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10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division

The document discusses cell cycle and cell division. It describes the cell cycle as consisting of interphase and the M phase. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and prepares for division. The M phase includes karyokinesis and cytokinesis, where the nucleus and cytoplasm divide. Mitosis and meiosis are also summarized, including their key differences and functions in sexual reproduction.

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Aarushi Goyal
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458 views10 pages

10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division

The document discusses cell cycle and cell division. It describes the cell cycle as consisting of interphase and the M phase. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and prepares for division. The M phase includes karyokinesis and cytokinesis, where the nucleus and cytoplasm divide. Mitosis and meiosis are also summarized, including their key differences and functions in sexual reproduction.

Uploaded by

Aarushi Goyal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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K C MEENA

CLASS XI
CHAPTER 10
CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION

Cell cycle

It is a series of events that takes place in a cell, leading to the formation of two daughter
cells from a single mother cell.

Phases of cell cycle -


Cell cycle is divided into two basic phases: Interphase and M phase
▪ Interphase
▪ M phase (mitosis phase) karyokinesis and cytokinesis

Interphase
• G1 phase
• S phase
• G2 phase
• Go phase-quiescent stage

Mitotic phase
▪ Karyokinesis (nuclear division): – Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase and Telophase.
▪ Cytokinesis(division of cytoplasm)
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Interphase

Interphase involves a series of changes that prepares the cell for division. It involves the
period of cell growth and cell division in an orderly manner.

It is divided into three phases:

o G1 phase – It involves growth of cell and preparation of DNA for replication.

o S phase – It involves DNA synthesis. The amount of DNA doubles, but the
chromosome number remains the same.

o G2 phase – It involves protein synthesis and further growth of cell, which


prepares it for division.

o G0 phase or Quiescent phase – It is the stage when metabolically active cell


remains quiescent for long period of time.

I Mitosis

o It is a process of cell division where chromosomes replicate and get equally


distributed into two daughter cells. Hence, it is also called equational
division.
o The process of mitosis keeps the chromosome number equal in daughter as
well as parental cell.
o Mitosis usually takes place in somatic cells.

Mitosis involves four stages:

Prophase

• It involves initiation and condensation of chromosomes.


• Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappears.

Metaphase
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• Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of chromosomes.


• Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator and get aligned along metaphase plate through
spindle fibres to both poles
Anaphase

Centromere splits and chromosomes move apart towards two opposite poles due to
shortening of spindle fibres.

Telophase

• Chromosomes finally reach their respective poles.


• Nuclear envelope assembles around each chromosome clusters.
• Nucleolus and other organelles reform.
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Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis

o Karyokinesis is the division of nucleus during mitosis or meiosis which is


followed by cytokinesis.
o Cytokinesis involves the division of cytoplasm of a cell.
o Cytokinesis is achieved in animal cell by cleavage, which deepens and divides
the cell into two.
o It is achievedin plant cell by cell plate formation.
o When karyokinesis is not followed by cytokinesis, a multinucleated condition
arises. This is called Syncytium.
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Significance of mitosis

o Results in formation of diploid genetically identical daughter cells


o Growth of the body takes place by mitosis.
o Cell repair and replacement of worn out tissues
o Maintenance of nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio
o Vegetative reproduction in plants takes place by mitosis.

II Meiosis

o It is the process which involves the reduction in the amount of genetic


material.
o It mainly occurs in germ cells.
o At the end of meiosis II, four haploid cells are formed.
o It is comprised of two successive nuclear and cell division with a single cycle
of DNA replication.
o The phases of meiosis are as shown below-

Meiosis I

1. Prophase I – It comprises of 5 stages:

i. Leptotene

hromosomes start condensing.


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ii. Zygotene

Pairing of chromosomes called synapsis occurs.


A pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes is called bivalent or tetrad.

iii. Pachytene

Exchange of geneticmaterial (crossing over) between non-sister chromatids occurs.


Chiasmata formation

iv. Diplotene

Bivalents formed during pachytene separate from each other (except at chiasmata) due to
dissolution of synaptonemal complex.

V. Diakinesis

Terminalisation of chiasmata can be observed.


By the end of this stage, the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks.

2. Metaphase I

Bivalents (tetrad) get aligned along metaphase plate through spindle fibres.
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3. Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes separate while chromatids remain attached at their centromere.

4. Telophase

Nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear around chromosome clusters at each pole.
Inter-kinesis – It is the stage between two meiotic divisions.

Meiosis II

1. Prophase II

• Chromosomes become compact.


• Nuclear membrane disappears.

2. Metaphase II

o Chromosomes align at the equator.


o Kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to spindle fibres at each pole.

3. Anaphase II

o Chromatids separate by splitting of centromere.


o As a result, chromatids move towards their respective poles in the cell.
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4. Telophase II

Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform around the chromosome clusters.

Cytokinesis:

After meiosis II, the process of cytokinesis results in the formation of four haploid
cells.

Significance of meiosis:

• It results in reduction of chromosome number by half in gametes, which again


doubles during fertilization. Therefore, it helps to conserve the chromosome
number of species from generation to generation.
• Crossing-over, occurring in pachytene stage of meiosis I, is a source of genetic
variation in sexually reproducing organisms.
• The variation thus formed helps in evolution.

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis:


MITOSIS MEIOSIS

1. It occurs in Somatic cells. It occurs in Sex cells.

2. It gives 2daughtercells It gives 4 gametes.

3. Cells formed are diploid (2n) Cells formed are haploid (n)

4. During Metaphase, chromosomes During Metaphase I, homologous


are not lined in pair. chromosomes are lined up in
pairs.
5. During Prophase no
recombination takes place. During Prophase I, recombination /
crossing over occur between homologous
chromosomes.
6. During Anaphase, centromere splits
and chromatids move towards During Anaphase I, homologous
opposite poles. chromosomes separate and Anaphase
II, centromere splits and chromatids
move towards opposite poles.

7. It takes very short duration. It takes very long duration.

8. Only one division occurs and forms Two divisions occur and form 4 haploid
two diploid daughter cells cells.
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