Micro project math 1st sem

Government polytechnic Jintur

Micro project math 1st sem

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD TECHNICAL

EDUCATION (MSBTE)
Government polytechnic Jintur
Academic year 2021-2022
DIPLOMA ( COMPUTER ENGINEERING)

Name of student Roll no.

Atharva manoharrao joshi 165
Ajinkya Sunil Devkar 162
Naresh Govind more 163
Sujata Anant Sapkal 161
Yogis Sureshrao solanke 167
Varad brijesh patel 164
Omkar Ganeshrao karkelwar 166

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INTRODUCTION
In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to
exponentiation. That means the logarithm of a given number x is the
exponent to which another fixed number, the base b, must be raised, to
produce that number x. In the simplest case, the logarithm counts the
number of occurrences of the same factor in repeated multiplication;
e.g. since 1000 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 103, the “logarithm base 10” of 1000 is
3, or log10 (1000) = 3. The logarithm of x to base b is denoted as
logb (x), or without parentheses, logb x, or even without the explicit
base, log x, when no confusion is possible, or when the base does not
matter such as in big O notation.

History of logarithm
The history of logarithms in seventeenth-century Europe is the
discovery of a new function that extended the realm of analysis beyond
the scope of algebraic methods. The method of logarithms was publicly
propounded by John Napier in 1614, in a book titled Mirifici
Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio (Description of the Wonderful Rule
of Logarithms).Prior to Napier’s invention, there had been other
techniques of similar scopes, such as the prosthaphaeresis or the use of
tables of progressions, extensively developed by Jost Bürgi around
1600.Napier coined the term for logarithm in Middle Latin,
“logarithmus,” derived from the Greek, literally meaning, “ratio-
number,” from logos “proportion, ratio, word” + arithmos “number”.

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The common logarithm of a number is the index of that power of ten

which equals the number. Speaking of a number as requiring so many
figures is a rough allusion to common logarithm, and was referred to by
Archimedes as the “order of a number”. The first real logarithms were
heuristic methods to turn multiplication into addition, thus facilitating
rapid computation. Some of these methods used tables derived from
trigonometric identities.Such methods are called prosthaphaeresis.

Invention of the function now known as the natural logarithm began as

an attempt to perform a quadrature of a rectangular hyperbola by
Grégoire de Saint-Vincent, a Belgian Jesuit residing in Prague.
Archimedes had written The Quadrature of the Parabola in the third
century BC, but a quadrature for the hyperbola eluded all efforts until
Saint-Vincent published his results in 1647. The relation that the
logarithm provides between a geometric progression in its argument
and an arithmetic progression of values, prompted A. A. de Sarasa to
make the connection of Saint-Vincent’s quadrature and the tradition of
logarithms in prosthaphaeresis, leading to the term “hyperbolic
logarithm”, a synonym for natural logarithm. Soon the new function
was appreciated by Christiaan Huygens, and James Gregory. The
notation Log y was adopted by Leibniz in 1675, and the next year he
connected it to the integral

Before Euler developed his modern conception of complex natural

logarithms, Roger Cotes had a nearly equivalent result when he showed
in 1714

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Basic properties of Logarithm

log b 1 = 0; log₂1 = 0
… Logarithm of 1 to any base is always zero.
Log m m = 1; log n n = 1
… Logarithm of the base itself is always 1.

Types of lagarithm
There are two types of Logarithm as follows:-
1.Natural logarithm:-logarithm of base “e” are called
as natural logarithm.
E.g. log e x ,log e 10

2. Common logarithm:- Logarithm of the base

“10” are called as common Logarithm.
E.g. log 10 x ,log 10 10

Lows of logarithm

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1.Product rule:-
Log a (m×n)= log a m + log a n
2.Quotient rule:-
Log a (m/n)= log a m – log a n
3.power rule:-
Log a 𝑚𝑛= n log a m
4.change base rule:-
log n 𝑚
Log a m =
log n 𝑎

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Regular shapes
Some of the regular shapes are as follows

1.Triangle
2.parallelogram
3.Rectangle
4.Rhombus
5.Trapazium
6.kite
7.pentagon

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Triangle

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Area of triangle

−3 1 1
1
Area ∆ABC= [ 1 −3 1]
2
2 3 1
=1 [−3(−6) − 1(−1) + 1(9)]
2

=12 [18 + 1 + 9]

=12 (28)
1
= × 28
2
=1×14
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=14 units

Parallelogram

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Area of parallelogram
A(-4,6) B(-1,6) C(-1,1) D(-4,1)
−4 6 1
Area ∆ABC=12 [−1 6 1]
−1 1 1
=1 [−4(5) − 6(0) + 1(−5)]
2
1
= [−20 − 5]
2

=12 (−25)
1
= × −25
2
=1×-12.5
=-12.5
=[-12]
=12.5 units

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−4 6 1
Area ∆ADC=12 [−4 1 1]
−1 1 1
=1 [−4(0) − 6(−3) + 1(−3)]
2
1
= ( 18 − 3)
2

=12 × 15
=7.5 units
Area of parallelogram ABCD= Area ∆ABC+ Area ∆ADC
=12.5+7.5
=20 units

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Rectangle

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Area of rectangle
P Q

S R
P(1,4) , Q(5,4) , R(5,1) , S(1,1)
1 4 1
1
Area of ∆PQR = [5 4 1]
2
5 1 1
1
= [1(3) − 4(0) + 1(−15)]
2

=12 (3 − 15)
1
= × −12
2
=-6
=|-6|

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= 6 units
1 4 1
1
Area of ∆PSR = [1 1 1]
2
5 1 1
1
= [1(0) − 4(−4) + 1(1 − 5)]
2

=12 (16 − 4)
1
= × 12
2
= 6 units
Area of rectangle (PQRS)= Area of ∆PQR + Area of ∆PSR
=6+6
=12 units

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Rhombus

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Area of rhombus
A B

D C
A(2,8) , B(1,5) , C(1,3) , D(2,7)
2 8 1
1
Area of ∆ABC = 2 [1 5 1]
1 3 1
1
= [2(2) − 8(0) + 1(−2)]
2

=12 (4 − 2)
1
= ×2
2
= 1 unit
Area of ∆ ABC = Area of ∆ADC
= 1 unit
Area of rhombus (PQRS)= Area of ∆ ABC +Area of ∆ ADC

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=1+1
= 2 units

Trapezium

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Area of trapezium

A(2,3) , B(3,3) , C(4,1) , D(1,1)

2 3 1
1
Area of ∆ABC = 2 [3 3 1]
4 1 1
1
= [2(2) − 3(−1) + 1(−9)]
2

=12 (4 + 3 − 9)

=12 (4 − 6)
1
= × −2
2
=-1
= |-1|
= 1 unit

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2 3 1
1
Area of ∆ ADC = 2 [1 1 1]
4 1 1
=1 [2(0) − 3(−3) + 1(−3)]
2
1
= (9 − 3)
2
1
= ×6
2
= 3 units
Area of rhombus (ABCD) = Area of ∆ ABC + Area of ∆ ADC
=1 + 3
= 4 units

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Kite

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Area of kite
A

B D

C
A(3,-1) , B(2,-3) , C(3,-6) , D(4,-3)
3 −1 1
1
Area of ∆ABD = 2 [2 −3 1]
4 −3 1
1
= [3(0) + 1(−2) + 1(6)]
2
1
= (−2 + 6)
2
1
= ×4
2
= 2 units

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3 −6 1
1
Area of ∆CBD = 2 [2 −3 1]
4 −3 1
1
= [3(0) + 6(−2) + 1(6)]
2
1
= (−12 + 6)
2
1
= × −6
2
= -3
= |-3|
= 3 units
Area of kite( ABCD)= Area of ∆ABD + Area of ∆ CBD
=2+3
= 5 units

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Pentagon

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Area of Pentagon
A(3,6) , B(5,3) , c(4,1) , D(2,1) , F(1,3)
FB &FC are diagonals
3 6 1
1
Area of ∆AFB = 2 [1 3 1]
5 3 1
1
= [3(0) − 6(−4) + 1(−12)
2
1
= (24 − 12)
2
1
= × 12
2
= 6 units
1 3 1
1
Area of ∆FBC = 2 [ 5 3 1]
4 1 1
1
= [ 1(2) − 3(1) + 1(−7)
2
1
= ( 2 − 3 − 7)
2
1
= (−8)
2

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1
= × −8
2
= -4
=|-4|
=4
1 3 1
1
Area of FDC = 2 [2 1 1]
4 1 1
1
= [1(0) − 3(−2) + 1(−2)]
2
1
= (0 + 6 − 2)
2
1
= ×4
2
= 2 units
Area of Pentagon (ABCDF) = Area of ∆AFB + Area of ∆FBC
+ Area of ∆FDC
= 6+4+2
= 12 units

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