LTE Features and Parameters

Contents
 ANR Feature and Implementation
 Feature description

 Parameters

 Load Balancing Feature and Implementation

 Carrier Aggregation Feature and Implementation

 Extended Cell Radius Feature and Implementation

 Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR)

 Neighbor relation planning and optimization plays an important role in

the radio network planning and optimization.
 The Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) helps to reduce the neighbor
relation optimization costs, improve the optimization efficiency, and
resolve the problem that not all the neighbor cells can be discovered.
 The automatic neighbor relation depends on the UE with the ANR
function.
 The automatic neighbor cell relation includes automatic addition and
deletion of neighbor cells.
 The ANR involves:
 Intra-RAT intra-frequency ANR
 Intra-RAT inter-frequency ANR
 Inter-RAT ANR

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 ANR Function

 Neighbor self-addition and self-deletion

 Fast ANR

 LTE->LTE Intra-RAT low handover success rate processing

 Removal of neighbor cell relations for continuous handover

failure

 Removal of neighbor cell relations that have no handover within

a long period

 Redundant neighbor removal

 ANR timing processing

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 Overall ANR Procedure

 1.The ANR policy template is created through the EMS client and delivered to the eNodeB.

 2.The eNodeB receives an unknown PCI (which means that the PCI contained in the measurement report is not in any
known neighbor cell) reported by a UE.

 3.The eNodeB selects the UE and delivers the CGI measurement request.

 4.The UE reads the cell system broadcast of the specified PCI.

 5.The UE reports the CGI measurement result to the serving cell.

 6.The eNodeB reports neighbor cell information to the EMS to request the EMS to add the neighbor cells as formal
neighbor cells.

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 ANR Function Description
 The ANR function is located in the eNodeB. In the sense of management concept, the
Neighbor Relation Table (NRT) includes the neighbor detection function and neighbor
deletion function. The neighbor detection function finds a new neighbor relation and
adds it to the NRT. The neighbor removal function deletes a neighbor relation that meets
the deletion conditions from the NRT.

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 UE Capability Requirements

 The automatic neighbor relation depends on the UE with the ANR function.

ANR Type UE Capability Requirements

Intra-frequency The fifth bit (support long DRX) and the 17th bit (support ANR intra-frequency measurement report)
ANR of feature Group Indicators in the UE capability information are 1.

Inter-frequency The fifth bit (support long DRX), the 18th bit (support ANR inter-frequency measurement report), and
ANR the 25th bit (support inter-frequency measurement report) of feature Group Indicators in the UE
capability information are 1.

Inter-RAT The fifth bit (support long DRX), the 19th bit (support ANR inter-RAT measurement report), and the
UTRAN ANR 22nd bit (support UTRAN B2 event measurement report) of featureGroupIndicators in the UE
c a p a b i l i t y i n f o r m a t i o n a r e 1 .
If the unknown neighboring cell is a UTRA FDD cell, and the UE capability information includes the
fields: UE-EUTRA-Capability > inter-RAT-Parameters > utraFDD, and supports the frequency band
where the cell with unknown PCI is located. If the unknown neighboring cell is a UTRA TDD cell, and
the UE capability information includes the fields: UE-EUTRA-Capability > interRAT-Parameters >
utraTDD, and supports the frequency band where the cell with unknown PCI is located.

Inter-RAT GSM The fifth bit (support long DRX), the 19th bit (support ANR inter-RAT measurement report), and the
ANR 23rd bit (support GERAN B2 event measurement report) of feature Group Indicators in the UE
capability information are 1.

The UE capability information includes the fields: UE-EUTRA-Capability > interRAT-Parameters >
geran, and supports the frequency band where the cell with unknown PCI is located.

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 Basic Principle
Intra-RAT ANR Principle

 The intra-RAT ANR function depends on how the cell broadcasts its ECGI
in the network, Description of the intra-RAT ANR principle

 A UE measures the intra-RAT neighbor cells in accordance with the measurement

configuration delivered by the eNodeB, and sends a measurement report to the eNodeB.
The measurement report includes the PCI of Cell B not ECGI.

 The eNodeB commands the UE to use the found PCI to read the ECGI of the new
neighbor cell (for example Cell B), TAC, and all available PLMN IDs. To achieve this goal,
the eNodeB selects an appropriate UE to detect the ECGI.

 After reading the ECGI of Cell B, the UE reports the detected ECGI, TAC, and PLMN ID to
the eNodeB.

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 Basic Principle
Intra-RAT ANR Principle

 The intra-RAT ANR function depends on how the cell broadcasts its ECGI
in the network, Description of the intra-RAT ANR principle

Cell A Cell B
Phy-CID=3 Phy-CID=5
Global-CID =17 Global-CID =19

1) report(Phy-CID=5,
strong signal)

3) Report
Global-CID=19 2b) Read BCCH()

2) Report Global-CID
Request (Target Phy-
CID=5)

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 Basic Principle
Inter-RAT ANR Principle

 For the inter-RAT ANR function, the inter-RAT measurement frequency list
is configured on the eNodeB.Description of the inter-RAT ANR principle:

 Cell A in the eNodeB has the ANR function. In connection mode, the eNodeB selects a UE
(or multiple UEs) with measurement capability in Cell A to measure inter-RAT neighbor
cells.

 The UE reports the detected cell PCI in a target system or frequency to the eNodeB. For a
UTRAN cell, the PCI consists of a carrier frequency and Primary Scrambling Code (PSC).
For a GSM cell, the PCI consists of BCC, NCC, and BCCH ARFCN.

 The eNodeB commands the UE to use the found PCI to read related information of an
inter-RAT neighbor cell. For a UTRAN cell, the UE needs to read CGI, LAC, and RAC. For a
GSM cell, the UE needs to read CGI and LAC.

 After reading the related information of new neighbor cells, the UE sends the detected
CGI, LAC, and RAC (applicable to a UTRAN cell) to the eNodeB.

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 Basic Principle
Inter-RAT ANR Principle

 For the inter-RAT ANR function, the inter-RAT measurement frequency list
is configured on the eNodeB.Description of the inter-RAT ANR principle:

Cell A Cell B
Type = LTE Type = UTRAN
Phy-CID= 3 Phy-CID=PSC=5
Global-CID =17 Global-CID =19

2) Report Neighbour
Response (Phy-CID,
Signal level) 1) Report Neighbour Request
(RAT, Frequency)

3b) Read BCCH (…)

4) Report 3) Report Global-CID

Global-CID=19 Request (Target Phy-CID=5)

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 Basic Principle
Cell-Filtering Algorithm for ANR Neighbor Cell Addition and Deletion

 ANR neighbor cells are added and deleted in sorting mode. The addition
and deletion of ANR neighbor cells are controlled by the maximum
number of neighbor cells and the handover success rate of neighbor cells.

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 Basic Principle
Intra-RAT Fast ANR

 For intra-RAT fast ANR consists of intra-frequency fast ANR and inter-
frequency ANR：

 Fast ANR for intra-frequency neighbor cells: When a UE access or is handed

over to a cell, and the air interface measurement is re-configured for the first
time, if the fast ANR function is enabled, the ReportStrongestCells
measurement will be also delivered for measuring the PCI of the neighbor cell
with strongest intra-frequency RSRP.

 Fast ANR for inter-frequency neighbor cells: After the A2 event is received
from a UE, if the fast ANR function is enabled, the ReportStrongestCells
measurement will be delivered for measuring the PCI of the neighbor cell with
strongest inter-frequency RSRP.

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 Basic Principle
Intra-RAT Mutual Neighbor Cell Configuration

 The ANR flow can only detects one-way neighbor cell relations. To
improve the neighbor cell detection efficiency, the intra-RAT mutual
neighbor cell configuration is used.The mutual neighbor cell configuration
can be performed from two levels:

 Mutual neighbor cell configuration on the EMS level:

 For the mutual neighbor cell configuration on the EMS level, after receiving a
request for adding a formal neighbor cell from an NE, the EMS determines
whether to add a two-way neighbor cell relation in accordance with the
mutual neighbor cell configuration switch. If the switch belong to neighbor
cell is turned on, the EMS checks whether it is necessary to perform mutual
neighbor cell configuration. Otherwise, the EMS does not perform mutual
neighbor cell configuration.

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 Basic Principle
Intra-RAT Mutual Neighbor Cell Configuration

 Mutual neighbor cell configuration on the eNodeB level:

 For the mutual neighbor cell configuration on the eNodeB level, the
eNodeB needs to interact with the X2 interface. The local eNodeB obtains
configuration information of all serving cells and neighbor cells of an adjacent
eNodeB by interacting with the X2 interface, so it knows whether the adjacent
eNodeB configures it as a neighbor cell. If the local eNodeB is configured as a
neighbor cell of the adjacent eNodeB, but the local eNodeB did not configure
the adjacent cell as a neighbor cell, the local eNodeB performs two-way cell
addition process.

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 Basic Principle
Neighbor Cells with Low Handover Success Rate

 ANR Function needs to detect the handover results of all the neighbor
cells periodically, includes temporary neighbor cells. For neighbor cells
with low handover success rates, you can set the default processing policy
(indicates whether handover is allowed). Once a neighbor cell with a low
handover success rate is detected, the following process will be executed:

 Measures ECGI to detect whether PCI confusion occurs in the neighbor cell.

 Determines whether the neighbor cell is a temporary neighbor cell or a formal

neighbor cell. If it is a temporary neighbor cell, the NoHO property of the cell
is set. If it is a formal neighbor cell, the cell is deleted.

 The eNodeB reports temporary neighbor cells with low handover success
rates to the list which can be queried in the EMS to require manual processing.

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 Basic Principle
Deletion of Neighbor Cell Relations That Have No Handover for Long Period

 The ANR needs to detect all formal neighbor cell relations periodically. If the
number of times that handover is performed for a formal neighbor cell
relation is lower than the preconfigured threshold, the neighbor cell relation is
considered to have no handover within a long period and needs to be deleted .

Deletion of Neighbor Cell Relations for Continuous Handover Failure

 Once the ANR detects the continuous handover failure between the serving
cell and neighbor cell, the neighbor cell relation is deleted.
 Once the neighbor cell is re-detected by the UE during measurement, ECGI measurement
is re-performed for the PCI of the neighbor cell, and the neighbor cell is re-added
according to the measurement result. In this way, the UE can be prevented from
performing handover to the neighbor cell that has incorrect information, and the impact
on the cell handover success rate can be reduced.

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 Basic Principle
Redundant Neighbor Cell Removal

 For redundant neighbor cell removal function, the redundant neighbor cells of
eNodeB are detected periodically, and the statistics are performed separately
in terms of the system mode. For each detection period, the total number of
redundant neighbor cells removed of all the modes cannot be more than 128.

Auto-Update of Neighbor Cell Configuration

 During ANR, if the neighbor cell information reported by UE measurement or

obtained from X2 interaction is not consistent with that configured on EMS,
update the neighbor cell configuration on EMS.

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Contents
 ANR Feature and Implementation
 Feature description

 Parameters

 Load Balancing Feature and Implementation

 Carrier Aggregation Feature and Implementation

 Extended Cell Radius Feature and Implementation

 Some Parameters of ANR(Intra-LTE)
LTE1800M
Range and LTE800M LTE1800M LTE2600M
Parameter Name ShortName Default Value Value(4*4M
Step Value Value(2*2MIMO) Value(4*4MIMO)
IMO)
0:Disable,1:Ena
Intra-LTE ANR Switch sonEnableANR 0 0:Close 0:Close 0:Close 0:Close
ble
Service Type sonFuncId [0..255] 46 46 46 46 46
0:Free
0:Free 0:Free
Run Mode sonRunMode Mode,1:Controll 0 0:Free Mode 0:Free Mode
Mode Mode
ed Mode
Intra-LTE Centralize Neighbor Cell Relation centralizeTwoWay
0:Close,1:Open 0 0:Close 0:Close 0:Close 0:Close
Bidirectional Configuration Switch Flg
The Threshold of Continuous Handover Failure handoverFailNum
[1..65535] 20 6 6 6 6
Times Thrd
The Switch of Continuous Handover Failure handoverFailDetec
0:Close,1:Open 0 0:Close 0:Close 0:Close 0:Close
Detection tSwch
The Switch of Low Handover Success Rate lowHoSuccRateDe
0:Close,1:Open 0 1:Open 1:Open 1:Open 1:Open
Detection tectSwch
The Period of Low Handover Success Rate lowHoSuccRateDe
[1..255] 24 24 24 24 24
Formal NBR Detection tectPeriod
The Switch of Long Period no handover longPeriodHoDete
0:Close,1:Open 0 1:Open 1:Open 1:Open 1:Open
Detection ctSwch
The Period of Long Period No Handover longPeriodHoDete
[1..255] 72 48 48 48 48
Detection ctPeriod
The Switch of the deletion of Redundancy
lteRedNrDelSwch 0:Close,1:Open 0 1:Open 1:Open 1:Open 1:Open
Adjacent Cell
Handover Success Rate Threshold for Intra- intraFreqHoSuccR [0..10000] step
9800 9900 9900 9900 9900
Frequency Neighbor Cell Addition ateThrd 1
Handover Success Rate Threshold for Inter- interFreqHoSuccR [0..10000] step
9800 9900 9900 9900 9900
Frequency Neighbor Cell Addition ateThrd 1
Handover Times Threshold of Low Handover hoNumThrdForLo
[1..65535] 50 200 200 200 200
Success Rate Formal NBR Detection wHORate

Handover Success Rate Threshold of Low lowHoSuccRateDe [0..10000] step

8000 85 85 85 85
Handover Success Rate NBR Detection tectThrd 1

Handover Success Rate Threshold of Low lowHoSuccRateRe [0..10000] step

9000 95 95 95 95
Handover Success Rate NBR Recovery coverThrd 1
The Number Threshold of Long Period No longPeriodHoNum
[1..65535] 3 1 1 1 1
Handover Detection Thrd
ANR is closed at present in WT
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 Configuring the ANR Enable Switch
 In the main window of the EMS, click Configuration ->SON
Management. The SON Management Tree dialog box is
displayed.

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 Create the SON ANR Control
 In the FDD SON Control, click ,pop-up the FDD SON Control
interface, set Service Type as ANR, Service Switch as Open as
shown in the figure below.

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 Configuring the ANR Policy

 In SON Policy Set,

double-click FDD ANR
Policy. The FDD ANR
Policy tab is displayed
in the right pane
 Click (Create Policy
Template) on the
toolbar. The FDD ANR
Policy dialog box is
displayed, Set the
required parameters,
and click OK.

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Contents
 ANR Feature and Implementation
 Carrier Aggregation Feature and Implementation
 Feature description

 Parameters

 Load Balancing Feature and Implementation

 Extended Cell Radius Feature and Implementation

 CA

 CA means that an eNodeB aggregates two or more carriers in

accordance with UE capabilities.
 Each aggregated carrier is called a Component Carrier (CC).
 The bandwidth of a CC can be 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, or 20
MHz.
 The protocol supports the aggregation of up to five CCs for a
larger bandwidth (a maximum of 100 MHz).

25
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 Classification of CA

Intra-band contiguous CA 带载波聚合

Intra-band non-contiguous CA Inter-band CA
Band A Band A Band A Band B

Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Carrier 3 Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Carrier 3 Carrier 1

… Carrier N
…
Intra-band Intra-band non- Inter-band non-
contiguous carriers contiguous carriers contiguous carriers

LTE-A carrier LTE-A carrier carrier LTE-A carrier LTE-A carrier LTE-A carrier LTE-A carrier
Carrier 2
3

Rel-10 specifies that each CC for LTE-A CA

should be fully compatible with LTE terminals,
and that the bandwidth of each carrier is the
current LTE bandwidth (20/15/10/5 MHz). Rel-
11 considers the introduction of incompatible
DL Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Carrier 1 Carrier 2 carriers.
Because downlink traffic is larger than uplink
traffic in most cases, Rel-10 only considers the
scenario in which the number of downlink
UL Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Carrier 1
carriers is larger than or equal to the number of
uplink carriers.

Symmetric spectrum Asymmetric spectrum

Classification of CA
26
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 Deployment Scenarios of CA

CA with the same CA with different CA with CA between an CA between an

coverage range coverage ranges complementary eNodeB and a eNodeB and a
F1 and F2 share the coverage relay micro eNodeB
F1 and F2 share the
same site, and provide F1 provides macro
same site and have F1 and F2 share the F1 provides macro
coverage ranges that
same site, but F2
are largely the same. coverage. The F2 relay coverage. The F2
partially overlapped antennas point to the
edges of F1 cells. is used to improve micro eNodeB is used
coverage, but F2 has a
throughput in hotspot to improve throughput
smaller coverage
areas. in hotspot areas.
range due to large path
loss.

F1 F2

 3GPP defines the above five CA deployment scenarios.

 China Mobile's CA deployment scenarios are mainly the above scenarios
1 and 2.

27
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 PCell and SCell
CA

The main idea of CA is to aggregate more contiguous or discrete carriers for forming a wider
spectrum to meet the higher bandwidth requirement of LTE-A, improve spectrum fragment
usage, and keep backward compatibility of LTE.

 Serving cells: Primary Cells (PCells) and

Secondary Cells (SCells).
Uplink  Each UE has a PCell including a downlink
carrier and an uplink carrier. In accordance with
its CA capabilities, a UE can be configured with
one or more SCells. Each SCell includes a

Downlink downlink carrier and an optional uplink carrier.

 The PCell and SCell provide services for the UE
at the same time, but signaling is only
exchanged between the PCell and the UE.
PCell SCell1 SCell2 As defined in 36.331-b40, the value of maxSCell-r10
is 4, meaning that a maximum of five cells including
the PCell can serve a UE. 3GPP R8 specifies that the
Uplink SCells can be selectively configured as required. largest system bandwidth is 20 MHz. Therefore, the
largest system bandwidth can be 100 MHz.

28
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 SCell Configuration and Activation

Whether to configure Scell configuration Scell

Scells activation/deactivation

Whether a UE is 1. Neighbor cell 1. Setting triggering

configured with an relations of the PCell, principle: UE service
SCell is determined by neighbor cell requirements, QoS
the UE's support measurement, meeting degree, and
capabilities and frequency points channel quality.
whether the CA supported by the UE, 2. The UE needs to
function is enabled on and neighbor load maintain a deactivation
the eNodeB side. information are taken timer for each SCell
into comprehensive configured. When the
consideration to timer expires, the
determine an SCell. associated SCell is
2. The SCell is added deactivated.
through the RRC 4. A PCell is in
connection re- activated status by
configuration default.
procedure.
3. After configuration,
the SCell is deactivated
by default.

29
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 Advantages of CA—Advantages Over Dual
Carriers

CC2 CC2
CC1
CC1 CC1

One-carrier application Two-carrier application CA application

scenario scenario scenario

20MHz < 20MHz + 20MHz < 40MHz

 A terminal can only receive one carrier.  A terminal can receive and use two
 There is no information exchange between aggregated carriers.
two carriers.
 Two carriers need to be measured through  Information is exchanged between CC1 and
GAP. CC2.
 Load balancing is implemented through
handover.  GAP measurement is not required between
 It is applicable to R8 and R9 terminals. carriers.
 It is easier to implement load balancing and
the number of times of handover is decreased.
 The user peak rate is raised.
CA requires R10 terminals, but component carriers are
compatible with R8 and R9 terminals.
30
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 Advantages of CA—Advantages of Cross-Carrier
Scheduling II: Pico CA cell CA

 UE2 is subject to interference from the macro eNodeB.

 The macro eNodeB determines to initiate cross-carrier scheduling.
 The PDCCH of the macro eNodeB is scheduled from CC2 to CC1.
 The interference on UE2 is reduced, meaning that user experience
is improved.

I: Pico NO-CA cell CA

 UE1 is subject to interference from the macro eNodeB.

 The macro eNodeB determines to initiate cross-carrier scheduling.
 The PDCCH of the macro eNodeB is scheduled from CC1 to CC2.
 The interference on UE1 is reduced, meaning that user
experience is improved.

Through cross-carrier scheduling of the CA technology, the PDCCH satisfaction rate

increases dramatically.
31
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 Advantages of CA—Load Balancing
Implemented Through Carrier Scheduling

F1-Cell F2 –Cell

F1: CC1 F2: CC2

Multi-carrier scheduling/
Load balancing policy: Cross-carrier scheduling
 For an R10 terminal, if the SCC
is activated, low-load SCC
resources are allocated to the F1-Cell F2 –Cell
UE.
 For an R10 terminal, if the SCC
is not activated, the system
activates the SCC, and allocates
SCC resources to the UE.
R8 and R9 terminals still use
traditional load balancing.

Inter-carrier load balancing implemented through PCC and SCC scheduling reduces the number of times of
handover, and enormously improves system throughput and user experience.

32
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 SCell/SCC Addition
 For a UE with CA capabilities, its PCell
access and RRC connection establishment UE eNodeb
procedures are the same as those of non-
CA terminals. The difference is that the
system adds, deletes, or modifies SCells MeasurementReport
for the UE with CA capabilities in
accordance with coverage conditions Add SCell
based on relevant measurement reports
after the UE establishes an RRC
Add A2/A6 measurement
connection in the PCell. and delete A4 measurement
 SCell/SCC addition: for the frequency points
 If the relation between the serving cell and its corresponding to the SCell
neighbor cell is "the same coverage range" or If the number of SCells
"inclusion", the system adds an SCell for the UE. reaches the maximum
 If the relation between the serving cell and its value, delete all A4
neighbor cell is "neighbor", the system adds an RRCConnectionReconfiguration
SCell for the UE through the A4 event. Carrying the newly added Scell
 If the A4 event for measuring neighbor cells is and measurement
received, the neighbor cell of the PCell with the RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete
strongest signal is selected as the SCell, and
A2/A6 measurement configurations are
delivered to the SCell at the same time.

33
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 SCell/SCC Deletion

 SCell/SCC deletion: UE eNodeb

 An SCell is deleted through the A2
event. MeasurementReport(A2)
 If the A2 event for measuring the
SCell is received, the SCell is deleted, Delete the SCell
and the A2/A6 event for the SCell is
Delete A2/A6 measurement
also deleted. A4 measurement is corresponding to the SCell
delivered for this cell and other frequency points
neighbor cells where A4
IF the number of SCells does reach the
measurement is not delivered yet.
maximum value, A4 measurement for the
same frequency as the SCell is delivered.
Otherwise, A4 measurement for all A4 CA
frequency points not delivered is
delivered.

RRCConnectionReconfiguration
Carry newly added SCell and measurement

34
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 SCell/SCC Modification
UE eNodeb

 SCell/SCC modification:
 Co-channel SCell switchover is MeasurementReport(A6)
performed for the UE through the A6
event. Delete the
original SCell
 The triggering condition of the A6
event is that the signal strength of
the neighbor cell is higher than the Add a new SCell
current SCC by an offset.
 If the SCell-measuring A6 event is
RRCConnectionReconfiguration
received, the SCell that triggers the Delete the original Scell
A6 event is deleted, the neighbor cell and add a new SCell
of the PCell with the strongest signal
RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete
is selected as the SCell, and relevant
measurement configurations are
delivered to the SCell at the same
time.

35
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 Load Adjustment Between Carriers
Start
 If load between the PCell and SCell
is imbalanced in the CA scenario, Does the PRB

service data of the UE that

usage of the CA
cell reach the
adjustment
supports Rel-10 CA can be threshold?
Y

scheduled to carriers with lighter Find the cell among

coordinated cells with load
load to improved imbalanced exceeding the threshold and
largest remaining resources

network load and reduce load

balancing implemented in
Search for a CA UE with
a high load cell as SCell
and the above cell as the
handover mode. PCell

 CA load balancing: Find the GBR bearer

with the most PRB
 The GBR service cannot be jointly N occupation on the Scell,
and roll back resources
scheduled on PCC and SCC, so PCC and on the SCell to the PCell

SCC load adjustment under CA is for the

GBR service.
No rollback of
GBR bearer/UE
is successful?
 Whether cell load exceeds the threshold
is monitored periodically. Y
Search for a CA UE with
 Target cell selection. a high load cell as PCell
and the above cell as the N
 Selective resource rollback or migration. SCell, and roll back the
GBR bearer on the PCell
 Bearer rollback/migration. to the SCell

36 End
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 SCC Activation and Deactivation

 SCC activation: The system delivers an MAC CE in the PCC to activate the SCC if the
UE service and the system meet the following three conditions:
 AMBR in the NGBR service or the GBR service cannot be satisfied.
 The current PCC cannot satisfy the service requirements of the UE, causing service congestion.
 The PCC PRB usage is higher than the configured PCC activation threshold, and the SCC PRB usage is lower
than the configured SCC activation threshold (cell level).
 Whether an SCC needs to be added is determined in accordance with the traffic.

 SCC deactivation: If any of the following conditions is met, the SCC can be deactivated:
 The PCC PRB usage is lower than the configured PCC deactivation threshold, and the SCC PRB usage is lower
than the configured SCC deactivation threshold. The eNodeB delivers an MAC CE in the PCC to deactivate the
SCC.
 If the MCS of the current SCC is lower than a threshold (The MCS Threshold Of SCell DeActive), the SCC
delivers an MAC CE through the PCC to deactivate itself.
 The implicit SCC deactivation timer is not set to Infinity. When the UE does not receive any data or the PDCCH
message at the expiry of the deactivation timer, it automatically deactivates the SCC. The deactivation timer is
enabled when the SCC is activated, and is reset when there is uplink or downlink retransmission or new
transmission on the SCC.

37
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 Intra-eNodeB Handover Through PCC
 Intra-eNodeB handover flow
 After a UE accesses a CA cell, when the
PCC meets the A3 event, handover is
triggered. During the handover
procedure, the SCC is deleted first, and
then the source PCC is handed over to
the target PCC. After the handover, an
SCC is added in accordance with the
configured mode. The addition
methods include measurement-based
addition and blind addition.
 The figure uses measurement-based
addition as an example to illustrate the
intra-eNodeB handover flow.
Compared with measurement-based
target SCC addition, the procedure of
non-measured intra-eNodeB SCC
addition lacks Step 6, and other steps
are the same.

38
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 Inter-eNodeB S1 Handover Through PCC

 Inter-eNodeB S1 handover flow

 The figure uses measurement-
based SCC addition as an
example to illustrate the inter-
eNodeB S1 handover flow.
Compared with measurement-
based target SCC addition, the
procedure of inter-eNodeB S1-
based non-measured SCC
addition lacks Step 10, and other
steps are the same.

39
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved
 Inter-eNodeB X2 Handover Through PCC

 Inter-eNodeB X2 handover flow

 The figure uses measurement-
based SCC addition as an
example to illustrate the inter-
eNodeB X2 handover flow.
Compared with measurement-
based target SCC addition, the
procedure of inter-eNodeB X2-
based non-measured SCC
addition lacks Step 8, and other
steps are the same.

40
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved
Contents
 ANR Feature and Implementation
 Carrier Aggregation Feature and Implementation
 Feature description

 Parameters

 Load Balancing Feature and Implementation

 Extended Cell Radius Feature and Implementation

 Parameter Configuration Principle

Parameter CA ON CA OFF Required or Not

CA inter-carrier load
ON OFF No
adjustment
CA inter-carrier load
adjustment enabling 50% \ No
threshold
PCC activation
10% \ Yes
threshold
SCC activation
95% \ Yes
threshold
PCC deactivation
5% \ Yes
threshold
SCC deactivation
5% \ Yes
threshold
SCC deactivation MCS
1 \ Yes
threshold
PUCCH 1b resource 12 0 Yes
A4 event for adding
- \ Yes
an SCell
A2 event for deleting
-105 \ Yes
an SCell

42
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved
 Parameter Description
 CA inter-carrier load adjustment Inter-carrier load adjustment switch

CA inter-carrier load Defines when to enable inter-carrier load

adjustment enabling adjustment .
threshold

Primary carrier
activation threshold The PCC PRB usage is higher than the configured PCC activation threshold, and the SCC PRB
usage is lower than the configured SCC activation threshold. This is one condition for SCC
Secondary carrier activation.
activation threshold

Primary carrier
deactivation threshold The PCC PRB usage is lower than the configured PCC deactivation threshold, and the SCC PRB
usage is lower than the configured SCC deactivation threshold. The eNodeB delivers an MAC CE
Secondary carrier in the PCC to deactivate the SCC.
deactivation
threshold
If the MCS of the current SCC is lower than a threshold (The MCS Threshold Of SCell DeActive),
Secondary carrier the SCC delivers an MAC CE through the PCC to deactivate itself.
deactivation MCS threshold

PUCCH 1b Indicates how many "dual carrier supporting UEs" is supported by the CA cell. Set it in accordance
resource with the number of users supported by the system. If the parameter value is larger, a PUCCH
occupies more RBs, affecting system traffic. If the parameter value is 0, the CA service cannot be
enabled.

A4 event for adding A4 event for adding an SCC under CA. The SCC signal quality is required to be higher than the
an SCell threshold.
A2 event for SCC deletion threshold.
deleting an SCell

43
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved
 Parameters Configuration

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 CA KPI Description
No. KPI Formula Remarks
Average throughput of (C373343812 x 1000000 + C373343813) x
1 Unit: bit/s
activated CA users 1000/C373343814

Average spectrum efficiency

2 C373596953/C373596951 Unit: kbit/RB
of this cell as PCC

Average spectrum efficiency

3 C373596934/C373596932 Unit: kbit/RB
of this cell as SCC
Maximum number of enabled
4 C373384356
CA users
The PUCCH resource is
Average number of activated
determined in
5 DL CA users with the local C373384368
accordance with this
cell as PCell
parameter.
6 SCC activation success rate C373596959/C373596958
7 SCC deactivation success rate C373596961/C373596961
Indicates the number of
Maximum number of users
8 C373384352 potential CA UEs of the
with CA capabilities
cell.
Average number of activated
9 DL CA users with the local C373384368
cell as PCell
Average number of activated
10 DL CA users with the local C373384369
cell as SCell

45
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved
 CA Optimization

 RF power control parameter optimization

 Currently, CA uses 1.8 GHz and 2.1 GHz frequency points. Link budget
calculation shows that 1.8 GHz coverage has a 0.1 dB gain over 2.1 GHz
coverage, so 2.1 GHz RS power needs to be larger than 1.8 GHz RS power by
0.1 dB.

 PRB parameter optimization

Must Be
Parameter CA ON CA OFF
Configured or Not
PCC activation threshold 10% \ Yes

SCC activation threshold 95% \ Yes

PCC deactivation threshold 5% \ Yes

SCC deactivation threshold 5% \ Yes

46
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved
 CA Optimization

 MCS parameter optimization

 The MCS value is related to the wireless environment. If MCS is 0–9, only
QPSK coding can be used. If MCS is 10–16, 16QAM coding is selected. If MCS
is 17–28, 64QAM coding is selected.
 When SCC signal strength becomes weak, after the MCS applied for is lower
than a specific threshold, the SCC needs to be deactivated to release SCC
resources. It is recommended to set the MCS threshold to 5.

 CA handover parameter optimization

 In the hybrid networking scenario, all of the activation, deactivation and
inter-frequency handover activation and deactivation thresholds have 5 dB
reservation. The CA activation and deactivation thresholds (A2, A4) are
recommended to be (–105, –95).

47
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved
Contents
 ANR Feature and Implementation
 Carrier Aggregation Feature and Implementation

 Load Balancing Feature and Implementation

 Feature description

 Parameters

 Extended Cell Radius Feature and Implementation

 Load Balancing Principle 1

Benefit Applicable Scenarios

It distributes traffic based on the load states - Load Balancing (LB) is used to
of the serving cell and adjacent cells and balance load between cells, between
effectively uses system resources to frequencies, and between RATs.
improve system capacity and reliability.

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Load Balancing Principle 2

 In general, ZTE load balancing can be divided into three phases: measurement,
decision, and execution.

Measurement Phase Decision Phase Execution Phase

 Measurement phase: the load balancing module continues monitoring and

updating the load states of the serving cell and adjacent cells.
 Decision phase: the load balancing module determines whether the serving cell is
in the high-load state based on the information collected in the measurement
phase.
 Execution phase: the serving cell is in the high-load state. A4 (intra-LTE load
balancing) or B1 (inter-RAT load balancing) measurement is performed for some
selected UEs in the serving cell. Based on the measurement results, the selected
UEs are handed over to a lower-load adjacent cell.
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved
 Intra-LTE Load Balancing - Based on
Measurement
Start

N
Load balancing period arrived?
Y
N
Number of UE in the cell is more than 1?
Y
N
The cell needs to execute load balancing?
Y
Select some UEs execute A4 measurement.

N
A4 measurement report arrives?

Y
Select HO target cells.

Execute reducing load operation in load balancing function

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Intra-LTE Load Balancing - Intra-LTE Blind Load
Balancing
Start

N
Load balancing period arrived?
Y
N
Number of UE in the cell is more than 1?

Y
N
The cell needs to execute load balancing?

Select HO target cells

Select UE to execute HO

Execute reducing load operation in load balancing function

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IRAT Load Balancing
U&L
Traffic load Balance
UMTS coverage

Load Balance
LTE coverage

Description Benefit
 The load balancing feature monitors the load of the
 Load balancing enables traffic over the serving
local cell and its neighbor cells. If the local cell is
cell and its neighbor, making best use of radio
overloaded, a part of load is moved to the neighbor
resources and improving the quality of network.
cells with low load. In this way, load balancing is
achieved among the cells in the area, and the system
capacity is increased.

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

53
 Inter-RAT Load Balancing

 In the multi-RAT network, the load balancing module selects the

target load balancing RAT based on the RAT priority
(LBRATPriority[7]) configured on the OMC.
 For load balancing from an LTE system to a UTRAN system, the
UTRAN system must be configured with the highest priority, and
UL Load Balancing Switch (short name utranLBSwch, which is the
switch for UL load balancing, and it can be configured on OMC.
Usually, it is regarded “switch on” by default) is enabled

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Contents
 ANR Feature and Implementation
 Carrier Aggregation Feature and Implementation

 Load Balancing Feature and Implementation

 Feature description

 Parameters

 Extended Cell Radius Feature and Implementation

 Parameters configuration

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Contents
 ANR Feature and Implementation
 Carrier Aggregation Feature and Implementation

 Load Balancing Feature and Implementation

 Extended Cell Radius Feature and Implementation
 Feature description

 Parameters
 Extended cell radius feature

 Extended cell radius feature of LTE systems refers to the large-

scale coverage over special open areas (such as sea surface,
prairie, and desert) beyond the coverage of common macro base
stations. The application of ultra-long-distance coverage,
especially sea surface coverage, can provide communication
support for fishermen in their life and sailing, and offer high-
quality radio communication services for marine fishery and port
operation. Therefore, ultra-long-distance coverage is an
important part of mobile communications.

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Extended Cell Radius
Coverage Increased, Sites Reduced Coverage Enhancement for
Rural Area

R =70KM

R =100KM

Description Benefit
 Four PRACH preamble formats are defined in 3GPP  This feature supports an extended cell radius up
TS36.211. Format 1 supports a maximum cell radius of to 100 km for LTE service coverage in large cell
70 km, and format 3 supports a maximum cell radius of scenarios, such as plains, rural areas, suburbs,
100 km. This feature sets the PRACH preamble format
and oceans.
to 1 to support a cell radius of 70 km, or to 3 to support
a cell radius of 100 km in large cell scenarios.

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

59
 PRACH Configuration Analysis

 The GT field and cyclic prefix CP in the PRACK preamble sequence affect the cell
coverage radius that is supported. The cell coverage radius is determined
together by the cyclic offset CP and the protection interval GT in the sequence,
where Tcp must be greater than (Round Trip Time (RTT) + Delay spread) and TGT
must be greater than RTT.

CP Preamble GI RACH format 0

CP Preamble GI RACH format 1

RACH format 2
CP Preamble Preamble GI
RACH format 3
CP Preamble Preamble GI

CP Preamble GI RACH format 4

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved
 PRACH Formats
TCP TSEQ TGP

CP Sequence Guard Pd
T RTD TMTD

Preamble MaxCellRadius
format
TCP TMTD TGP
(km)

Rcell  min(TCP  TMTD , TGP ) / 6.67 0 103.2768 97.0176 5.2 14.545367

1 685.3824 516.384 16.7 77.418191

2 203.424 197.1648 16.7 27.994603

3 685.3824 716.6784 16.7 100.25223

One subframe (1ms)

15360  Ts 15360  Ts 15360  Ts 15360  Ts 15360  Ts 15360  Ts

One slot

3168  Ts 24576 T
24576  Tss
2976  Ts Format Supported cell
0 radius:
Format
21024  Ts 24576  Ts 15840  Ts
1 0-15 km;
Format
6240  Ts 24576  Ts 24576  Ts 6080  Ts
2 0-77 km;
21024  Ts 24576  Ts 24576  Ts 21993  Ts
Format
3
0-30 km;
0~-100 km.

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 PRACH Formats

 Maximum RTD and Delay Spread of Each PRACH Format

 PRACH Configuration Corresponding to Different Cell Radiuses

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 NCS Configuration

 The NCS value is closely related to the cell coverage radius, and it
should be set based on network planning during the actual
application.
Ncs Config NCS Under Low- Cell Radius (km) Number of Root
Speed Scenario Sequences
0 839 120 64
1 13 1.85 1
2 15 2.14 2
3 18 2.57 2
4 22 3.14 2
5 26 3.71 2
6 32 4.57 3
7 38 5.43 3
8 46 6.57 4
9 59 8.43 5
10 76 10.87 6
11 93 13.30 8
12 119 17.02 10
13 167 23.88 13
14 279 39.90 22
15 419 59.92 32

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Parameter Configuration (all values are
displayed values)

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Contents
 ANR Feature and Implementation
 Carrier Aggregation Feature and Implementation

 Load Balancing Feature and Implementation

 Extended Cell Radius Feature and Implementation
 Feature description

 Parameters
 Parametes
Range and
Parameter Name ShortName Parameter Explanation Default Value(x)
Step(x)
Cell High-Speed highSpeedFlagThe parameter indicates whether the cell is high-speed. If 0:Not High Speed Refer to Scene
Attribute cell high-speed attribute is high-speed, The cyclic shift Cell,1:High Speed Value
method to generate PRACH preamble sequence is Cell
different between high-speed cell and non high-speed
cell. In high-speed cell, cyclic shift is restricted. In non
high-speed cell, cyclic shift is not restricted.
Cyclic Shift ncs The parameter is used to determine the shift number of [0..15] Refer to Scene
Parameters Based on cyclic shift. There are 64 preambles available in each cell. Value
Logical Root The set of 64 preamble sequences in a cell is found by
Sequence (Ncs) including first, in the order of increasing cyclic shift, all
the available cyclic shifts (correlative to Ncs ) of a root
Zadoff-Chu sequence with the logical index
RACH_ROOT_SEQUENCE, where
RACH_ROOT_SEQUENCE is broadcasted as part of the
System Information. Additional preamble sequences, in
case 64 preambles cannot be generated from a single
root Zadoff-Chu sequence, are obtained from the root
sequences with the consecutive logical indexes until all
the 64 sequences are found.
Switch for Reducing prachFMRecOnTA This parameter is to reducing the current cell Msg1 false 0:Close,1:Open 1
Msg1 False Alarm Swch alarm probability caused by neighbor cell. When this part
Probability Based on of the false alarm probability needs to be reduced, the
TA Threshold switch is turned on, the other conditions are turned off by
default.
TA Threshold for prachFMRecTAThr IF the cell radius calculated based on TA of the current [1..60000] 1000
Reducing Msg1 False esh PRACH ID is larger than the TA threshold, the current
Alarm Probability PRACH ID is considered to be false.
Based on TA
Threshold
Switch for PRACH prachSupFarCover This parameter is to extending the current cell coverage. 0:Close,1:Open 0
Super-far Coverage Swch When the cell radius is greater than 12.23km and is less
than or equal to 118.93km, the switch is turned on, the
other conditions are turned off by default.

“Switch for PRACH Super-far Coverage” is set “open” in WT

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 Parameters Description

 In a normal scenario, ultra-long-distance coverage is enabled if

PrachFDD.highSpeedFlag is set to Not High Speed Cell. In other scenarios, ultra-
long-distance coverage is disabled. If PrachFDD.prachSupFarCoverSwch is set to
open, PRACH supports ultra-long-distance coverage, and the specific
configuration is described as follows:
 Based on the actual network coverage, users can configure PrachFDD.ncs ,
PrachFDD.numberOfRAPreambles , PrachFDD.sizeOfRAPreamblesGroupA , and
PrachFDD.macNonContenPreamble according to the following table.
 PrachFDD.prachFMRecTAThresh in the last column of the table indicates the TA
threshold for reducing the Msg1 false alarm probability based on the TA
threshold. For each configuration value provided in this table, a value of 320 is
reserved based on the maximum cell radius.
 If extend cell radius function needs to be enabled, the parameter
PrachFDD.prachFMRecOnTASwch should be set to "0".

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Parameters Configuration
 On the EMS configuration, select Modify Area-> Radio Parameter->E-UTRAN FDD Cell->PRACH. When
opening the switch the PRACH Super-far Coverage, it is necessary to close the Switch for Reducing Msg1
False Alarm Probability Based on TA Threshold and TA Threshold for Reducing Msg1 False Alarm Probability
Based on TA Threshold.

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Suggested Enhancement Technologies for LTE
Super-Far Coverage
 the LTE link performance can meet the super-far coverage
requirement of 100 km. To further guarantee coverage, improve the
coverage quality, it is recommended that the following technologies
or policies be introduced in the super-far coverage network.
 Select low frequencies for super-far coverage.
 Make use of the topography, such as seaside mountains, and set up towers
manually to achieve an antenna height of 500 m.
 During the selection of eNodeB models, use BBU + RRU distributed base stations,
and set up towers above the RRUs to reduce feeder losses.
 Use high-gain antennas.
 Install tower-mounted amplifiers on base stations to increase uplink coverage.
 Install high-power amplifiers on base stations to increase downlink coverage.
 Terminals in marine coverage are usually located on ships, so terminals with
greater transmission power and higher antenna gains can be customized. In
addition, the terminal antenna height should be increased to increase the line-of-
sight distance.

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Improving Uplink & Downlink Coverage
Capabilities By Increasing the Transmission
Power
Increase base station transmission power
50%
45%
40% 40%

PA Efficiency
The industry-leading DPD+CFR+Doherty power 33%
30% 35%
amplification technology is used on the RRU to
improve the base station transmission power and 20%
thus effectively increase the downlink coverage
10%
distance of a single site.
0%
2011 2012 2013 2014
Year

Increase terminal transmission power Condition Normal Special Special

terminal terminal 1 terminal 2
Transmission 23 dBm 27 dBm 30 dBm
In the LTE system, the coverage distance cannot be
power
increased due to uplink limits. Usually the
maximum transmission power of terminals is 23 Base station 120 m 120 m 120 m
height
dBm. If a mobile phone with a higher transmission
power is used, the situation of uplink limits for Terminal 3m 3m 3m
some special services can be improved. height
Maximum 133.028 136.028 139.028
allowed path
loss
Coverage 24.5 km 29.5 km 35 km
radius

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Improving Coverage by Increasing Antenna
Gains

18 dBi
10W

15dBi
10W

120 %
120 %!

 The 18 dBi high-gain antenna is used on the base station. Compared with the 15
dBi antenna, the maximum allowed path loss is increased by 3 dB and the
maximum coverage radius is increased by 120%.
 Narrow-beam antennas can also improve coverage.

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Increasing the Coverage Distance by Increasing
the Base Station Height and Antenna Height
Ht(m) Hr(m) d0(km)
30 5 31.82
(km) 50 5 38.40

70 5 43.74
 D0: Maximum line-of-sight distance

 Ht: Base station antenna height 90 5 48.36

 Hr: Terminal height 150 5 59.75

 R0: Earth radius, 6375km 200 5 67.57
 K: Reflection rate of electric waves
500 5 101.48

D视距
Hm
Hb

R0

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