℎ S MP"e = = 7.72 = 7.7 G
3
Let us provide extra depth for sludge storage = 1 m
And free board = 0.3 m
Total depth = 3 + 1.0 + 0.3
= 4.3 m
Hence overall dimensions of plain sedimentation tank = 27 m × 7.7 m × 4.3 m
Check:
&
fTO P ! SU!O <S% OPM! UV =
WX
5 × 106 1
fTO P ! SU!O <S% OPM! UV = × = 24.05 Ga /G. . ?
10a 27 × 7.7
24.05 Ga /G. . ? >18 Ga /G. . ?
Therefore, Re work the example
Let side water depth i.e. working depth of water = 2 m
23.15
H ?Mℎ S MP"e = = 11.56 = 11.5 G
2
Let us provide extra depth for sludge storage = 1 m
And free board = 0.3 m
Total depth = 2 + 1.0 + 0.3
= 3.3 m
Hence overall dimensions of plain sedimentation tank = 27 m × 11.5 m × 3.3 m
Check:
&
fTO P ! SU!O <S% OPM! UV =
WX
5 × 106 1
fTO P ! SU!O <S% OPM! UV = × = 16.1 Ga /G. . ?
10 a 27 × 11.5
16.1Ga /G. . ? <18 Ga /G. . ?
Therefore, okay (For a rectangular plain sedimentation tank, Typical range of values of
SOR = 12–18 m3/m2. d)

YIELD OF A WELL
After water first infiltrates the ground surface, it seeps downward through a layer of soil called
the zone of aeration or vadose zone. This is a layer of soil in which the small spaces between
the solid soil particles are partially filled with air as well as with water. As the water continues to
percolate downward, it eventually reaches the zone of saturation, a layer of soil or rock in
which all the pore spaces or rock fissures are completely filled with water. The ground water is
present in the water bearing stratum. Those soil formations through which it can be easily and
economically extracted is known as aquifers. The dividing line between the zone of aeration and
the zone of saturation is called the water table (or phreatic surface) i.e., the top layer of ground
water is known as water table.

Figure 1: Soil below the water table is saturated with water

An excavation or a well that is deep enough to penetrate the zone of saturation will fill up with
water to the height or elevation of the water table. The elevation of the water table in the well
before pumping begins is called the static level. Different types of pumps are installed in the
wells to get the water on ground surface. Multistage vertical turbine pumps (a type of centrifugal
pump) are commonly used in deep wells to lift the water. When the well is pumped, the water
level in the well drops below the static level, as seen in Figure 2. The elevation difference
between the static level and the pumping level is called the drawdown. A drawdown surface of
the water table, or cone of depression, as it is also called, is formed around the well during
pumping.
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of a water table well showing the drawdown that occurs during
water withdrawal by pumping.
As the distance from the well increases, the slope of the drawdown curve flattens out, eventually
merging with the undisturbed static water table. The horizontal distance from the well to the area
where the water table has not been appreciably affected by the pumping is called the radius of
influence of the well. These terms are illustrated in Figure 2.

Yield of well is the rate at which water percolates into the well under the safe maximum working
head or critical depression head. It is expressed in m3/hr or litre/hr. It should be noted now that
whenever “yield of well” is referred to, its means maximum safe yield unless otherwise stated.
The safe yield of a well is the rate at which water can be withdrawn without causing failure or
pumping the well dry. The relationship between the yield and drawdown (depression head) of a
well is called its specific capacity. Specific capacity, SC, of a well is the yield per unit
drawdown in the pumped well
Now let us derive a mathematical expression for the estimation of discharge from a tube-well.
The velocity of groundwater flow is a function of the slope of the water table and the
permeability of the soil. This relationship is expressed in a formula known as Darcy ’s
law, which is as follows:
K =g×f
Where V = flow velocity,
K = permeability coefficient,
S = slope of the water table (hydraulic gradient)
Figure 3 Slope of Water table (Hydraulic Gradient)
Therefore,
∆ℎ
K=g×
<
From the continuity equation Q = A×V (based on the law of conservation of mass)
where A = cross sectional area and Q = flow rate/discharge
& ∆ℎ
g
W <
∆ℎ
& gW
<
Consider a cylinder (tubewell are cylindrical) shown in Figure 4 through which water flows
toward the center.
Figure 4: A cylinder with water flowing through its sides toward the center
where r =radius of the cylinder and 2nrh = surface area of the cylinder.
?ℎ
& g2=Oℎ ×
?O
&?O = g2=Oℎ × ?ℎ
?O
& = g2=ℎ?ℎ
O
Integrating between limits r = r1 and h = h1 to r = r2 and h = h2
j-
?O m-
&i = 2=K i ℎ?ℎ
jk O mk

O. ℎ. . − ℎ3 .
&<" = 2=g
O3 2
 =g(ℎ. . − ℎ3 .
& O
<" O.
3

=g ℎ. . − ℎ3 .
&= O
<S>o .
O3
Or converting into common logarithm
=g ℎ. . − ℎ3 .
&= O
2.303<S>3: .
O3
Or
1.36g ℎ. . − ℎ3 .
&= O
<S>3: .
O3
These equations can be used to estimate the pumping rate for a given drawdown any distance
away from a well, using the water level measurements in two observation wells in an unconfined
aquifer (where the water table is free to change). Subscripts 1 and 2 are the two observation wells
to observe drawdowns.

However, when point 1 refers to the outside of a well and point 2 lies at radius of influence, that
is r1 = r and r2 = R, the well equation becomes:
=g ' . − ℎ.
&=
p
2.303<S>3:
O
Where:
Q = Yield of well (m3 per day)
K = permeability coefficient
H = thickness of the aquifer
s = drawdown (H − h), m (h is the height of drawdown curve from the bottom of the well to the
point at which the curve meets the water in the well
R = radius of the circle of influence
r = radius of well
Example 1: Compute the discharge of a tube well of diameter 40 cm. The thickness of aquifer is
10 m and the drawdown is 5 m, radius of circle of influence is 150 m and permeability is 30 m3
per unit area per day
Solution
Use the equation,
=g(' . − ℎ.
p
&
2.303<S>3:
O
Here, K = 30 m3 per unit area per day; H = 10 m; s = H-h = 5 m (i.e h = 5 m); R = 150 m: r = 20
cm = 0.2 m
Therefore
= × 30 10. − 5.
&=
150
2.303<S>3:
0.2
a.34.×a:×
&= = 1068 m3 per day
..a:a×..2

Yield of Tube Well in Confined Aquifer

The equation for the yield of tubewell in confined aquifer is as follows:
2=gq ℎ. − ℎ3
&= O
<" .
O3
2=gq ℎ. − ℎ3
&= O
<S>o .
O3
Or converting into common logarithm
=g ℎ. . − ℎ3 .
&= O
2.303<S>3: O.
3

Or
2.72gq ℎ. − ℎ3
&= O
<S>3: O.
3
Test for Determination of Well Yield
The yield of open well can be determined by any one of the two methods, namely, pumping test
and recuperation test.

Pumping Test
In this method water is withdrawn from the well freely till a critical depression head or a safe
maximum head is created. Once this stage is reached the rate of pumping is so adjusted as to
maintain the constant water level in the well. Thus, the depression head remains constant.
Naturally at his stage the rate at which water is pumped out of the well will be equal to the rate at
which water percolates into the well. This rate is expressed in m3/hr or It/min and will be
obviously, the yield of the well

Recuperation Test
In this method water level in the well is depressed by pumping to any level below the normal
level. Then the pumping is stopped and time taken by the percolating water to fill the well to any
particular level is noted. Total quantity of water percolated into the well is calculated by knowing
cross-sectional area and rise in the water level after stoppage of pumping. The rate of percolation
or the yield of well can be arrived at by dividing the quantity of water by the time. This test is
carried out generally in a driest period to take worst condition into account.

Now it can be inferred that the actual pumping test of determining available yield is most reliable
but it is difficult to conduct the test accurately. Whereas recuperation test is very simple to
perform but it does not give the maximum safe yield. The reason is as the water level in the well
rises the safe maximum working head is not maintained throughout the period of observation.

Specific Yield
Rate of water percolation in the well or yield of a well in m /hr under a head of one metre is
called the specific yield of the well. Specific yield of the well is also called specific capacity of
the well. It can be calculated from the following formula:
b, 2.3 c3
( )log3:( )
W I c.
t,
is the specific yield of the per unit area of the well and is expressed in m3/hr/m2
\

C’ = Q/s
Therefore,
2.3 c3
& (( )log3: ( ))Wc
I c.
C’ is specific capacity/specific yield.
S1 is initial drawdown in m.
S2 is final drawdown in m.
T is time in hours to i.e total time of recuperation to bring water level from depth S1 to S2
Q is yield in m3/Hr.
A is area of well in m2.
S is depression head in m

Example 2: During a recuperation test, the water in an open well was depressed by pumping by
2.5 m and it recuperated 1.6 m in 70 minutes, Find:
(i) Yield from a well of 3 m diameter under a depression head of 3.5 m
(ii) The diameter of the well to yield 10 L/sec under a depression head of 2.5 m

Solution
b, 2.3 c3
( )log3:( )
W I c.
T = 70 minutes = 1.167 hrs, s1 = 2.5 m, s2 = 2.5 – 1.6 m = 0.9 m
b, 2.3 2.5
( )log3: ( )
W 1.167 0.9
= 0.875 m3/ hr /m2 under the head of 1 metre
(i) Yield from well of 3m diameter under depression head of 3.5m:
Recall: Specific capacity, SC, of a well is the yield (Q) per unit drawdown (s) in the pumped well
2.3 c3
& (( )log3: ( ))W c
I c.
Area of a circle = πd2/4
2.3 2.5 =
& (( )log3: ( )) 3. 3.5
1.167 0.9 4
 = 21.65 m3/hr = 6.02 litres/sec

(ii) When depression head = 2.5 m & Q = 10 liters/sec = 36 m3/hr

2.3 c3
& (( )log3: ( ))W c
I c.
2.3 2.5 =
36 (( )log3: ( )) Q. 2.5
1.167 0.9 4
D = 4.58 (Approximately 4.6 m). Hence the diameter of the required well = 4.6 m

Example 3: For a recuperation test carried out, the following data were collected
(i) Diameter of the well = 3 m
(ii) Initial head of percolation = 4 m
(i) Final depression head = 2.5 m
(ii) Time of recuperation = 2 hrs
Determine the specific capacity of the well and yield under a discharge head of 3 m.
Solution
b, 2.3 c3
( )log3:( )
W I c.
2.3 c3
b, ( )log3: ( )W
I c.
2.3 4 =
b, ( )log3: ( ) 3.
2 2.5 4
..a 4 5
b, ( )log3: ( ) 3.
. .. 4

b, 1.15 0.204 7.0695 = 1.659 m3/hr under the head of 1 metre