3144 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 56, NO.

8, AUGUST 2009

Transformerless DC–DC Converters With

High Step-Up Voltage Gain
Lung-Sheng Yang, Tsorng-Juu Liang, Member, IEEE, and Jiann-Fuh Chen, Member, IEEE

Abstract—Conventional dc–dc boost converters are unable to

provide high step-up voltage gains due to the effect of power
switches, rectifier diodes, and the equivalent series resistance of
inductors and capacitors. This paper proposes transformerless
dc–dc converters to achieve high step-up voltage gain without
an extremely high duty ratio. In the proposed converters, two
inductors with the same level of inductance are charged in parallel
during the switch-on period and are discharged in series during
the switch-off period. The structures of the proposed converters
are very simple. Only one power stage is used. Moreover, the
steady-state analyses of voltage gains and boundary operating
conditions are discussed in detail. Finally, a prototype circuit is
implemented in the laboratory to verify the performance. Fig. 1. Transformerless dc–dc high step-up converter [24].
Index Terms—DC–DC boost converter, high step-up voltage
gain, power stage. type [17], the voltage-lift type [18]–[20], the capacitor-diode
voltage multiplier type [21], [22], and the boost type integrating
I. I NTRODUCTION with switched-capacitor technique [23]. However, these types
are all complex and have a higher cost. The modified boost type
A DC–DC converter with a high step-up voltage gain
is used for many applications, such as high-intensity-
discharge lamp ballasts for automobile headlamps, fuel-cell en-
with switched-inductor technique is shown in Fig. 1 [24]. The
structure of this converter is very simple. Only one power stage
is used in this converter. However, this converter has two issues:
ergy conversion systems, solar-cell energy conversion systems,
1) Three power devices exist in the current-flow path during the
and battery backup systems for uninterruptible power supplies.
switch-on period, and two power devices exist in the current-
Theoretically, a dc–dc boost converter can achieve a high step-
flow path during the switch-off period, and 2) the voltage stress
up voltage gain with an extremely high duty ratio [1]–[3].
on the active switch is equal to the output voltage.
However, in practice, the step-up voltage gain is limited due to
A transformerless dc–dc high step-up converter is proposed
the effect of power switches, rectifier diodes, and the equivalent
in this paper, as shown in Fig. 2(a). Compared with the con-
series resistance (ESR) of inductors and capacitors. Moreover,
the extremely high duty-ratio operation will result in a se- verter in [24], the proposed converter I has the following merits:
rious reverse-recovery problem. Many topologies have been 1) Two power devices exist in the current-flow path during the
presented to provide a high step-up voltage gain without an switch-on period, and one power device exists in the current-
extremely high duty ratio [4]–[24]. A dc–dc flyback converter is flow path during the switch-off period; 2) the voltage stresses
a very simple structure with a high step-up voltage gain and an on the active switches are less than the output voltage; and
electrical isolation, but the active switch of this converter will 3) under the same operating conditions, including input voltage,
suffer a high voltage stress due to the leakage inductance of output voltage, and output power, the current stress on the active
the transformer. For recycling the energy of the leakage induc- switch during the switch-on period is equal to the half of the
tance and minimizing the voltage stress on the active switch, current stress on the active switch of the converter in [24]. For
some energy-regeneration techniques have been proposed to getting higher step-up voltage gain, the other dc–dc converters
clamp the voltage stress on the active switch and to recycle are also presented in this paper, as shown in Fig. 2(b) and (c).
the leakage-inductance energy [4]–[6]. The coupled-inductor These three proposed dc–dc converters utilize the switched-
techniques provide solutions to achieve a high voltage gain, a inductor technique, in which two inductors with same level of
low voltage stress on the active switch, and a high efficiency inductance are charged in parallel during the switch-on period
without the penalty of high duty ratio [7]–[15]. Literature and are discharged in series during the switch-off period, to
includes some research of the transformerless dc–dc converters, achieve high step-up voltage gain without the extremely high
which include the cascade boost type [16], the quadratic boost duty ratio. The operating principles and steady-state analysis
are discussed in the following sections. To analyze the steady-
Manuscript received December 16, 2008; revised April 30, 2009. First state characteristics of the proposed converters, some condi-
published May 15, 2009; current version published July 24, 2009. tions are assumed as follows: 1) All components are ideal—the
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National ON -state resistance RDS(ON) of the active switches, the forward
Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan (e-mail: yanglungsheng@yahoo.
com.tw; [email protected]; [email protected]). voltage drop of the diodes, and the ESRs of the inductors and
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2009.2022512 capacitors are ignored—and 2) all capacitors are sufficiently

0278-0046/$26.00 © 2009 IEEE

YANG et al.: TRANSFORMERLESS DC–DC CONVERTERS WITH HIGH STEP-UP VOLTAGE GAIN 3145

Fig. 3. Some typical waveforms for the proposed converter I. (a) CCM
operation. (b) DCM operation.

1) Mode 1 [t0 , t1 ]. During this time interval, switches S1

and S2 are turned on. The equivalent circuit is shown
in Fig. 4(a). Inductors L1 and L2 are charged in parallel
from the dc source, and the energy stored in the output
capacitor Co is released to the load. Thus, the voltages
across L1 and L2 are given as

νL1 = νL2 = Vin . (1)

2) Mode 2 [t1 , t2 ]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are

turned off. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 4(b).
The dc source, L1 , and L2 are series connected to transfer
the energies to Co and the load. Thus, the voltages across
L1 and L2 are derived as
Vin − Vo
νL1 = νL2 = . (2)
2

By using the volt–second balance principle on L1 and L2 , the

Fig. 2. Proposed high step-up dc–dc converters. (a) Converter I. following equation can be obtained:
(b) Converter II. (c) Converter III.
 s
DT Ts
large, and the voltages across the capacitors can be treated as Vin − Vo
Vin dt + dt = 0. (3)
constant. 2
0 DTs

II. P ROPOSED C ONVERTER I By simplifying (3), the voltage gain is given by

Fig. 2(a) shows the circuit configuration of the proposed Vo 1+D
MCCM = = . (4)
converter I, which consists of two active switches (S1 and Vin 1−D
S2 ), two inductors (L1 and L2 ) that have the same level of
inductance, one output diode Do , and one output capacitor Co . From Fig. 3(a), the voltage stresses on S1 , S2 , and Do are
Switches S1 and S2 are controlled simultaneously by using one derived as
control signal. Fig. 3 shows some typical waveforms obtained 
VS1 = VS2 = Vo +V in
(5)
during continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous 2
VDo = Vo + Vin .
conduction mode (DCM). The operating principles and steady-
state analysis of CCM and DCM are presented in detail as
follows. B. DCM Operation
The operating modes can be divided into three modes, de-
A. CCM Operation fined as modes 1, 2, and 3.
The operating modes can be divided into two modes, defined 1) Mode 1 [t0 , t1 ]. The operating principle is the same as that
as modes 1 and 2. for mode 1 of the CCM operation. The two peak currents
3146 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 56, NO. 8, AUGUST 2009

Fig. 5. Boundary condition of the proposed converter I.

From Fig. 3(b), the average value of the output-capacitor

current during each switching period is given by
1
2 D2 Ts IL1p − Io Ts 1
Ico = = D2 IL1p − Io . (9)
Ts 2
Substituting (6) and (8) into (9), Ico is derived as
D2 Vin2 Ts Vo
Ico = − . (10)
L(Vo − Vin ) R
Since Ico is equal to zero under steady state, (10) can be
rewritten as follows:
D2 Vin2 Ts Vo
= . (11)
L(Vo − Vin ) R

Then, the normalized inductor time constant is defined as

Lfs
τL ≡ (12)
R
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuits of the proposed converter I. (a) Switches ON.
(b) Switches OFF. (c) Switches OFF in DCM operation. where fs is the switching frequency (fs = 1/Ts ).
Substituting (12) into (11), the voltage gain is given by
of L1 and L2 can be found as 
Vo 1 1 D2
Vin MDCM = = + + . (13)
IL1p = IL2p = DTs (6) Vin 2 4 τL
L
where L is the inductance of L1 and L2 .
2) Mode 2 [t1 , t2 ]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are C. Boundary Operating Condition Between CCM and DCM
turned off. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 4(b).
The dc source, L1 , and L2 are series connected to transfer If the proposed converter I is operated in boundary conduc-
the energies to Co and the load. Inductor currents iL1 and tion mode (BCM), the voltage gain of the CCM operation is
iL2 are decreased to zero at t = t2 . Another expression of equal to the voltage gain of the DCM operation. From (4) and
IL1p and IL2p is given as (13), the boundary normalized inductor time constant τLB can
be derived as follows:
Vo − Vin
IL1p = IL2p =
2L
D2 Ts . (7) D(1 − D)2
τLB = . (14)
2(1 + D)
3) Mode 3 [t2 , t3 ]. During this time interval, S1 and S2
are still turned off. The equivalent circuit is shown in The curve of τLB is shown in Fig. 5. If τL is larger than τLB ,
Fig. 4(c). The energies stored in L1 and L2 are zero. Thus, the proposed converter I is operated in CCM.
only the energy stored in Co is discharged to the load.
From (6) and (7), D2 is derived as follows: III. P ROPOSED C ONVERTER II
2DVin Fig. 2(b) shows the circuit configuration of the proposed con-
D2 = . (8)
Vo − Vin verter II, which is the proposed converter I with one voltage-lift
YANG et al.: TRANSFORMERLESS DC–DC CONVERTERS WITH HIGH STEP-UP VOLTAGE GAIN 3147

Fig. 6. Some typical waveforms for the proposed converter II. (a) CCM
operation. (b) DCM operation.

circuit [18]–[20]. Thus, two inductors (L1 and L2 ) with the

same level of inductance are also adopted in this converter.
Switches S1 and S2 are controlled simultaneously by one
control signal. Fig. 6 shows some typical waveforms of CCM
and DCM. Moreover, the operating principles and steady-state
analysis of CCM and DCM are presented as follows.

A. CCM Operation
The operating modes can be divided into two modes, defined
as modes 1 and 2.
1) Mode 1 [t0 , t1 ]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are
turned on. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 7(a).
L1 and L2 are charged in parallel from the dc source, and
the energy stored in Co is released to the load. Moreover,
capacitor C1 is charged from the dc source. Thus, the
voltages across L1 , L2 , and C1 are given as
Fig. 7. Equivalent circuits of the proposed converter II. (a) Switches ON.
νL1 = νL2 = VC1 = Vin . (15) (b) Switches OFF. (c) Switches OFF in DCM operation.

2) Mode 2 [t1 , t2 ]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are From Fig. 6(a), the voltage stresses on S1 , S2 , D1 , and Do
turned off. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 7(b). are derived as
The dc source, L1 , C1 , and L2 are series connected 
to transfer the energies to Co and the load. Thus, the VS1 = VS2 = VD1 = V2o (19)
voltages across L1 and L2 are derived as VDo = Vo .
Vin + Vc1 − Vo 2Vin − Vo
νL1 = νL2 = = . (16)
2 2 B. DCM Operation
By using the volt–second balance principle on L1 and L2 , the The operating modes can be divided into three modes, de-
following can be obtained: fined as modes 1, 2, and 3.
1) Mode 1 [t0 , t1 ]. The operating principle is the same as that
 s
DT Ts
2Vin − Vo for mode 1 of the CCM operation. The two peak currents
Vin dt + dt = 0. (17)
2 of L1 and L2 can be found as
0 DTs
Vin
IL1p = IL2p = DTs . (20)
By simplifying (17), the voltage gain is given by L
Vo 2 2) Mode 2 [t1 , t2 ]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are
MCCM = = . (18)
Vin 1−D turned off. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 7(b).
3148 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 56, NO. 8, AUGUST 2009

The dc source, L1 , C1 , and L2 are series connected to

transfer the energies to Co and the load. The values for
iL1 and iL2 are decreased to zero at t = t2 . Another
expression for IL1p and IL2p is given as
Vo − Vin − Vc1 Vo − 2Vin
IL1p = IL2p = D2 Ts = D2 Ts .
2L 2L
(21)
3) Mode 3 [t2 , t3 ]. During this time interval, S1 and S2
are still turned off. The equivalent circuit is shown in
Fig. 7(c). The energies stored in L1 and L2 are zero. Thus,
only the energy stored in Co is discharged to the load.
From (20) and (21), D2 is derived as follows:
2DVin Fig. 8. Boundary condition of the proposed converter II.
D2 = . (22)
Vo − 2Vin
From Fig. 6(b), the average output-capacitor current during
each switching period is given by
1
2 D2 Ts IL1p − Io Ts 1
Ico = = D2 IL1p − Io . (23)
Ts 2
By substituting (20) and (22) into (23), Ico is derived as
D2 Vin2 Ts Vo
Ico = − . (24)
L(Vo − 2Vin ) R

Since Ico is equal to zero under steady state, (24) can be

rewritten as follows:
D2 Vin2 Ts Vo
= . (25)
L(Vo − 2Vin ) R

Thus, the voltage gain is given by Fig. 9. Some typical waveforms for the proposed converter III. (a) CCM
operation. (b) DCM operation.

Vo D2
MDCM = =1+ 1+ . (26) Moreover, the operating principles and steady-state analysis of
Vin τL CCM and DCM are presented as follows.

A. CCM Operation
C. Boundary Operating Condition Between CCM and DCM
The operating modes can be divided into two modes, defined
If the proposed converter II is operated in BCM, the voltage as modes 1 and 2.
gain of the CCM operation is equal to the voltage gain of the 1) Mode 1 [t0 , t1 ]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are
DCM operation. From (18) and (26), the boundary normalized turned on. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 10(a).
inductor time constant τLB can be derived as L1 and L2 are charged in parallel from the dc source,
D(1 − D)2 and the energy stored in Co is released to the load.
τLB = . (27) Moreover, capacitors C1 and C2 are charged from the dc
4
source. Thus, the voltages across L1 , L2 , C1 , and C2 are
The curve of τLB is shown in Fig. 8. If τL is larger than τLB , given as
the proposed converter II is operated in CCM.
νL1 = νL2 = VC1 = VC2 = Vin . (28)

IV. P ROPOSED C ONVERTER III 2) Mode 2 [t1 , t2 ]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are
turned off. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 10(b).
Fig. 2(c) shows the circuit configuration of the proposed con- The dc source, L1 , C1 , C2 , and L2 are series connected
verter III, which is the proposed converter I with two voltage- to transfer the energies to Co and the load. Thus, the
lift circuits. Thus, two inductors (L1 and L2 ) with the same voltages across L1 and L2 are derived as
level of inductance are also adopted in this converter. Switches
S1 and S2 are controlled simultaneously by one control signal. Vin + Vc1 + Vc2 − Vo 3Vin − Vo
νL1 = νL2 = = . (29)
Fig. 9 shows some typical waveforms of CCM and DCM. 2 2
YANG et al.: TRANSFORMERLESS DC–DC CONVERTERS WITH HIGH STEP-UP VOLTAGE GAIN 3149

L1 and L2 can be found as

Vin
IL1p = IL2p = DTs . (33)
L
2) Mode 2 [t1 , t2 ]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are
turned off. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 10(b).
The dc source, L1 , C1 , C2 , and L2 are series connected
to transfer the energies to Co and the load. The values
for iL1 and iL2 are decreased to zero at t = t2 . Another
expression for IL1p and IL2p is given as
Vo − Vin − Vc1 − Vc2
IL1p = IL2p = D2 Ts
2L
Vo − 3Vin
= D2 Ts . (34)
2L
3) Mode 3 [t2 , t3 ]. During this time interval, S1 and S2
are still turned off. The equivalent circuit is shown in
Fig. 10(c). The energies stored in L1 and L2 are zero.
Thus, only the energy stored in Co is discharged to
the load.
From (33) and (34), D2 is derived as follows:
2DVin
D2 = . (35)
Vo − 3Vin
From Fig. 9(b), the average output-capacitor current during
each switching period is given by
1
2 D2 Ts IL1p − Io Ts 1
Ico = = D2 IL1p − Io . (36)
Ts 2
By substituting (33) and (35) into (36), Ico is derived as
Fig. 10. Equivalent circuits of the proposed converter III. (a) Switches ON. D2 Vin2 Ts Vo
(b) Switches OFF. (c) Switches OFF in DCM operation. Ico = − . (37)
L(Vo − 3Vin ) R
By using the volt–second balance principle on L1 and L2 , the
following can be obtained: Since Ico is equal to zero under steady state, (37) can be
rewritten as follows:
 s
DT Ts
3Vin − Vo D2 Vin2 Ts Vo
Vin dt + dt = 0. (30) = . (38)
2 L(Vo − 3Vin ) R
0 DTs
Thus, the voltage gain is given by
By simplifying (30), the voltage gain is given by

Vo 3−D Vo 3 9 D2
MCCM = = . (31) MDCM = = + + . (39)
Vin 1−D Vin 2 4 τL
From Fig. 9(a), the voltage stresses on S1 , S2 , D1 , D2 , and
Do are derived as C. Boundary Operating Condition Between CCM and DCM

VS1 = VS2 = VD1 = VD2 = Vo −V 2
in
(32)
If the proposed converter III is operated in BCM, the voltage
VDo = Vo − Vin . gain of CCM operation is equal to the voltage gain of DCM op-
eration. From (31) and (39), the boundary normalized inductor
time constant τLB can be derived as follows:
B. DCM Operation
D(1 − D)2
The operating modes can be divided into three modes, de- τLB = . (40)
2(3 − D)
fined as modes 1, 2, and 3.
1) Mode 1 [t0 , t1 ]. The operating principle is the same as that The drawing of τLB is shown in Fig. 11. If τL is larger than
for mode 1 of CCM operation. The two peak currents of τLB , the proposed converter III is operated in CCM.
3150 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 56, NO. 8, AUGUST 2009

Fig. 11. Boundary condition of the proposed converter III.

TABLE I
C OMPARISON OF VOLTAGE G AIN AND VOLTAGE S TRESS ON
ACTIVE S WITCH FOR B OOST C ONVERTER AND
T HREE P ROPOSED C ONVERTERS

Fig. 12. Voltage gain versus duty ratio for the boost converter and the three
proposed converters.

V. C OMPARISON OF P ROPOSED C ONVERTERS Fig. 13. Some experimental waveforms of the proposed converter I. (a) iin ,
iL1 , and iL2 . (b) iS1 and iS2 . (c) νS1 and νS2 . (d) νDo and iDo .
AND B OOST C ONVERTER

The voltage stresses on the active switch and the voltage are shown in Fig. 12. As illustrated, the proposed converters can
gains of the boost converter and the proposed converters are achieve high step-up voltage gain.
summarized in Table I. The voltage stresses on the active switch
of the three proposed converters are less than the voltage stress
VI. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS
on the active switch of the boost converter, and thus, the active
switches with low voltage ratings and low ON-state resistance To verify the theoretical analyses of the proposed converter I,
levels RDS(ON ) can be selected. Moreover, the curves of the a 40-W prototype circuit is built in the laboratory for use in
voltage gain of the boost converter and the proposed converters an automobile headlamp application. The circuit specifications
YANG et al.: TRANSFORMERLESS DC–DC CONVERTERS WITH HIGH STEP-UP VOLTAGE GAIN 3151

and components are selected as Vin = 12 V, Vo = 60 − 100 V,

fs = 100 kHz, Po = 40 W, L1 = L2 = 100 μH, and Co =
68 μF. Moreover, MOSFET NTY100N10 is selected for
switches S1 and S2 , and the Schottky diode MBR20200CT is
selected for diode Do .
Under the conditions Vin = 12 V, Vo = 100 V, and Po =
40 W, some experimental results are shown in Fig. 13.
Fig. 13(a) shows that iL1 is equal to iL2 . Moreover, the input
current is equal to twice the level of the inductor current during
the switch-on period and is equal to the inductor current during
the switch-off period. Fig. 13(b) shows the current waveforms
iS1 and iS2 . As can be seen in Fig. 13(c), the voltage stresses
on S1 and S2 are equal to (Vo + Vin )/2. Fig. 13(d) shows the
voltage and current of the output diode. Fig. 14 shows the dy-
namic response under the output power variation between 5-W
light load and 40-W full load. One can see that the output
voltage is well regulated. Fig. 15 shows the ideal and exper-
imental voltage gains under Vin = 12 V, Vo = 60 − 100 V,
and Po = 40 W. Fig. 16 shows the experimental efficiency
of the proposed converter I and the converter in [24] under
Vin = 12 V, Vo = 60 − 100 V, and Po = 40 W. It is seen that
the proposed converter I has higher efficiency than the converter
in [24].

Fig. 14. Dynamic response of the proposed converter I. (a) Po is charged from VII. C ONCLUSION
5 to 40 W. (b) Po is charged from 40 to 5 W.
This paper has studied three novel transformerless dc–dc
converters with high step-up voltage gain. The structures of
the proposed converters are very simple. Since the voltage
stresses on the active switches are low, active switches with
low voltage ratings and low ON-state resistance levels RDS(ON)
can be selected. The steady-state analyses of the voltage gain
and the boundary operating condition are discussed in detail.
Finally, to illustrate the theoretical analysis, a 40-W prototype
circuit of the proposed converter I is built in the laboratory. The
experimental results confirm that high step-up voltage gain can
be achieved.

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pp. 998–1003.
respectively.
[16] L. Huber and M. M. Jovanovic, “A design approach for server power
From June 1987 to May 1989, he was a Research
supplies for networking applications,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, 2000,
and Design Engineer with TECO Electric and Ma-
pp. 1163–1169.
chinery Company, Taipei, Taiwan. From 1990 to
[17] L. H. Barreto, E. A. Coelhp, V. J. Farias, J. C. Oliveira, L. C. Freitas, and
1993, he was a Research Assistant with the Power
J. B. Vieira, “A quasi-resonant quadratic boost converter using a single
Electronics Research Center, University of Missouri. From 1993 to 1998, he
resonant network,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 552–
was an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
557, Apr. 2005.
Kaohsiung Polytechnic Institute, Kaohsiung. Since 1998, he has been with
[18] F. L. Luo and H. Ye, “Positive output multiple-lift push–pull switched-
the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University
capacitor Luo-converters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 51, no. 3,
(NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan, where he is currently a Professor. Moreover, he
pp. 594–602, Jun. 2004.
was the Director of Electrical Laboratories at NCKU from 2001 to 2004. His
[19] F. L. Luo, “Six self-lift DC–DC converters, voltage lift technique,” IEEE
research interests are inverter design, electronic ballasts, dc to dc converters,
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1268–1272, Dec. 2001.
switching power supply, back light inverters, renewable energy conversion,
[20] R. Gules, L. L. Pfitscher, and L. C. Franco, “An interleaved boost
power integrated circuits, and high-power applications.
DC–DC converter with large conversion ratio,” in Proc. IEEE ISIE, 2003,
Dr. Liang is a member of the IEEE Power Electronics, Industrial Electronics,
pp. 411–416.
Circuits and System, and Industry Applications Societies.
[21] D. Zhou, A. Pietkiewicz, and S. Cuk, “A three-switch high-voltage
converter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 177–183,
Jan. 1999.
[22] B. Axelrod, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici, “Transformerless DC–DC Jiann-Fuh Chen (S’79–M’80) was born in
converters with a very high DC line-to-load voltage ratio,” in Proc. IEEE Chung-Hua, Taiwan, in 1955. He received the B.S.,
ISCAS, 2003, pp. III-435–III-438. M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
[23] O. Abutbul, A. Gherlitz, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici, “Step-up from the National Cheng Kung University (NCKU),
switching-mode converter with high voltage gain using a switched- Tainan, Taiwan, in 1978, 1980, and 1985,
capacitor circuit,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Fundam. Theory Appl., respectively.
vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 1098–1102, Aug. 2003. Since 1980, he has been with the Department of
[24] B. Axelrod, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici, “Switched-capacitor/ Electrical Engineering, NCKU, where he is currently
switched-inductor structures for getting transformerless hybrid DC–DC a Professor and the Director of the department. His
PWM converters,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 55, no. 2, research interests are power electronics and energy
pp. 687–696, Mar. 2008. conversion.