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Chapter 10 Sound Notes

This document provides an overview of Unit 10 - Sound from the Grade 8 International Secondary Science 3 subject notes. It covers topics including: - Sound is a vibration that travels through mediums like solids, liquids, and gases at different speeds, fastest in solids and slowest in gases. - Sound waves can be seen by placing small balls on a speaker that will bounce as the air vibrates. - The ear detects sound through the outer, middle, and inner sections which use structures like the ear drum, ossicles, and cochlea to transmit sound signals to the brain. - Loudness is measured in decibels and amplitude determines volume, with steeper waves being

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32 views

Chapter 10 Sound Notes

This document provides an overview of Unit 10 - Sound from the Grade 8 International Secondary Science 3 subject notes. It covers topics including: - Sound is a vibration that travels through mediums like solids, liquids, and gases at different speeds, fastest in solids and slowest in gases. - Sound waves can be seen by placing small balls on a speaker that will bounce as the air vibrates. - The ear detects sound through the outer, middle, and inner sections which use structures like the ear drum, ossicles, and cochlea to transmit sound signals to the brain. - Loudness is measured in decibels and amplitude determines volume, with steeper waves being

Uploaded by

Azaan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CAIE 2024

Grade 8 Subject Notes For Science


(International Secondary Science 3)
Unit 10 – Sound

Unit 10.1 Sound, Vibrations And Energy Transfer:


Sound is an energy produced from Vibrations
It can travel through Mediums but not Vacuum
(A Vacuum Is A Space That Is Completely Empty Of Everything
Including Air)
Sound travels quickest in Solid, followed by Liquid and slowest in
Air in comparision to the other two

Why Does Sound Travel At Different Speeds?


Sound is a vibration that is passed on in the particles (like
dominos). As solids have the particles tightly packed, vibrations
are quickly passed hence making it the fastest and vice versa.

Sound Waves:
If we place tiny polystyrene balls on a working loudspeaker
The balls will bounce. This is as a the result of movement
of air particles as Vibrations. We call
the vibrations to be as Sound Waves. Fig10.1

Polystyrene Balls

Working Loudspeaker

1
*Question Tip: In Fig10.1 If a question asks us to identify the height
to which the balls will travel upto, Use Direct Proportionality e.g*
Example: Q. A Ball Travels Up To 4cm Upon The Sound Of 60DB.
Calculate How Much Will It Travel Upto For 120DB
4/60 = x/120
So x = 8
Or Just Multiply (4*2) As 120 Is Twice Of 60 So… Yeah..

Longitudinal And Transverse Waves:


Longitudinal Waves move horizontally like Longitude. Their depth
and details can be shown throw the density of the particles at a
certain location.
If we take a Slinky and force push (move) it in the same direction
from one end while the other one Is still (hung/held) we can see
that the coils move after hitting each other. Sound moves similarly.

Fig10.2

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They Can Also Look Like This Or In Dots

Transverse waves are the usual waves

Crest Is the highest point of each wave


Ampitude determines the volume and is represented by the height
of a wave
Trough is the lowest point of each wave
Wavelength is the distance between each wave

3
Unit 10.2 Detecting Sound
 Two ears make it helpful to detect where the sound is
coming from considering it travels at 330m/s
Our ear is made up many small muscles and bones that help
us to hear. They are divided into 3 sections of Outer Ear,
Middle Ear, And Finally The Inner Ear

Pinna gathers all the sound towards the ear to the Auditory Canal
The Ear drum then vibrates the Ossicles (Stirup, Anvil And Hammer)
The vibration is passed to Oval window
Afterwards, the Cochlea has fluid and sound-detecting cells which transmit
the sound to the fluid which transmits to some Hair making them vibrate
The vibration causes to produce a signal that travels through the Auditory
Canal and processed by brain

4
What Issues Can Happen To The Hearing Muscles & Bones?
Ear Drum can develop holes (temporarily)
Wax can damage the ear (temporarily)
Ear infections, fluid is produced around small bones that disrupts vibration
Head Injuries can damage the Auditory Canal
Microphone And Loudspeakers
A microphone and loudspeakers are both Transducers. Microphone converts
Sound to Electric energy while vice versa for Loudspeakers. When a
microphone detects sound, the coil (diaphragm) moves like a slinky moving
forward and backwards, then the energy is converted and stored.

Unit 10.3 Loudness And Decibel Scale


Loudest producible
sound is 194DB
To Reduce The Risk Of
Damage To Hearing
1. Use Ear Defenders
(Shielding)
2. Increasing the
distance between
noise – moving
away from the
source of noise
3. Reduce the time
we spend near the
source of the
sound

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Unit 10.4 Loudness, Amplitude And Oscilloscopes
Amplitude of a wave determines the loudness of a sound. Steeper the wave,
louder the sound

Loud Sound Soft Sound

Compression of a wave contains the most amount of particles while


Rarefaction the least
How Can We Use An Oscilloscope?
If we want to view the Sound waves from the source, we can use an
Oscilloscope. Once the sound reaches the Microphone (which is attached to
the Oscilloscope) It produces an electric signal and shows the signal on the
screen. (OSCILLOSCOPE = Sound Energy  Electrical Signals)

6
There is a popular phrase ‘Sound dies away’. It is a common belief that sound
fades away, getting weaker as it travels however in reality. The sound keeps
spreading out away from the source. In the process some of the energy Is
transferred to the Medium (Solid, Liquid, Gas) making sound softer.

Unit 10.5 Pitch And Frequency


 The pitch of a sound depends on how many time it vibrates per second
 Amount of vibrations per second is called the frequency and calculated
in Hertz (Hz)
 High pitched sounds have a high frequency so more hertz
 Low pitched sounds have a low frequency so less hertz
 Huge amounts of hertz are measured in KiloHertz (kHz)

*Even A Loud Sound Can Be Low Pitched*


Human Hearing:
Humans hear a variety of sounds on a daily day basis however the range
of audibility frequency varies from age. Humans can hear from
20Hz – 20,000Hz. By the age of 30, most can only hear upto 14000Hz
Classification Of Sound/The Sound Of Music:
We can easily identify and set apart different instruments despite if the
same note Is played on them. This is because there are multiple types of
frequencies called ‘Harmonics’ mixed with the note to make them
distinctive. This distinctive sound is called as ‘Timbre’

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Unit 10.6 Making Simple Calculations
Often we are required to measure the speed of sound for different
purposes. If we clap in an empty room and produce noise, it will echo
meaning it’s a reflection of the original sound. In other words Bounced.
To Measure The Speed The Formula Is:
Distance
Speed=
Time

Question Tip: Daniel Is Standing A Certain Distance From A Wall And


Claps. He Hears The Echo 1.5s Later. How Far Away Is The Wall?
Remember That The Sound Has Travelled To The Wall And Back
Time = 1.5s
Speed = 330 m/s
Distance = 330 x 1.5
= 495
(Divide By 2 Considering It Travelled Twice)
= 495/2 = 247.5m

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