General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
General Chemistry
(Chemy 101)
1st Semester 2019/2020
CHAPTER 2: Atoms, Molecules, and
Ions
Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah
Chemistry Department, College of Science,
University of Bahrain
E-mail:
[email protected] Contents
• Electrons and the Nuclear Atom
• Chemical Elements
• Atomic Masses
• Molecular and Ionic Compounds
• Names and formulas
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Good Luck..Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 1
General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. Elements are composed of small particles called
atoms.
Atoms of a given element are identical, having the same
size, mass and chemical properties.
Atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all
other elements.
2. Compounds are formed when atoms of two or more
elements combine in a fixed ratio. (ex. H2O; H:O = 2:1)
3. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical
reactions.
A chemical reaction involves only the separation,
combination, or rearrangement of atoms
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y
Law of Conservation of Mass
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Components of the Atom
Electron
Atomic Model cloud
• Thomson
• Rutherford
• Dalton
Nucleus: Contains positively charged particles (protons)
and uncharged particles (neutrons)
Electrons: Negatively charged particles, which form
electron cloud around the nucleus
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Components of the Atom
Particle Charge Mass Location
Electron (e-) -1 9.11 x 10-28 (g) Outside
0.00055 (amu) nucleus
Proton (p+) +1 1.6726 x 10-24 (g) Nucleus
1.00073 (amu)
Neutron (no) 0 1.6749 x 10-24 (g) Nucleus
1.00087 (amu)
Atom is electrically neutral because the
number of protons (+) is equal to the
number of electrons (-).
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Scale of Atoms
Atomic Diameter 10-8 cm
Nuclear diameter 10-13 cm
The heaviest atom has a mass of only 4.8 x 10-22 g
and a diameter of only 5 x 10-10 m.
Useful units:
1 amu (atomic mass unit) = 1.66054 x 10-24 kg
1 pm (picometer) = 1 x 10-12 m
1 Å (Angstrom) = 1 x 10-10 m = 100 pm = 1 x 10-8 cm
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Atomic Number, Mass Number and Isotopes
Atomic Number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass Number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
A Charge
Element Symbol
Z
X 27
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 13 Al?
13 protons, 14 (27 - 13) neutrons, 13 electrons
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Atomic Number, Mass Number and Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with
different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.
Isotopes have same Z but different A.
1 2 3 235 238
H 1H (D) 1H (T) 92 U 92 U
1
12 13 14
6C 6C 6
C
14
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?
6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Measuring Atomic Mass
Instead of grams, the unit we use is the Atomic Mass Unit
(amu).
It is defined as one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
Carbon-12 has been chosen because of its isotope
purity.
Next the masses of the other atoms relative to carbon-12
are determined with a mass spectrometer.
Each isotope has its own atomic mass, thus we determine
the average atomic mass from percent abundance.
Multiply the atomic mass of each isotope by it’s abundance
(expressed as a decimal), then add the results.
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Alkali Metals The Periodic table Noble Gases
Alkaline Earths Main Group
Halogens
Transition Metals
Main Group Lanthanides and Actinides
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
The Periodic Table
From the periodic table you will able to
• Read atomic masses.
• Read the ions formed by main group
elements.
• Read the electron configuration.
• Learn trends in physical and chemical
properties.
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
A molecule is an union of two or more atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by chemical forces
H2 H2O NH3 CH4
A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms
H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO
A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms
O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
13
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net
positive or negative charge.
Cation – ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.
11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na+ 10 electrons
Anion – ion with a negative charge
If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.
17 protons
17 protons
Cl 17 electrons
Cl- 18 electrons
14
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Common Ions Shown on the Periodic Table
15
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
A monatomic ion contains only one atom
Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-
A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom
OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-
How many protons and electrons are in the following
ions?
127 - 64
31
15P 53
I 29
Cu 2+
P= 15 P= 53 P= 29
N= 16 N= 74 N= 35
e = 15 e = 54 e = 27
16
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
How many protons and electrons are in ? 27 3+
13 Al
13 protons, 10 (13 – 3) electrons
How many protons and electrons are in ? 78 Se 2-
34
34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Chemical Compounds
A chemical compound is a chemical substance
composed of atoms from more than one
element held together by chemical bonds.
Chemical compounds may be:
Ionic compounds
Molecular compounds
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Molecular Compounds
They consist of a combination of nonmetals or
nonmetals + metalloids
P4O10
H2O2 CH3CH2Cl
HCO2H
CH3CH(OH)CH3
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Molecular Compounds
A molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
substance
An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-
number ratio of the atoms in a substance
molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O
O3 O
N2H4 NH2
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Molecular Compounds
A Structural formula shows the arrangement of
atoms in the molecule of a compound.
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Ionic Compounds
They consist of a combination of cations and
an anions
The formula is usually the same as the
empirical formula
The sum of the charges on the cation(s) and
anion(s) in each formula unit must equal zero
The ionic compound NaCl
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Formation of a Crystal of Sodium Chloride
Na donates an
electron to Cl …
… and
opposites
attract.
The highly
ordered solid
collection of ions
is called an
“ionic crystal”.
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Formula of Ionic Compounds
The sum of the charges on the cation and anion in
each formula must be zero
Al3+ O2– 2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6
Al2O3
Al3+ O2-
Al2O3
Aluminum oxide 1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2
Calcium bromide CaBr2
Ca2+ PO43– Ca2+ Br-
3 x +2 = +6 2 x -3 = -6
Ca3(PO4)2
Ca3(PO4)2
Calcium phosphate Ca2+ PO43-
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Naming Inorganic Compounds
Rules: Ionic Compounds (Metals and Nonmetals)
1. The cation is named first and the anion is named
second.
2. The name of the cation is the same as the name of the
element.
3. Atoms have several charges, Use a roman numeral after
the cation to indicate the ionic charge of that cation.
Traditional names: you add the suffix –ous to the one
with the lower charge and –ic to the one with the higher
charge.
4. Anion is named by taking the root name of the
element and adding the suffix -ide.
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Polyatomic Ions
ammonium ion NH4+ acetate ion CH3COO-
carbonate ion CO32- hydrogen carbonate HCO3-
hypochlorite ClO- phosphate PO43-
chlorite ClO2- hydrogen phosphate HPO42-
chlorate ClO3- sulfate SO42-
perchlorate ClO4- hydrogensulfate HSO4-
27
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Inorganic Nomenclature
NaCl = sodium chloride
MgI2 = magnesium iodide
Al2O3 = aluminum oxide
Na2S = sodium sulfide
BaCl2 barium chloride
K2O potassium oxide
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide
KNO3 potassium nitrate
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
FeCl2 iron(II) chloride or ferrous chloride
FeCl3 iron(III) chloride or ferric chloride
Cr2S3 chromium(III) sulfide or chromic sulfide
Name the following ionic compounds: (a) Fe2(SO4)3,
(b) Al(OH)3, and (c) Hg2O.
Solution
(a) Fe2(SO4)3 is iron(III) sulfate.
(b) Al(OH)3 is aluminum hydroxide.
(c) Hg2O is mercury(I) oxide.
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Naming Inorganic Compounds
• Molecular compounds
(Nonmetals or nonmetals +
metalloids)
Common names
H2O (water), NH3 (ammonia),
CH4 (methane)
Put the positive atom first
then use prefixes to indicate
number of each kind of atom
Last element name ends in
ide
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Molecular Compounds
HI hydrogen iodide
NF3 nitrogen trifluoride
SO2 sulfur dioxide
N2Cl4 dinitrogen tetrachloride
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
N2O dinitrogen monoxide
32
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
34
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Good Luck..Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 17
General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Naming Inorganic Compounds
Acids and Bases
An acid can be defined as a
substance that yields hydrogen ions
(H+) when dissolved in water.
Example: HCl gas and HCl in water
•Pure substance, hydrogen chloride
•Dissolved in water (H3O+ and Cl−),
hydrochloric acid
35
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen,
oxygen, and another element.
HNO3 nitric acid
H2CO3 carbonic acid
H3PO4 phosphoric acid
36
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Naming Oxoacids and Oxoanions
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
A base can be defined as a substance that yields
hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
NaOH sodium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
Hydrates are compounds that have a specific
number of water molecules attached to them.
In their naming, put (•) before water number
BaCl2•2H2O barium chloride dihydrate
LiCl•H2O lithium chloride monohydrate
MgSO4•7H2O magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Sr(NO3)2 •4H2O strontium nitrate tetrahydrate
39
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
40
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with carbon
compounds
Functional Groups
H H H O
H C OH H C NH2 H C C OH
H H H
methylamine acetic acid
methanol
41
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
42
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General Chemistry (Chemy 101) First
Semester 2019/2020
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