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Lecture 7 Static Class Members

The document discusses static class members in object-oriented programming, including static fields, methods, properties, constructors, and classes. Static members belong to the class itself rather than individual objects. A static field creates a single instance shared among all class objects. Static methods can access only static fields and methods, while static properties provide a way to access static fields through get and set accessors. A static constructor runs once before any class objects are created. A static class contains only static members and cannot be instantiated.

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24 views

Lecture 7 Static Class Members

The document discusses static class members in object-oriented programming, including static fields, methods, properties, constructors, and classes. Static members belong to the class itself rather than individual objects. A static field creates a single instance shared among all class objects. Static methods can access only static fields and methods, while static properties provide a way to access static fields through get and set accessors. A static constructor runs once before any class objects are created. A static class contains only static members and cannot be instantiated.

Uploaded by

huthefh2019
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 21

Object-Oriented Programming

Lecture 7: Static Class Members


Lecturer:
Afaf Ghazi Bin Saadon
[email protected]

1
Outline

 Static Field

 Static Method

 Static Property

 Static Constructor

 Static Class

 Constant Field
2
Static Class Members
 You can define class members as static using
the static keyword.

 When you declare a member of a class as


static, it means there is only one copy of the
static member.

 You can call the static method or access the


static field by using the name of the class.
 No instance is required.
3
Static Field

 Defining a field as static makes it possible to


create a single instance of a field that is
shared among all objects created from a
single class.
 Non-static fields are local to each instance of an
object.

4
Example: Static Field
class Student
{
private string name;
private int age;
private static int numOfStudents; // Static Field

public Student(string name, int age)


{
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
numOfStudents++;
Console.WriteLine("Number of Students = " +
numOfStudents);
}
}
5
Example: Static Field
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Student s1 = new Student("Ali", 20);
Student s2 = new Student("Ahmed", 21);
Student s3 = new Student("Khaled", 22);
}
}

6
Example: Static Field
 In this example, the static field numOfStudents
is incremented by the constructor every time a
new object is created.

 All objects share the same instance of the


numOfStudents field, so the statement
numOfStudents++; increments the same data
every time a new instance is created.

 You cannot prefix numOfStudents with the


this keyword because numOfStudents does
not belong to a specific object.
7
Static Method
 A static method does not depend on an
instance of the class.

 It cannot access any instance fields or


instance methods defined in the class.
 It can use only fields and other methods that are
marked as static.

 The Console class and its ReadLine and


WriteLine methods are an example of static
methods.
8
Example: Static Method
class Student {
private string name;
private int age;
private static int numOfStudents; // Static Field
public Student(string name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
numOfStudents++;
}
public static int GetNumOfStudents() {
return numOfStudents;
}
public static void SetNumOfStudents(int value) {
numOfStudents = value;
}
} 9
Example: Static Method
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine(Student.GetNumOfStudents());
Student.SetNumOfStudents(10);
Console.WriteLine(Student.GetNumOfStudents());
Student s1 = new Student("Ali", 20);
Console.WriteLine(Student.GetNumOfStudents());
Student s2 = new Student("Ahmed", 21);
Console.WriteLine(Student.GetNumOfStudents());
}
}

10
Static Property
class Student {
public string Name { get; set; } // Property
public int Age { get; set; } // Property
private static int numOfStudents; // Static Field
public Student(string name, int age) {
Name = name;
Age = age;
numOfStudents++;
}
public static int NumOfStudents {
get {
return numOfStudents;
}
set {
numOfStudents = value;
}
}
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}
Static Auto-Implemented Property
class Student
{
public string Name { get; set; } // Property
public int Age { get; set; } // Property
// Static Property
public static int NumOfStudents { get; set; }

public Student(string name, int age)


{
Name = name;
Age = age;
NumOfStudents++;
}
}

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Static Property
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine(Student.NumOfStudents);
Student.NumOfStudents = 5;
Console.WriteLine(Student.NumOfStudents);
Student s1 = new Student("Ali", 20);
Student s2 = new Student("Ahmed", 21);
Student s3 = new Student("Khaled", 22);
Console.WriteLine(Student.NumOfStudents);
}
}

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Static Constructor
 The static constructor is the special type that
does not take access modifiers or have
parameters.
 It is called automatically before the first
instance is created or any static members are
referenced.

 It is used to:
 initialize any static data.
 perform a particular action that needs to be
performed once only.
14
Example: Static Constructor
class Student {
public string Name { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }
public static int NumOfStudents { get; set; }

public Student(string name, int age) {


Name = name;
Age = age;
NumOfStudents++;
}

// Static Constructor
static Student() {
Console.WriteLine("Constructor will be called only once.");
NumOfStudents = 10;
}
}
15
Example: Static Constructor
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine(Student.NumOfStudents);
Student s1 = new Student("Ali", 20);
Student s2 = new Student("Ahmed", 21);
Student s3 = new Student("Khaled", 22);
Console.WriteLine(Student.NumOfStudents);
}
}

16
Static Class
 A static class can contain only static members.
 A static class cannot contain any instance data or
methods.

 The purpose of a static class is purely to act as


a holder of utility methods and fields.
 You can’t actually use new to create an instance
of an object using a static class.
 The compiler will report an error if you try.

 A static class cannot inherit from another class


except Object class. 17
Example: Static Class
static class Math {
public static int Max(int a, int b) {
if (a > b)
return a;
else
return b;
}
public static int Power(int x, int n) {
int pow = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
pow *= x;
return pow;
}
public static int Factorial(int n) {
int fact = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
fact *= i;
return fact;
}
} 18
Example: Static Class
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Max(9, 17) = " + Math.Max(9, 17));
Console.WriteLine("Power(2, 4) = " + Math.Power(2, 4));
Console.WriteLine("Factorial(5) = " + Math.Factorial(5));
}
}

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Constant Field
 If a field is declared by using the keyword
const then it is a constant field.

 The constant field can’t be modified after its


declaration, so it must initialize at the time of
declaration only.

 The behavior of constant field will be similar


to the behavior of static field
 initialized only one time and doesn’t require the
instance of the class for accessing.
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Example
class Circle
{
private double radius;
private const double pi = 3.14;

public Circle(double radius) {


this.radius = radius;
}

public double GetArea() {


return pi * radius * radius;
}

public double GetPerimeter() {


return 2 * pi * radius;
}
}
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