Fire Protection and Arson Investigation involves skill, fitness, knowledge, and

acceptable environmental conditions.

Combustion- a chemical process in which a
substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and The percussion method, two stones such as
gives off heat. The original substance is called flint and ironstone are struck together to
the fuel, and the source of oxygen is called cleave off small shards of ironstone. These
the oxidizer. The fuel can be a solid, liquid, or shards, having been heated by friction
gas, although for airplane propulsion the fuel between the two stones, spontaneously
is usually a liquid. ignite as they oxidise in contact with the air,
producing high temperature sparks
Antoine Lavoisier- most noted for his
discovery of the role oxygen plays in Elements of Fire
combustion. He recognized and named
 Fuel
oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783),
 Heat
In 1779 Lavoisier coined the name oxygen for
the element released by mercury oxide.  Oxygen
He found oxygen made up 20 percent of air  Chemical Reaction
and was vital for combustion and respiration.
He also concluded that when phosphorus or
sulfur are burned in air, the products are
formed by the reaction of these elements
with oxygen
What is Fire?
 Is a result from fast chemical reaction
between a combustible substance and
oxygen, accompanied by the generation
of heat.
 It can also be defined as the heat or
burning that destroys, things and
properties.
There are two ways to create fire.
Friction and percussion
Fire can be created through friction by rapidly
grinding pieces of solid combustible material
(such as wood) against each other (or a hard
surface) which are heated and create an
ember. Successfully creating fire by friction
 Explosive range (LEL/UEL) : The range where
hydrocarbon vapor mixture with air will fire
or explode.
Lower Explosion Limit or LEL: is the
minimum proportion of air to vapor below
which ignition will not occur.
Upper Explosion Limit or UEL: maximum
concentration of vapor and air mixture above
which ignition will not occur.
Flammable Vapour (Vapor)
Below the LEL, the fuel-air mixture is “TOO
is a vapor from flammable products such as LEAN” to burn or explode which means that
gasoline, kerosene, paint thinner, and there is very little flammable vapor compared
solvents that is above its lower flammable to the abundant amount of oxygen.
limit (LFL) concentration. The Flammable
Vapours are often heavier than air and may Above the UEL, the mixture is termed “TOO
travel along the ground and collect in low or RICH” in which case there is too much
confined areas, and any source of ignition in flammable vapor but lacking the necessary
these areas could cause an explosion or a fire. oxygen to properly support combustion.
A zone of flammable vapor will exist in Provided the liquid is above its flash point
equilibrium with a flammable or combustible and the temperature of the ignition source is
liquid any time it is above its flash point. above the ignition temperature of the liquid
FLAME
A flame is the visible, gaseous part of a fire. It
is caused by a highly exothermic chemical
reaction taking place in a thin zone.Rapidly
reacting body of gas, commonly a mixture of
air and a combustible gas, that gives off heat
and, usually, light and is self-propagating
What is the definition of fire and flame?
1.Flame is a visible, gaseous part of a fire.
2. Fire is a rapid oxidation of a material.
3. A flame produces heat from a burning
substance.
Heat 5. Boiling point- the constant
temperature at which the vapor
energy that is transferred from one body to
pressure of the liquid is equal to the
another as the result of a difference in
atmospheric pressure.
temperature. If two bodies at different
6. Ignition/kindling temperature- the
temperatures are brought together, energy is
minimum temperature at which the
transferred
flammable material will ignite,
Soot/smoke whether it be gas, liquid or solid.
7. Fire point- the lowest temperature of
A black substance formed by combustion or
a liquid in an open container at which
separated from fuel during combustion, rising
vapors are evolved fast enough to
in fine particles, and adhering to the sides of
support combustion.
the chimney or pipe conveying the smoke.
8. Flash point- the temperature at which
Soot is mostly made of carbon, and it forms if flammable liquid forms a vapor- air
when matter burns incompletely. Engines, mixture that ignites (mixture in the
burning coal, and house fires are all sources explosive range)
of soot, and soot is a major contributor to air
Chemical properties
pollution around the world
1. Endothermic Reactions- changes
Properties of Fire
whereby energy (heat) is absorbed or
 Physical properties added before the reaction takes place.
 chemical properties 2. Exothermic reactions- those that
release or give off energy (heat) thus
Physical properties
they produce substances with less
1. Specific gravity-the ratio of the energy than the reactants.
weight of a solid or liquid substance to 3. Oxidation- A chemical change that is
the weight of an equal volume of exothermic, any change in which
water. combustible materials (fuel) and then
2. Vapor density- the weight of a volume oxidizing agent (air), react. Example
of your gas composed to the volume of oxidation is combustion which is
of dry air at the same temperature the same as actual burning (rapid
and pressure. Measure of how heavy oxidation).
vapor compared to air. 4. Flames- flames are incandescent (very
3. Vapor pressure- the force exerted by bright/glowing with intense heat)
the molecules on the surface of a gases. It is a combustion product and
liquid. a manifestation of fire when it is in its
4. Temperature- the measure of the gas space combustion. There are
degree of thermal agitation of different type of flames categorized as:
molecules.
 TYPES OF FLAMES: 1. The fuel is heated until its
temperature reaches its fire point.
A. according to holler and completeness
2. Decomposition takes place-moisture
of combustion
in the fuel is converted to vapor.
1. LUMINOUS FLAME- Reddish-orange in
3. Decomposition produces combustible
color; it deposits soot because it is a
vapors that rise to the surface of the
product of incomplete combustion; it
fuel.
has lower temperature.
2. NON-LUMINOUS FLAME- Bluish in Combustible vapors are technically
color; it does not deposit soot termed as free radicals.
because it is a product of complete
4. Free radicals undergo combustion.
combustion; it has a higher
temperature than luminous flame. FREE RADICALS- are combustible vapors
such as:
B. According to Burning Fuel and Air
o Hydrogen gas
Mixture:
o carbon monoxide
1. PREMIXED FLAME- Bunsen Bumer
o carbon dioxide
2. HYDROCARBON- any substance
o nitrogen
containing primarily carbon and
hydrogen. STAGES OF BURNING
3. DIFFUSION- oxy acetylene torch
Incipient Phase- beginning stage of fire.
(Diffused-dispersed: widely spread)
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Normal room temperature
C. Based on Smoothness:
2. oxygen plentiful
1. LAMINAR FLAME- are flames that
3. thermal updraft rise accumulates my
follow is smooth path through a
tire point.
gaseous flame.
4. Flame temperature of 1000 degrees F.
2. TURBULENT FLAME- are those having
5. The temperature at the base of the
unsteady, irregular swirts and eddy, as
fire is 400 to 800oF.
physical size, gas density or velocity is
6. Ceiling temperature is 2000F
increased, all laminar gas flows tend
7. producing pyrolysis products: (CO2,
to become turbulent.
CO, SO2, Water, Vapor and other
PYROLYSIS gases)
The fire consumes the most solid part of the Free Burning Phase- burning stage whereby
fuel; thermal decomposition of combustible materials or structures are burning in the
matter; chemical decomposition of a solid presence of adequate oxygen supply.
fuel through the action of heat.
CHARACTERISTICS:
PROCESS OF PYROLYSIS
1. Fire has involved more fuel.
 2. Oxygen supply is depleted.
3. Heat accumulates at upper area.
4. Temperature: a) 800-1000oF @ the
base of fire b) 1200-1600oF @ the FIRE PROTECTION AND ARSON
ceiling INVESTIGATION
5. accelerated pyrolytic processes take
Stages of Fire
place.
6. Development of convection current;  Ignition
formation of thermal column as heat  Growth
rises.  flashover
7. Pyrolytic decomposition moves  fully-developed
upward on the walls ( crawling up the  Decay
flame) leaving burnt patterns (FIRE
FINGERPRINTS). IGNITION STAGE
8. Occurrence of FLASHOVER.  Point where in the fire starts
9. Arias is fully involved.  There is plenty of oxygen, little heat
Smoldering Phase- burning stage wherein and smoke
flame ceases but then smoke and heat  fire is still small and generally
completely fill the confined room. confined to the fuel that initially
ignited
CHARACTERISTICS:
GROWTH STAGE
1. oxygen drops to 13 % or below
causing the flame to vanish and the  Temperature and smoke level
heat to develop in layers. increases
2. Flames may die and leave only  oxygen level decreased and the fuel is
glowing embers or superheated fuels already dried out
under pressure with little oxygen.  hot gases rise to the ceiling and
3. Intense heat will be vaporize lighter spreads outward the walls
fuel components such as hydrogen,  Can be continuous if there is enough
methane, increasing the hazard. fuel and oxygen
4. Products of incomplete combustion  the smoke layer is getting thicker and
increase, particularly carbon fire is starting to spread to nearby
monoxide with an ignition furniture.
temperature of about 11250F.
FULLY-DEVELOPED
5. Temperature throughout the building
is very high and normal breathing is  All combustibles materials present are
not possible. continuously burning
6. Oxygen deficiency may cause back  maximum amount of heat is released
draft.
  the volume of fire is dependent of the 6 death within a few minutes
number and size of ventilation and concurrent heat failure
openings
 unburned gases begin flowing to FIRE SAFETY CREDO
adjacent spaces and ignite once it
enters a space where air is more  It takes one minute to write a safety
abundant. rule;
 it takes one hour to hold a safety
DECAY meeting;
 Intensity of fire decreasing due to lack  it takes one week to plan a safety
of available fuel program;
 Most of fuel consumed  it takes one day to inspect a
 Effort concentrated on cooling of the workplace;
remaining fuel  it takes one month to put it into
practice;
METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER  it takes one year to win a safety award;
1. By Radiation-Is the transmission of  it takes a lifetime to make a safety
heat energy through electromagnetic worker;
wave. EDITH
2. by convection- is the transfer of heat
energy by the movement of heated E- EXIT
fluids D- DRILL
3. by conduction- heat transfer by
conduction. It is the transmission of I-IN
heat from one body to another. It is T-THE
the transfer of heat from one
molecule to another molecule. H-HOME
4. by direct contact LIFE SAFETY is everyone’s business. Be FIRE
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA SAFETY CONSCIOUS!

oxygen in air symptoms

(percent) CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE BASED ON CAUSE
21 None-normal conditions AND BURNING FUEL
17 some impairment of muscular
coordination; increase in NATURAL OR PROVIDENT CAUSES FIRE
respiratory rate to
1. Spontaneous heating- Gradual raising
compensate for lower oxygen
content of heat until ignition temperature
12 Dizziness, headache, rapid 2. Lighting- Natural electric current with
fatigue great magnitude.
9 unconsciousness
 3. Radiation of Sunlight- Concentrating a 3. Sparking- reduction of incandescent
light on a combustion material. particles when two different church
conductor comes in contact.
CAUSES;
4. Induced current- induce line surge-
The risk of a fire developing is driven by three increase of electrical energy flow of
main factors: power voltage.
5. Overheating of electrical appliances
 Dry fuel such as leaves, grass,
branches, and other organic materials INTENTIONAL OR INCENDIARY CAUSES OF
 oxygen in the air FIRE
 heat to ignite and burn Accelerant- any substance or mixture that
The latter can be natural event, such as accelerates or speeds the development of
lightning strikes or spontaneous ignition escalation of fire. Accelerants are often used
to commit arson, and some accelerants may
The most common ignition sources of cause an explosion.
wildfire of natural fire around the world?
INTENTIONAL CAUSES OF FIRE
Lightning is the most common ignition source
that causes the vast majority of wildfires. Plant- The PREPARATION and GATHERING of
MATERIALS to start the fire.
There are two types of lighting: cold bold
and hot bolt. Trailer- the linear fire pattern produced when
combustible fuels are lined up intentionally
1. Cold lightning is usually of short by a fire setter for the purposes of more
duration and thus rarely a cause of rapidly spreading fire throughout a space.
wildfires. The trailer can be a line of solid fuels, such as
2. Hot lightning have less voltage but of bed sheets, and/or a pour of ignitable liquid.
course for a long period of time.
Because of the intense heat it CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE BASE ON BURNING
generates, hot lighting accounts for FUEL
the majority of natural fires. A fire is classified according to the fuel it
Note: climate change is undoubtedly consumes
the biggest trigger of extreme
lightning storms. Class A

ACCIDENTAL CAUSES FIRE Ordinary combustible pr fibrous materials,

such as:
1. Short circuit- unusual of accidental
connection between points at  Wood
different charge.  Papers
2. Arcing- production of sustained  Cloth
luminous electrical discharge between  rubber and some plastics.
separated electrodes.
Class B
Flammable or combustible liquids such as Backdraft- sudden and rapid (violent)
burning of heated gases in a confined area
 Gasoline
that occurs in the form of explosion.
 Kerosene
 Paint Flash Over- sudden ignition of accumulated
 paint thinners radical gases produced when there is
 Propane complete combustion of fuels.

Class C Biteback- fatal condition that takes place

when the fire resists extinguisher operation
Energized electrical equipment such as: and becomes stronger and bigger instead.
 Appliances Flashfire- Also known as DUST EXPLOSION.
 Switches
 panel boxes Rollover- the point at which gases produced
 power tools by pyrolysis ignites.

Class D BASED ON THE DATA RELEAED BY THE BFP

Certain combustible metals, such as: From January 1 to April 17, 2023- 3991 fire
incidents that they recorded in the country.
 magnesium There were fewer fires recorded in the
 titanium country in early 2023, the number of people
 potassium and sodium who died as a result of fire was higher.
 the Marriott violently with water or
2022 2023
other chemicals, and must be handled
Death 87 civilian 2 121 civilian 3
with care.
toll firefighter firefighter
Class K Injuries 352 402
Property 1,619,206,831 P15,122,588,314
Fires involving combustible cooking fluids damage
such as: (yearly)
 oils and fats
ACCORDING TO THE BFP
THE FIRE BEHAVIOR
 Smoking or lighting a cigarette is still
Thermal balance-normal behavior when fire
leading cause of fire
is undisturbed.
 Followed by electrical ignition caused
Thermal imbalance- abnormal movement of by arcing.
fire due to interference of foreign matter.  Electrical ignition caused by loose
DANGEROUS BEHAVIOR OF FIRE connection.
 Ignition caused by fireworks or
pyrotechnics explosions.
  It said that most of the fire incidents 1. Cooling: limiting temperature by increasing
occurred in residential areas, with the rate at which
2,008
heat is lost from the burning material
 213 fires occurred in mercantile areas
 132 in industrial areas. ● Common methods of extinguishing a fire is
 About 2626 of the deported fires by cooling with water.
were considered accident only; 64 are ● When water is applied, it undergoes
intentional; 53 are natural; 31 are not changes as it absorbs heat from the fire:
specified; 20 word due to negligence;
and 1753 are still under investigation. ● Its temperature will rise

Fire Extinguishment Theory ● It may evaporate (boil)

Fire is extinguished by limiting or interrupting ● It may react chemically with the burning
one or more of the material

essential elements in the combustion process ● Water is a good cooling agent because of
(fire tetrahedron). A fire its high thermal capacity and latent heat

may be extinguished by: of vaporization. This, combined with the fact

it is available in large quantities, makes
* Reducing its Temperature
it by far the most widely useful fire
* Removal of available Fuel extinguishing agent
* Exclusion of Oxygen
* Inhibition of Self-Sustained Chemical Chain 2. Smothering: limiting oxygen by preventing
Reaction air from reaching the seat of the
fire to allow the combustion process to
reduce the oxygen content in the

Four General Methods of Fire confined atmosphere until it extinguishes

itself.
Extinguishment
for example by:
❖ Cooling
● Snuffing out candles
❖ Smothering
● Smothering a pan with a fire blanket
❖ starving
● Wrapping a person in a fire blanket
❖ interrupting the combustion process
● Applying a blanket of foam over the
burning surface, thus separating the fuel
from the
air extinguishing media to the fire that inhibit
the chemical chain reaction at the
Smothering can also be achieved by removing
the oxygen in the atmosphere, thus molecular level)
extinguishing the fire, for example, by: Dry powder, Bromochlorodifluoromethane
(BCF) and other halon extinguishers work by
● Introducing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) to the
releasing
immediate vicinity of the fire
atoms that interrupt the chemical chain
● Introducing an inert gas to the immediate
reaction. They also create an inert gas barrier.
vicinity of the fire, such as through systems
STRATEGIC ACTIONS
installed to protect computer server rooms
Fire and rescue services should:
● Develop tactical guidance and support
3. Starving: limiting fuel by removing
arrangements for the hazards that may be
potential fuel from the vicinity of
encountered and the actions to be taken
the fire, removing the fire from the mass of
when selecting an appropriate firefighting
combustible materials or by
method
dividing the burning material into smaller
TACTICAL ACTIONS
fires that can be extinguished
Incident commanders should:
more easily.
 Select an appropriate firefighting method
Fires can be starved of fuel by removing
(i.e. cooling, smothering, starving,
potential fuel from the vicinity of the fire, for
interrupting)
example:
● Consider the impact of the extinguishing
● Back burning forestry fires
method on the fire, personnel, property and
● Draining fuel from burning oil tanks
environment
● Removing cargo from a ship's hold
● Consider the isolation or containment of
● Creating firebreaks in peat, heathland and the fire compartment
forest fires
● Removing vehicles in the proximity of the
Extinguishing Agent
fire
Is a substance that will put out a fire. Every
● Removing tyres not affected by the fire
extinguishment agent operates by attacking
from a tyre dump
one or more side of the fire
4. Interrupting: inhibiting the chemical chain tetrahedron.(Aguado 2000)
reaction by applying
Classification of Extinguishing Agent
a. Solid - example of solid fire extinguisher
agent
are:
1. Monoammonium phosphate
2. Liquid bicarbonate
3. Potassium chloride

Foam Extinguishing Agent

Liquids - Example of liquids extinguishing
1. Foam is a blanket of bubble that extinguish
agent
fire mainly by smothering. The bubble are
are: formed by mixing water and foam making
agent (foam concentrate) the result is called
1. Water spray
a foam solution.
2. Foam
2. The various foam solution are lighter than
Gases - Example of gases extinguishing agent the lightest flammable oils,
are:
3. Foam concentrate are produced in two
1. Carbon dioxide strengths: 3% and 6%

2. Halon 1211 Advantage of foam

3. Halon 1211 ● The foam blankets the fuel surface

smothering the fire.
Water Extinguishing agent:
● The foam blanket separates the
1. Water is a primarily a cooling agent. Its
flames/ignition source from the fuel surface.
Absorbs heat and cool burning material more
effectively than any of the commonly used ● The foam cools the fuel and any adjacent
extinguishing agents. metal surfaces.

2. Water had an important secondary effect; ● The foam blanket suppresses the release of
when it turns to steam, it converts from the flammable vapors that can mix with air.
liquid state to the gaseous (vapor) state, and
Limitation on the use of Foam
in so doing, it expands about 1700 times in
volume. 1. Because they are aqueous (water)
solutions, foams are electrically conductive
Water type Fire Exting
and should not be used on live electrical
equipment.
2. Like water, foams should not be used on
combustible-metal fires.
3. Many types of foam must not be used with 3. Possibility of re- ignition - compared with
dry chemical extinguishing agents. AFFF is an water carbon dioxide has a very limited
exception to this rule and may be used in a cooling capacity. It may not cool the fuel
joint attack with dry chemical. below ignition temperature so there is a
possibility of reflash
4. Foams are not suitable for fires involving
gases and cryogenic (extremely low 4. Hazard - CO2 is not poisonous to the
temperature) liquids. human system, it is suffocating in the
concentration necessary for the
Foam type Fire Extinguisher
extinguishment, a person exposed to this
Aqueous Film Forming Foam concentration would suffer dizziness and
unconsciousness, unless removed quickly to
fresh air the victim may die.
CO2 type Fire Extinguisher

Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Agent -

approved for building installation as well as
industrial
occupancy. Halogenated type
- CO2 extinguish fire mainly by smothering. Halon - The bromochlorodifluoromethane
(Halon 1211) fire extinguisher has an agent
- Effective on class B fire.
that is
- CO2 sometimes used to protect areas
similar to carbon dioxide in that it is suitable
containing valuable articles.
for cold weather installation and leaves no
- It does not conduct electricity and can be residue. It is important to note that the
used on live electrical equipment. production of Halon has been phased out
because of the environmental damage it
Limitation on the used of Carbon Dioxide
causes to the earth’s ozone. Some larger
1.Effectiveness - it is not effective on models of Halon 1211 fire
combustible metal such as sodium,
extinguishers are listed for use on Class A as
potassium, magnesium and zirconium.
well as Class B and Class C fires. Compared to
2. Outside used - to be fully effective, the gas carbon dioxide on a weight-of-agent basis,
must be confined. For this reason CO2is not bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211) is
effective outside. at least twice as effective.
Halon Alternative Clean Agents 2. Multipurpose Dry Chemical - Fire
extinguishers of this type contain an
There are several clean agents that are
ammonium phosphate base agent
similar to halon agents in that they are
Multipurpose agents are used in exactly the
nonconductive, non corrosive, and evaporate
same manner as ordinary dry chemical
after use, leaving no residue. Larger models
agents on Class B fires. For use on Class A
of these fire extinguishers are listed for Class
fires, the multipurpose agent has the
A as well as Class B and Class C fires, which
additional characteristic of softening and
makes them quite suitable for use on fires in
sticking when in contact with hot surfaces
electronic equipment. When discharged,
these agents are in the combined form of a
gas/mist or a liquid, which rapidly evaporates
Limitation on the use of Dry Chemical
after discharge with about twice the range of
carbon dioxide. Clean agent type 1. The discharge of large amount of dry
extinguishers don’t have a detrimental effect chemical could affect people in the vicinity.
on the earth’s ozone so these are more The opaque cloud that is produce can reduce
widely available than Halon type extinguisher visibility and depending on its density, cause
breathing difficulties.
Halon Type Fire Extinguisher
2. Dry chemical may deposit an insulating
coating on electronic or telephonic
equipment affecting the operation of of the
equipment.
3. Dry chemical is not effective on
combustible metal such as magnesium,
potassium, sodium, and their alloys and in
some cases may cause a violent reaction.
Dry Chemical Type Fire Extinguisher
Dry chemical extinguishing Agent - Dry
chemical extinguishing agent are chemical in
powder form.
Types of Dry Chemical Extinguishing Agent
1. Ordinary Dry Chemical- The fire
extinguishing agent used in these devices is a
powder composed of very small particulates.
Types of agents available include sodium
bicarbonate base and potassium bicarbonate
base.
Dry Powder Extinguishing Agent- Dry The most important equipment of the Fire
powder is develop to control and extinguish
Department include:
fires involving combustible metal, class D fire.
1. Communication System
- Only dry powder is intended for
combustible metal fires. 2. Fire Trucks
- Dry powder are the only extinguishing agent 3. Special Fire Vehicles
that can control and extinguish metal fire
4. Special Personal Protective Equipment
without
Communication System
causing violent reaction,
- Necessary to alert the fire department to
Class D Fire Extinguisher
the outbreak of the fire
- Most other alarm are sent from automatic
signaling devices
- Most large fire department have a
computerized system of receiving alarm.
Fire truck
- The term “fire truck”usually means any
other type of truck used to carry equipment
or people to a fire or emergency.
Fire Fighting Equipment - There are different types of fire trucks, all
State of the art fire fighting equipment are have different job to do.
imperative in combating and suppressing any - Many are used to carry equipment
fire firefighters need for special emergency.
incidents. Without which firefighters would Types of Fire truck:
be handicapped in performing their primary
role in 1. Ladder trucks

protecting the lives and properties of the

people they serve.
a. Aerial ladder
 Fire engines, or pumpers, carry hose, tools,
and pump water. The engine can also carry
ladders,but they are set up by the fire
fighters and can be carried around. ... Water
tank (usually 500-750 gallons) Pump
(approximately 1500 GPM) Complement of
various types of hose (for both attack and
b. Elevating platform supply)

Rescue Ladder
Rescue ladder are enclose vehicle equipped
Conventional Fire truck
with many of same kind of forcible entry,
hydraulic tools, oxyacetylene torches. This is a standard type of fire truck with an
engine which has been mainly developed for
firefighting operations. It serves the purpose
of taking the firefighters to the fire scene as
well as carrying essential tools, hoses and
equipment to the scene along with a limited
water supply

Special fire Vehicle

An airport crash tender is a specialized fire
engine designed for use in aircraft rescue and
nozzle on the fire truck that is used to
penetrate an airplane's fuselage and dispense
AFFF to extinguish fire inside the cabin or
cargo area. fire truck carry? How many hours will it lasts?
An average fire truck carries 1,000 gallons of
water and normally equipped with 1.5
diameter,with a nozzle rated to produce 75
psi at 125 gallons per minute. So, using a 1.5”
attack line, we can flow water for 8 minutes
we drain the inboard water tank.
 waste facilities or chemical manufacturing
plants.
Fire Gloves: Gloves are worn by firefighters
to protect their hands from cuts and
abrasions caused by falling objects during
rescue operations involving escape of people
trapped inside structures like buildings after
Fire Helmet: A helmet is used by firefighters a fire breaks out there.
to protect their heads from falling objects SCBA: which stands for self-contained
and flying debris during a firefight or rescue breathing apparatus. This set up includes a
operation. Helmets also provide protection mask and regulator that allows firefighters to
from heat, smoke and toxic gases generated breathe clean air while fighting fires. It also
by fires and explosions. Helmets are designed includes a tank on their back that holds the
to fit snugly around a firefighter’s head so clean air they need to breathe while fighting
they don’t fall off during an emergency fires.
situation.
Face Shield/ Visor: A face shield protects a Important toknow
firefighter’s eyes from flying embers, sparks
and other debris while fighting fires inside SCBA- the length of time that an SCBA tank
structures or while doing search-and-rescue will last depends on the user's physical
operations in smoke-filled areas where there activity level. An SCBA cylinder capacity of
is no visibility due to thick smoke conditions. 2,040 liters of compressed air gives the
It also helps keep out dirt and dust during wearer approximately 51 minutes of air
clean up operations after a fire. supply for full usage or approximately 30
Fire Boots: Firefighters wear fire boots to minutes in working conditions
protect their feet from burns and stab
wounds caused by hot materials such as Fire Coat and trouser- The special clothing
melted plastics, paper, wood or other worn by a firefighter must be able to
combustible objects that may have been withstand various conditions that include
trapped inside a building extremely high temperature ranging from
Goggles: Goggles are used by firefighters to 400 °F (204 °C) up to 1500 °F (816 ˚C).
protect their eyes from dust, smoke and toxic - firefighters to wear clothes made from a
gases in the air during an emergency fire-resistant material like Nomex or Kevlar.
situation or when performing search-and- - NFPA certified turnout gear is composed of
rescue operations inside smoke-filled areas. three layers; an outer shell, a moisture
Fire Suit/ Jacket: A firefighter’s suit protects barrier, and a thermal liner. This
his body from burns through direct skin specific formulation of materials was created
contact with flames and heat sources during more than 100 years ago.
firefighting operations. It also provides - Firefighter helmets may appear to be on
protection against chemicals such as backwards, but the “duckbill” appearance
ammonia, hydrochloric acid, sulfur dioxide was specifically designed to keep water and
and chlorine gas released into the hot debris from falling down the backs of
environment while fighting fires at hazardous firefighters.
- The average weight of PPE for firefighters Importance of Sprinklers System
is about 20 pounds (9 kg). This includes the Fire sprinkler systems often serve as the first
bunker pants, jacket, helmet and other line of defense against smoke and fires,
equipment. The heaviest part of the giving
firefighter’s uniform is the helmet. It weighs people more time to safely escape any
around 7 pounds (3.2 kg). SCBA is 29 pounds imminent danger and follow the approved
(13kg) evacuation
The FIRE CODE of the Philippines mandates plan to safety. Fire sprinklers are the most
that all high-rise buildings (above 15 meters commonly used fire protection system for a
in height) be equipped with sprinkler fire reason because they are so customizable and
suppression systems. If you are living in an efficient. The purpose of the fire sprinkler
new building constructed in the '80s and '90s system is simple: to provide an appropriate
your building will surely have one. If you live amount of water to extinguish fires before
in an older structure built in the 60s and early they get the opportunity to grow and spread
'70s before the Fire Code took effect, most throughout the room. There are also various
likely, your building does not have a sprinkler types of sprinkler systems that will provide
system. Also, if you happened to live in a the right kind of protection for the specific
building below five (5) stories, and the kind of setting in which they are installed.
builder was just concerned with nominal The types of fire sprinkler systems include
safety compliance, rather than - wet pipe
genuine concern for safety, your building - dry pipe
may not also have sprinkler system or an - deluge
automatic smoke detector system (Abaygar, - preaction fire sprinkler systems.
2000)
Wet pipe systems are the most common fire
Section 40 of 1185 provides that "high rise sprinkler system. A wet pipe system is one in
building shall be protected with approved which water is constantly maintained within
type of automatic fire suppression system the sprinkler piping. When a sprinkler
installed in accordance with internationally activates this
recognized standards. The automatic fire water is immediately discharged onto the fire.
suppression system must protect all floor
spaces including closet and concealed spaces A dry pipe sprinkler system is one in which
and plenums of certain configuration and pipes are filled with pressurized air or
construction-particularly where nitrogen,
combustible materials are located such as rather than water. This air holds a remote
exposed electrical wiring, combustible duck valve, known as a dry pipe valve, in a closed
work, and combustible sound/thermal position.
insulation. The system shall be
interconnected to a fire alarm system and to A deluge fire sprinkler system is similar to a
the control room of the building" (De Joras, pre-action system except the sprinkler heads
1972) are open and the pipe is not pressurized with
air. Deluge systems are connected to a water
supply
through a deluge valve that is opened by the
operation of a smoke or heat detection
system. The detection system is installed in
the same area as the sprinklers. When the
detection system is activated water
discharges through all of the sprinkler heads
in the system. Deluge systems are used in
places that are considered high hazard areas
such as power plants, aircraft hangars and
chemical storage or processing facilities.
Deluge systems are needed where high
velocity suppression is necessary to prevent
fire spread. Photoelectric smoke alarm

Pre-action fire sprinklers are a dry sprinkler

system, water is not contained in the pipes
but is
held back by a pre-action valve. Pre-action
valves are electrically operated valve that is
activated by heat, smoke or flame.
A smoke detector is a device that senses
smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.
- detect fires by sensing small particles in the
air using a couple of different kinds of
technologies. Once they detect those
particles above a certain level, they signal the
alarm to sound so that you and your family
can get to safety.
Three (3) types of Smoke Detector
- Ionization smoke alarm - are generally
more responsive to smoke from a slow,
smoldering fire.
- Photoelectric smoke alarm - are best at
detecting smoke from a fast, flaming fire.
- Dual Sensor Smoke alarm - Dual sensor
smoke alarms use both ionization and
photoelectric technologies in one alarm