Relations and Functions Notes
Relations and Functions Notes
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Key Takeaways
𝑌
Ordered Pair
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Key Takeaways
We have,
𝑝, 3 = (7, 𝑞)
⇒𝑝 =7 &3=𝑞
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If 3𝑎 − 2, 𝑏 + 3 = 2𝑎 − 1, 3 then find 𝑎 and 𝑏.
Solution:
3𝑎 − 2, 𝑏 + 3 = (2𝑎 − 1, 3)
⇒ 3𝑎 − 2 = 2𝑎 − 1 & 𝑏 + 3 = 3
⇒𝑎 =1&𝑏 =0
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Key Takeaways
● 𝐴×𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵
Thus, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐵 ⇔ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 & 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 A B
Example 1
𝑎
𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 & 𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏 2
𝑏
𝐴×𝐵 = 1, 𝑎 , 1, 𝑏 , 2, 𝑎 , 2, 𝑏 , 3, 𝑎 , 3, 𝑏 3
𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵) = 3 ⋅ 2 = 6
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Key Takeaways
● 𝐵×𝐴 = 𝑏, 𝑎 : 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵, 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 B A
1
𝐵×𝐴 = 𝑎, 1 , 𝑎, 2 , 𝑎, 3 , 𝑏, 1 , 𝑏, 2 , 𝑏, 3 𝑎
2
𝑛 𝐵×𝐴 =2⋅3 =6 𝑏
3
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Key Takeaways
Example
𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 & 𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏
𝐴×𝐵 = 1, 𝑎 , 1, 𝑏 , 2, 𝑎 , 2, 𝑏 , 3, 𝑎 , 3, 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑛 𝐴×𝐵 =3⋅2=6
𝐵 × 𝐴 = { 𝑎 , 1 , 𝑎 , 2 , 𝑎 , 3 , 𝑏 , 1 , 𝑏 , 2 , 𝑏 ,3 } ⇒ 𝑛 𝐵 × 𝐴 = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6
Note
● In general, 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴
● If 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑝, 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑞, then 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑝𝑞 = 𝑛 𝐵 × 𝐴
● If 𝐴 = 𝜙 or 𝐵 = 𝜙, then 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝜙 and B × 𝐴 = 𝜙
Solution:
A 2
𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 4 ⋅ 3 = 12 (does not depend on number of common elements)
B 10
C 12
D 6
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𝑆= 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐴 𝑎 < 𝑏 , where −1,2 and 0,1 are two elements
belonging to 𝑆. If 𝐴 × 𝐴 has 16 elements, then find the set containing the
remaining elements of 𝑆?
Solution:
𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐴 = 16 ⇒ 𝑛 𝐴 = 4
Example
𝐴 = 1, 2 , 𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝐶 = 𝑏, 𝑐
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
𝐴× 𝐵∪𝐶 = 1, 𝑎 , 1, 𝑏 , 1, 𝑐 , 2, 𝑎 , 2, 𝑏 , 2, 𝑐
𝐴×𝐵 = 1, 𝑎 , 1, 𝑏 , 2, 𝑎 , 2, 𝑏
𝐴×𝐶 = 1, 𝑏 , 1, 𝑐 , 2, 𝑏 , 2, 𝑐
𝐴×𝐵 ∪ 𝐴×𝐶 = 1, 𝑎 , 1, 𝑏 , 1, 𝑐 , 2, 𝑎 , 2, 𝑏 , 2, 𝑐
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Property
Similarly,
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Hi,
11 H1
Monday
11 E1 Tuesday
DASHBOARD
W
HOME Wednesday
BATCHES
11 E2 E
E
PROFILE
Thursday K
12 H1 D
SETTINGS A
Friday Y
FEEDBACK S
CLASS 11 BATCH H1 12 E1
Saturday
Tuesday, Wednesday E2
Schedule 12
Friday, Saturday Sunday
Chat
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Hi,
11 H1
Monday
11 E1 Tuesday
DASHBOARD
W
HOME Wednesday
BATCHES
11 E2 E
E
PROFILE
Thursday K
12 H1 D
SETTINGS A
Friday Y
FEEDBACK S
CLASS 11 BATCH E2 12 E1
Saturday
Monday, Wednesday E2
Schedule 12
Friday, Sunday Sunday
Chat
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Hi,
11 H1
Monday
11 E1 Tuesday
DASHBOARD
W
HOME Wednesday
BATCHES
11 E2 E
E
PROFILE
Thursday K
12 H1 D
SETTINGS A
Friday Y
FEEDBACK S
CLASS 12 BATCH E1 12 E1
Saturday
Monday, Wednesday E2
Schedule 12
Saturday, Sunday Sunday
Chat
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Key Takeaways
Relation
A B
A relation 𝑅 , from a non – empty set 𝐴 to another
non – empty set 𝐵, is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵 i.e., 𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵
𝑅= 𝑎, 𝑏 ∶ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 𝑎 𝑏
If 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇔ 𝑎𝑅𝑏
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Let 𝐴 = 1, 3, 4 and 𝐵 = 0, 2, 7 be two sets and 𝑅 is a relation from set 𝐴 to set
𝐵 defined as 𝑅 = { 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵} . Then find the relation 𝑅?
Solution:
A B
𝐴 = 1, 3, 4 & 𝐵 = 0, 2, 7
1 0
𝑅 = { 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
3 2
𝑅= 1, 2 , 1, 7 , 3, 7 , 4, 7 4 7
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Note
● If 𝐴, 𝐵 ≠ 𝜙 and 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑝 and 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑞, then total number of relations
from 𝐴 to 𝐵 = 2𝑝𝑞 .
Example 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏 𝐵= 1
𝐴×𝐵 = 𝑎, 1 , 𝑏, 1
𝑅1 = 𝑎, 1 𝑅2 = 𝑏, 1 𝑅3 = 𝑅4 = 𝑎, 1 , 𝑏, 1
𝑛 𝐴 =2 𝑛 𝐵 =1
= 2𝑛 𝐴 ×𝑛 𝐵
= 22 × 1 = 4
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If a set 𝐴 has ′𝑛′ distinct elements, then number of relations that can
be defined from 𝐴 to itself is
Solution: 𝟐
A 𝟐𝒏
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two sets such that 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑎 and 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑏.
B 𝒏𝟐
Then, number of relations from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is = 2 𝑛 𝐴 ×𝑛(𝐵)
=2 𝑎𝑏
2
Hence, number of relations from 𝐴 to 𝐴 is = 2𝑛 𝐴 ×𝑛(𝐴)
= 2𝑛 C 𝟐𝒏
𝒏
D 𝟐𝒏
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Key Takeaways
𝑎1
Let 𝑅 be a relation defined from set 𝐴 to set 𝐵. 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Let 𝑅 = 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑎1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑎2 , 𝑏3
𝑎3 𝑏3
The set of all the first components of ordered pairs
𝑏4
belonging to 𝑅 is called domain of 𝑅.
i.e., domain ⊆ 𝐴
Domain = {𝑎1 , 𝑎2 }
Set 𝐵 is called the co–domain of 𝑅.
Co-domain= 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 , 𝑏4
i.e., Co-domain = 𝐵
Range= 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3
The set of all the second components of ordered pairs
belonging to 𝑅 is called range of 𝑅.
i.e., Range ⊆ 𝐵
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Let 𝐴 = −1,0,1,2,5 and 𝐵 = 0,1,7,16,25 be two sets and 𝑅 is a relation from
set 𝐴 to set 𝐵 defined as 𝑅 = { 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑏 = 𝑎2 & 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵} . Write the relation
𝑅 and hence find its domain & range.
Solution:
A B
𝐴 = −1, 0, 1, 2, 5 & 𝐵 = 0, 1, 7, 16, 25
−1 0
𝑅= −1, 1 , 0, 0 , 1, 1 , 5, 25 0 1
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Which among the following is false for the relation 𝑅 defined in 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3
by 𝑎𝑅𝑏 if −5 ≤ 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ≤ 5 ?
Solution:
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3} A co-domain of 𝑅 = {1,2,3}
𝑅= 1,1 , 1, 2 , 2, 2 , 2, 1 , 3,3 , 2, 3 , 3, 2
C range of 𝑅 = {1,2,3}
Co-domain of 𝑅 = {1,2,3}
Domain of 𝑅 = {1,2,3}
1, 2 , 2, 2 , 3, 3 ,
D 𝑅=
2, 1 , 2,2 , 2, 3 , 3, 2
1,1 is also an element of 𝑅, hence option D is incorrect.
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If 𝑋 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 𝑌 = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 , then which of the
following is not a relation from 𝑋 to 𝑌 ?
Solution:
A 𝑹𝟏 = 𝒙, 𝒚 𝐲 = 𝐱 + 𝟐 , 𝐱 𝛜 𝑿 , 𝒚 𝝐 𝒀
𝑋 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 𝑌 = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
X Y
B 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝟏 , 𝟐, 𝟏 , 𝟑, 𝟑 , 𝟒, 𝟑 , 𝟓, 𝟓
𝑅1 = 1, 3 , 3, 5 , 5, 7 1
1
𝑅2 = 1,1 , 2,1 , 3,3 , 4,3 , 5,5 2 3 C 𝑹𝟑 = { 𝟏, 𝟏 , 𝟏, 𝟑 , 𝟑, 𝟓 , 𝟑, 𝟕 , 𝟓, 𝟕 }
3 5
𝑅3 = { 1,1 , 1,3 , 3,5 , 3,7 , 5,7 }
4 7 D 𝑹𝟒 = 𝟏, 𝟑 , 𝟐, 𝟓 , 𝟐, 𝟒 , 𝟕, 𝟗
Inverse of a Relation 𝑅
𝑅−1
● Domain of 𝑅 −1 = Range of 𝑅
● Range of 𝑅 −1 = Domain of 𝑅
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If sets 𝐴 = 1,2,6,9,10 and 𝐵 = 4,5,11,13,19 and a relation 𝑅 from 𝐴 to
𝐵 is defined as 𝑅 = 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 , 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵} is defined .
Then find the domain and range of 𝑅 −1 .
Solution: A B
1 4
2 5
11 𝑅= 2 , 5 , 6 , 13 , 9 , 19
6
9 13
𝑅−1 = 5, 2 , 13, 6 , 19, 9
10 19
Domain of 𝑅 −1 : 5 , 13 , 19
Range of 𝑅 −1 : {2 , 6 , 9}
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Session 2
Domain and range of Functions
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Key Takeaways
Function
A function ‘𝑓’ from a non-empty set 𝐴 to a non-empty set 𝐵
represented as 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a ‘ rule ‘ or ‘ correspondence ‘ under which,
𝑎1 𝑏1
● An element in 𝐴 is associated to a unique
𝑎2 𝑏2
element in 𝐵
𝑎3 𝑏3
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Which among the following relations is a function ?
Solution: 𝑖 A B
𝑓1
𝑎 1 𝑓1 = 𝑎, 1 , 𝑏, 7 , 𝑐, 3
𝑏 3 Relation 𝑓1 is a function
𝑐 7
𝑖𝑖
A B
𝑓2
1
𝑓2 = 𝑎, 1 , 𝑏, 3 , 𝑐, 3
𝑎
Relation 𝑓2 is a function
𝑏 3
𝑐 4
7
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Which among the following relations is a function ?
Solution: 𝑖𝑖𝑖 A B
𝑓3
𝑎 1
𝑏 3 𝑓3 = 𝑎, 1 , 𝑏, 5 , 𝑑, 8
𝑐 5 Relation 𝑓3 is not a function
𝑑
7 ∵ 𝑐 doesn’t have any output
8
𝑖𝑣
A B
𝑓4
𝑎 1
𝑏 3 𝑓4 = 𝑎, 3 , 𝑏, 11 , 𝑐, 7 , 𝑐, 1 , 𝑑, 5
𝑐
5 Relation 𝑓4 is not a function
7
𝑑 ∵ 𝑐 has two outputs.
11
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Relation 𝑅 defined from 𝐴 to 𝐵 as 𝑅 = 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑏 = 2𝑎 + 1, 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 ,
Where 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 and 𝐵 = 1, 4, 5, 7, 9
Check whether this relation is a function or not ?
Solution:
A B
𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 & 𝐵 = 1, 4, 5, 7, 9
1
1
𝑅= 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑏 = 2𝑎 + 1, 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 4
2 5
𝑅 = { 2,5 , 3, 7 } 3 7
1,3 ∉ 𝑅 9
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Which of the following relations are functions :
𝑖 𝑅1 = 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 ∈ −1, 0, 1 , 𝑦 ∈ −1, 0, 1, 2, 3
𝑖𝑖 𝑅2 = 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝕎, 𝑦 ∈ ℕ
Solution: A B
−1
𝑖 𝑅1 = 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 ∈ −1, 0, 1 , 𝑦 ∈ −1, 0, 1, 2, 3 -1 0
0 1
yes, it is a function
1 2
𝑖𝑖 𝑅2 = 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝕎, 𝑦 ∈ ℕ 3
No , it is not a function , A B
1
since 0 does not have any image 0
1 2
2 3
4
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Vertical Line Test
Examples
𝑌 𝑌
𝑋
𝑋 0
0
The vertical line intersects the curve at one point, hence it’s a function.
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Vertical Line Test
Examples
𝑋
0
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Key Takeaways
A B 𝑓-image of 𝑎
pre – image of 𝑏 or
image of 𝑎 under 𝑓
𝑎 𝑏 or
𝑓 𝑎
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Key Takeaways
In a function 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵, A B
Domain: 𝐷 𝑓 = 𝑎1 , 𝑎2
Co-domain: 𝐶 𝑓 = 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3
Range: 𝑅 𝑓 = 𝑏1 , 𝑏2
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Key Takeaways
In a function 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵, A B
Note
Range ⊆ co-domain
In a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 given by 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 is known as independent variable & 𝑦 is dependent variable.
If co-domain is not given, it is taken as ℝ.
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A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 be defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴. Set 𝐴 = 1, 4, 16 and
set 𝐵 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . Find the domain, co-domain and range of the function.
Solution:
Domain : 1, 4, 16 𝐴 𝐵
Co-domain : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1
1
2
Range : 1, 2, 4
4 3
16 4
5
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Real Function
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Some standard real functions
Function
Polynomial
Function Logarithmic
Function
Rational Trigonometric
Function Modulus Function
Function
Irrational Exponential
Function Signum Function
Function
Piecewise
Function Greatest Integer
Function
Fractional
Part Function
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Polynomial Function
If a function is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
such that 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ , 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎
𝑓 is called a polynomial function of degree 𝑛.
Example 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 7 𝑥 2 + 5 → Polynomial function
Note
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Which of the following expression is not a polynomial function
Solution:
A 𝑓 𝑥 =7
By definition of polynomial function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 B 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 5
such that 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ , 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎 C
3
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥− 7
8
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Key Takeaways
𝑌
Polynomial Function
2
Linear Function:
1 𝑦 =𝑥−2
A polynomial function with degree 1 which
is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑎 ≠ 0 & 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ. 𝑋
−1 0 1 2
−2
Example 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥−2
−1
𝑥 0 1 2 −2
𝑓 𝑥 −2 −1 0
Observation
𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
𝑅 𝑓 =ℝ
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Key Takeaways
Polynomial Function 𝑌
(−2,4) 4 (2,4)
Quadratic Function:
A polynomial function with degree 2 which is 3 𝑦 = 𝑥2
of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ.
2
Example 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
(−1,1) 1 (1,1)
𝑥 0 1 2 −1 −2
𝑋
𝑂 1
𝑓 𝑥 0 1 4 1 4 −2 −1 2
Observation
𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
𝑅 𝑓 = 0, ∞ ⊆ ℝ
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Key Takeaways
Polynomial Function 𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑥3
2
Cubic Function:
A polynomial function with degree 3 which is of the 1 (1,1)
form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑, 𝑎 ≠ 0 & 𝑎, 𝑏, c, d ∈ ℝ
𝑋
−2 −1 𝑂 1
Example 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 3 2
(−1, −1) −1
𝑥 0 1 −1
−2
𝑓 𝑥 0 1 −1
Observation
𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
𝑅 𝑓 =ℝ
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Identity Function
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Identity Function
𝑌 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
Identity Function:
2
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑥 0 1 2 −1 −2 1
−2 −1 45°
𝑓 𝑥 0 1 2 −1 −2
𝑋
𝑂 1 2
Observation −1
𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ −2
𝑅 𝑓 =ℝ
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Constant Function
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Constant Function
Constant Function: 𝑌
5
𝑓 𝑥 =5
1
𝑥 0 1 2 − − 3
2
𝑓 𝑥 5 5 5 5 5
1 𝑋
− 3 −2 𝑂 1 2
Observation
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Rational Function
𝑔 𝑥
Function of the form 𝑓 𝑥 = , Where 𝑔(𝑥) and ℎ(𝑥) are polynomial functions
ℎ 𝑥
Examples
3+𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
7−𝑥
𝑥 2 +2
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥
1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥
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Rational Function
𝑌
Rational Function:
1 2 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 0.5 1 2 −0.5 −1 −2 1
𝑓 𝑥 2 1 0.5 −2 −1 −0.5 −2 −1
𝑋
𝑂 1 2
Observation −1
𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ− 0 −2
𝑅 𝑓 =ℝ− 0 ⊆ℝ
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Irrational Function
For Example
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
1
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 3
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Key Takeaways
Modulus Function
Example
−2 = − −2 = 2
0 =0
𝜋 =𝜋
− 3 = 3
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Key Takeaways
Modulus Function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥
0 1 2 −1 −2 2
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 0 1 2 1 2 1
𝑋
Observation −2 −1 𝑂 1 2
𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
𝑅 𝑓 = 0, ∞ ⊆ ℝ
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Session 3
More on types of Functions
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Signum Function
𝑥
, 𝑥≠0
where sgn 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥
0, 𝑥 = 0
1, 𝑥 > 0
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = sgn 𝑥 = ቐ 0, 𝑥 = 0
−1, 𝑥 < 0
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Signum Function
Graph: 𝑌
𝑦=1 Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
0, 1
Range: 𝑦 ∈ −1, 0, 1
0 𝑋
0, −1
𝑦 = −1
Note
1, 𝑓 𝑥 > 0
𝑦 = sgn 𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 0, 𝑓 𝑥 = 0
−1, 𝑓 𝑥 < 0
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Draw graph: 𝑦 = sgn 2𝑥 + 3
𝑌
3
1, 𝑥 > −
2 𝑦=1
3
⇒ 𝑦 = sgn 2𝑥 + 3 = 0, 𝑥=
2
3 3
−1, 𝑥< −2,0
2
𝑋
0
𝑦 = −1
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Draw graph: 𝑦 = sgn 2𝑥 + 3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑦=1
3
−2,0
𝑋
0
𝑦 = −1
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Number of solutions of 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 sgn 𝑥 2 − 4 + 6 = 0 is
Solution :
Case I: 𝑥 2 − 4 < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2 < 0
⇒ −2 < 𝑥 < 2
Then: 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 −1 + 6 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = −2, −3 ⇒ No solution
Case II: 𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2, −2
Then: 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 0 + 6 = 0
⇒ 𝑥2 + 6 = 0
⇒ No solution
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Number of solutions of 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 sgn 𝑥 2 − 4 + 6 = 0 is
Solution :
A 1
Case III: 𝑥 − 4 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2 > 0
2
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −2 ∪ 2, ∞ B 0
Then: 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 1 + 6 = 0
C 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 2, 3 D 3
⇒ 𝑥 = 3 is only solution.
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Key Takeaways
Greatest Integer Function
The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = [𝑥] is called Greatest Integer function (G.I.F)
Where [𝑥] is the greatest integer less than or equal to 𝑥.
0 =0
−3.6 = −4
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Key Takeaways
Greatest Integer Function 𝑌
3
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 0, 0≤𝑥<1
= 1, 1≤𝑥<2 2
= 2, 2≤𝑥<3
1
= −1, −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
= −2, −2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1 𝑋
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
So on ⋯ ⋯
−1
Observation
−2
𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
−3
𝑅 𝑓 =ℤ
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Solve for 𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 2
Solution:
𝑥 ≥2 𝑌
4
𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 2, 3
3
𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 3, 4 and so on…
2
∴ 𝑥 ≥ 2 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 2, ∞
1
𝑋
0 1 2 3 4 5
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Key Takeaways
Greatest Integer Function
Properties:
𝑦=𝑥 𝑦 =𝑥−1
𝑥−1< 𝑥 ≤𝑥 𝑌
𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1
−2
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Key Takeaways
Greatest Integer Function
Properties:
𝑥 + 𝑚 = 𝑥 + 𝑚, 𝑚 ∈ ℤ
0 𝑥∈ℤ
𝑥 + −𝑥 = ቊ
−1 𝑥 ∉ℤ
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Number of solution(s) of the equation 𝑥 + −𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 is
( where [. ] denotes G.I.F )
Solution :
A 2
𝑥 + −𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1
0 𝑥∈ℤ
𝑥 + −𝑥 = ቊ
Case 1: 𝑥 ∈ ℤ −1 𝑥 ∉ℤ
B 4
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 C 0
3 ± 13 𝑥=
⇒𝑥= (not possible) 2𝑎
2
D 3
Case 2: 𝑥 ∉ ℤ
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 = −1
⇒𝑥 𝑥−3 =0
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Solve for 𝑥: 𝑖 𝑥−2 <5 𝑖𝑖 − 3 < 2𝑥 + 3 ≤ 6
Solution :
𝑌
𝑖 𝑥−2 <5
7
𝑥 < 7 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6, 5, 4, ⋯
6
𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 7)
5
1
𝑋
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Solve for 𝑥: 𝑖 𝑥−2 <5 𝑖𝑖 − 3 < 2𝑥 + 3 ≤ 6
Solution : 𝑌
3 𝑖𝑖 − 3 < 2𝑥 + 3 ≤ 6
2 −6 < 2𝑥 ≤ 3
2𝑥 = −5 , −4 , −3, ⋯ , 2, 3
1
−5 ≤ 2𝑥 < 4
𝑋
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 5
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ − ,2
2
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
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Key Takeaways
Properties:
1 2 3 𝑛−1
𝑥 + 𝑥 + + 𝑥+ + 𝑥+ + ⋯+ 𝑥 + = 𝑛𝑥 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥 𝑥+1
𝑥 = +
2 2
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1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 199
Value of + + + + + + + + + ⋯+ + , is
4 4 200 4 200 4 200 4 200 4 200
where ⋅ is greatest integer function.
Solution:
1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 199
+ + + + + + + + + ⋯+ +
4 4 200 4 200 4 200 4 200 4 200
1
𝑛 = 200, 𝑥 =
4
1 𝑛−1
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥 + + ⋯+ 𝑥 + = 𝑛𝑥 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑛 𝑛
1
= 200 ⋅
4
= 50
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Key Takeaways
Example
−4 = −4 − −4 = 0
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Key Takeaways
Fractional Part Function
𝑥 =𝑥− 𝑥 𝑌
= 𝑥 − 0; 0≤𝑥<1
= 𝑥 − 1; 1≤𝑥<2 1
= 𝑥 − 2; 2≤𝑥<3
𝑋
= 𝑥 + 1; −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 −2 −1 0 1 2
= 𝑥 + 2; −2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1
Observation
Domain: ℝ
Range: 0, 1
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Key Takeaways
Fractional Part Function
Properties
𝑥 =0⇔𝑥∈ℤ
0, 𝑥∈ℤ
𝑥 + −𝑥 = ቐ
1, 𝑥∉ℤ
𝑥 + 𝑚 = 𝑥 ,𝑚 ∈ ℤ
𝑚𝑥 ≠ 𝑚 𝑥 , 𝑚 ∈ ℤ
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Solve for 𝑥:
2𝑥 2
− 5 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ( Where . denotes fractional part function )
Solution:
2
𝑌
2𝑥 −5 𝑥 +2=0
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡
1 1 0, 1
{𝑥} =
2
⇒ 2𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 2 = 0
1 𝑋
⇒ 𝑡 = ,2 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
2
1
⇒ 𝑥 = ∵ 𝑥 ∈ [0,1)
2
1 1 3 5
⇒𝑥=𝐼+ ⇒ 𝑥 = ± ,± ,± ⋯
2 2 2 2
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Session 4
Exponential & Logarithmic
Functions
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Key Takeaways
Exponential Function
Exponential Function 𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
𝑌
Domain: ℝ
8 3, 8
Range: 0, ∞
6
4 2, 4
2 1, 2
−1, 0.5 0, 1
−2,0.25
𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
Key Takeaways
Exponential Function 𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 0.5𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25
𝑌
Domain: ℝ
8
−3, 8
Range: 0, ∞
6
−2, 4 4
−1, 2 2
0,1 1, 0. 5
2, 0. 25
𝑋
3 −2 −1 0 1 2
Key Takeaways
Exponential Function
0, 1 0, 1
𝑋 𝑋
0 0
Domain: ℝ
Range: 0, ∞
Note
If 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 , 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1
⇒𝑥=𝑦
2
1 2𝑥−𝑥
Solve for 𝑥 ∶ (𝑖) 3 2𝑥
=9 3𝑥+1
(𝑖𝑖) = 23𝑥−4
2
Solution:
2
1 2𝑥−𝑥
𝑖 32𝑥 = 93𝑥+1 𝑖𝑖 = 23𝑥−4
2
⇒ 32𝑥 = 32 3𝑥+1
⇒ 2 −2𝑥+𝑥 2
= 23𝑥−4
⇒ 2𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 = 0
1
⇒𝑥=− ⇒ 𝑥 = 1,4
2
Key Takeaways
Key Takeaways
Exponential Function
𝑎 𝑥2 𝑎 𝑥2
𝑎 𝑥1 𝑎 𝑥1
0, 1 0, 1
𝑋 𝑋
0 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥1 0
Solution: A −∞, 0
2 If 𝑎 < 𝑎
𝑥1 𝑥2
,0<𝑎 <1
1 𝑥 −2𝑥 1
< ⇒ 𝑥1 > 𝑥2
2 8
B −∞,−1
−∞, −1
2
1 𝑥 −2𝑥 1 3
⇒ <
2 2
C 3, ∞
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 > 3
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 > 0 + − + D (1, ∞)
−1 3
⇒ 𝑥−3 𝑥+1 >0
∴ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −1 ∪ 3, ∞
Logarithmic Function
𝑓 𝑥 0 1 >1.5 2 3 4
𝑌 𝑓 𝑥 = log 2 𝑥 Domain: 0, ∞
16, 4
4 Range: ℝ
8, 3
3
4, 2
2
2, 1
1
𝑋
0 1,0 2 4 8 10 12 16
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = log 0.5 𝑥 𝑥 1 2 4 8 16
𝑓 𝑥 0 −1 −2 −3 −4
𝑌
𝑓 𝑥 = log 0.5 𝑥 Domain: 0, ∞
Range: ℝ
1, 0
𝑋
0 2 4 8 10 12 16
−1 2, −1
4, −2
−2
−3
8, −3
−4
16, −4
Sign of Logarithm function
𝑌 𝑌
+ +
0 1 𝑋 0 1 𝑋
− −
Note
Value of log 𝑎 𝑥 is positive when number 𝑥 and base 𝑎
are on same side of unity, otherwise it is negative.
Sign of Logarithm function
𝑌
Example
4, log 2 4
● log 2 4 = 2 > 0
+
● log 2 1 = −2 < 0
4
0 ¼ 1 4 𝑋
−
1 1
, log 2
4 4
log 2 𝑥 : 𝑎 > 1
Sign of Logarithm function
𝑌
Example
● log 1 4 = −2 < 0
2
+ ● log 1 1 = 2 > 0
4
2
0 1 𝑋
−
Solution:
A log 1 11 > log 2 5
3
Option A: log 1 11 > log 2 5
3 1
log 1 > log4 0.57
log 1 11 < 0, B 2 13
3
log 2 5 > 0
C log 3 9 < log 2 10
False
Option B: log 1
1
> log 4 0.57 D log 4 17 < log 5 15
2 13
1
log 1 > 0,
2 13
True
Which of the following options is/are true ?
Solution:
A log 1 11 > log 2 5
3
Option C: log 3 9 < log 2 10
1
log 1 > log4 0.57
log 3 9 = 2, B 2 13
False
Which of the following options is/are true ?
1
B log 1
2 13
> log4 0.57
Note
● log 𝑎 1 = 0, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 (from the graph of log a 𝑥)
● log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 ∵ 𝑎1 = 1
𝑌 𝑌
0 1 𝑋 0 1 𝑋
● log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑚 log 𝑎 𝑥
1
● log 𝑎𝑚 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥, 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑚 ≠ 0
𝑚
𝑚
● log 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑛
log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑛 ≠ 0
● log𝑎 𝑚
= log 𝑛 𝑚 ; 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑛, 𝑎 ≠ 1 (Base changing property)
log𝑎 𝑛
Key Takeaways
● 𝑎log𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑁; 𝑁, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
Solution:
𝑖 log 3 (𝑥 + 1) + log3 (𝑥 + 3) = 1
∴ 𝑥 ∈ −1, ∞ ⋯ 𝑖
log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 ; 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
⇒ log 3 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) = 1
⇒ 𝑥+1 𝑥+3 =3
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 3
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = −4, 0
By 𝑖 , 𝑥 = 0
Solve for 𝑥: 𝑖 log 3 (𝑥 + 1) + log 3 (𝑥 + 3) = 1 𝑖𝑖 log 𝜋 log 3 log 2 𝑥 = 0
Solution:
𝑖𝑖 log𝜋 log3 log 2 𝑥 = 0
log 𝑎 1 = 0, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
⇒ log 3 log 2 𝑥 = 1
⇒ log 2 𝑥 = 3
⇒𝑥=8
Key Takeaways
Note
Solution:
𝑥+2>0
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −2, ∞ ⋯ 𝑖
log10 (𝑥 + 2) = 2
⇒ 𝑥 + 2 = 102
∴ 𝑥 = 98
Solve for 𝑥: log10 (𝑥 + 2) = 2
A 95
B 96
C 97
D 98
Key Takeaways
Logarithmic Inequalities
𝑌 log 𝑎 𝑥 : 𝑎 > 1
log 𝑎 𝑦
If 𝑎 > 1,
𝑋
0 1 𝑥 𝑦
Key Takeaways
Logarithmic Inequalities
log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑥 If 0 < 𝑎 < 1,
log 𝑎 𝑥
The range of value(s) of 𝑥 satisfying the inequality log 3 (𝑥 − 1) > log 3 (2 − 𝑥)
Solution:
log 3(𝑥 − 1) > log 3 (2 − 𝑥)
𝑥−1>0⇒𝑥 >1
𝑥−1>2−𝑥
3
⇒ 𝑥 > ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
2
3
By 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 , 𝑥 ∈ ,2
2
2
The solution set of the inequality log 1 2 − 𝑥 > log 1 is:
4 4 𝑥+1
Solution:
2
log 1 2 − 𝑥 > log 1
4 4 𝑥+1
2
2−𝑥 <
𝑥+1
2
⇒ 2−𝑥 − <0
𝑥+1
−𝑥 2 +𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−1
⇒ <0 ⇒ 𝑥+1
>0
𝑥+1
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 0 ∪ 1, ∞ ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
By 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 , 𝑥 ∈ −1, 0 ∪ 1, 2
Session 5
Modulus Equation & Inequalities
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Modulus Function
𝑥; 𝑥≥0
The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is modulus function where 𝑥 = ቊ
−𝑥 ; 𝑥 < 0
𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥
2
𝑋
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2
Observation
𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
𝑅 𝑓 = 0, ∞ ⊆ ℝ
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Properties of Modulus
𝑥 ≥0∀𝑥 ∈ℝ
𝑥 =0⟺𝑥=0
𝑥 = 𝑎 ⟺ 𝑥 = ±𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
𝑥2 = 𝑥
𝑥 = −𝑥
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
= ,𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑦 𝑦
2 2
𝑥 = −𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±𝑦; 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
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𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
Solve: 2 =− 2
𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 12 𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 12
Solution:
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
Given: 2 =− 2
𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 12 𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 12
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + − + − +
i.e., 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 1 2 3 4
⇒𝑓 𝑥 ≤0
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥−1 𝑥−2
⇒ 2 ≤0 ⇒ ≤0
𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 12 𝑥−3 𝑥−4
∴ Solution set 𝑥 ∈ 1, 2 ∪ 3, 4
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Solve the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
Solution:
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±𝑦; 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 = ± 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 OR 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 = − 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1
1 = −1 ( not possible ) 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0,1
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Key Takeaways
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = ±𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 =0
⇒𝑓 𝑥 =0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑎 < 0
⇒ no solution
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Solve the following equations :
(𝑖) 𝑥 − 3 = 4 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 + 3 − 5 = 6
Solution:
𝑖 𝑥−3 =4 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = ±𝑎
⇒ 𝑥 − 3 = ±4
⇒ 𝑥 = 7, −1
𝑖𝑖 𝑥+3 −5 =6
⇒ 𝑥 + 3 = ±11
∴ 𝑥 = 8, −14
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Number of solutions of the equation 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 2𝑥, is:
Solution:
A 0
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 2𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = ±𝑎 B 2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 8 = ± 2𝑥, ( 𝑥 ≥ 0 )
2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 2𝑥 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = −2𝑥 C 1
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥2 − 8 = 0
D 3
⇒𝑥 =2±2 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±2 2
⇒𝑥 =2+2 3 ⇒𝑥=2 2
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Draw the graph of
𝑖 𝑦= 𝑥−2 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 4
Solution:
𝑌
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2 𝑦 =𝑥−2
2
𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 ≥0
𝑓 𝑥 = 1
−𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑋
−1 0 1 2
𝑥−2 , 𝑥≥2 −1
𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 =ቐ
− 𝑥−2 , 𝑥<2
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Draw the graph of
𝑖 𝑦= 𝑥−2 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 4
Solution:
𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 4 𝑌 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 4
4
𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 ≥0
𝑓 𝑥 = 2
−𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑋
4 0 1
−2 −3 −1
4 −2
−3𝑥 − 4, 𝑥<−
3
𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 4 =
4
3𝑥 + 4, 𝑥≥−
3
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The set of value(s) of 𝑝, for which the equation 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 + 3 = 𝑝, has :
(𝑖) no solution (𝑖𝑖) one solutions (𝑖𝑖𝑖) two solutions
Solution: 𝑌
𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼 𝐼
𝑦 = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥+3
−3 1
𝐼∶𝑥≥1 𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 2 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2
4
𝑦=4
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 + 3 = 2𝑥 + 2 2
𝐼𝐼 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ −3,1
𝑋
−3 −2 −1 0 1
𝑦 =1−𝑥+𝑥+3=4
−1
𝐼𝐼𝐼 ∶ 𝑥 < −3
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 − 3 = −2𝑥 − 2
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The set of value(s) of 𝑝, for which the equation 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 + 3 = 𝑝, has :
(𝑖) no solution (𝑖𝑖) one solutions (𝑖𝑖𝑖) two solutions
Solution: 𝑌
𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼 𝐼
𝑦 = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥+3
−3 1
𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 2 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2
4
Note 𝑦=4
2
Number of solution(s) for 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 is number of
intersection points for the curves 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑘
𝑋
−3 −2 −1 0 1
To find the number of solutions of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 , the
−1
graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑔 𝑥 are plotted between the
same coordinate axes. The number of intersection
points will be the number of solutions.
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The set of value(s) of 𝑝, for which the equation 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 + 3 = 𝑝, has :
(𝑖) no solution (𝑖𝑖) one solutions (𝑖𝑖𝑖) two solutions
Solution: 𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥+3
𝐼: no solution: Graphs must not intersect 𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 2 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2
4
𝑝<4 𝑦=4
2
𝐼𝐼: One solution:
𝑝 ∈ 𝜙 ∵ 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑦 = 𝑝 can never intersect at only one
𝑋
point. −3 −2 −1 0 1
𝑝>4
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Key Takeaways
Modulus Inequalities
● 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
On squaring,
𝑥 2 ≥ 𝑎2
∴ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −𝑎 ∪ 𝑎, ∞
𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥 𝑥 ≥𝑎
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −𝑎 ∪ 𝑎, ∞
𝑦=𝑎
𝑋
−𝑎 𝑂 𝑎
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Key Takeaways
Modulus Inequalities
● 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
On squaring,
𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ≤ 0
∴ 𝑥 ∈ −𝑎, 𝑎
𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥 𝑥 ≤𝑎
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −𝑎, 𝑎
𝑦=𝑎
𝑋
−𝑎 𝑂 𝑎
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Key Takeaways
Modulus Inequalities
● 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 OR 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ −𝑎
● 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
⇒ −𝑎 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
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Solve the Inequality 𝑥 − 3 > 5
Solution:
𝑥−3 >5
𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
⇒ 𝑥 − 3 > 5 OR 𝑥 − 3 < −5
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑎 OR 𝑓 𝑥 < −𝑎
⇒ 𝑥 > 8 OR 𝑥 < −2
∴ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −2 ∪ 8, ∞
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Solve the following inequations
2
𝑖 𝑥−1 +2 ≤4 𝑖𝑖 >1
𝑥−4
Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
𝑖 𝑥−1 +2 ≤4
⇒ −𝑎 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
⇒ −4 ≤ 𝑥 − 1 + 2 ≤ 4
⇒ −6 ≤ 𝑥 − 1 ≤ 2
⇒ −6 ≤ 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑥−1 ≤2
⇒𝑥 ∈ℝ ⇒ −2 ≤ 𝑥 − 1 ≤ 2
⇒ −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
∴ 𝑥 ∈ −1,3
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Solve the following inequations
2
𝑖 𝑥−1 +2 ≤4 𝑖𝑖 >1
𝑥−4
Solution:
2 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
𝑖𝑖 >1
𝑥−4
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑎 or 𝑓 𝑥 < −𝑎
Method 1:
2 2
⇒ < −1 OR >1
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
2 4 6
2 2
⇒ + 1 < 0 OR −1>0
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
𝑥−2 6−𝑥
⇒ < 0 OR >0
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
𝑥−6
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 2, 4 OR < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 2, 4 OR 𝑥 ∈ 4, 6
𝑥−4
∴ 𝑥 ∈ 2,4 ∪ 4,6
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Solve the following inequations
2
𝑖 𝑥−1 +2 ≤4 𝑖𝑖 >1
𝑥−4
Solution:
2 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
𝑖𝑖 >1
𝑥−4
𝑓 𝑥 ≤ −𝑎
Method 2:
2
> 1, 𝑥 ≠ 4
𝑥−4
+ − +
⇒ 𝑥−4 <2
2 6
⇒ −2 < 𝑥 − 4 < 2
⇒2<𝑥<6
∴ 𝑥 ∈ 2, 6 − 4
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Set of value(s) of 𝑥 satisfying the inequality 𝑥 − 2 > 2𝑥 − 3 is:
Solution:
𝑥 − 2 > 2𝑥 − 3
Method 1:
On Squaring,
2 2
𝑥−2 > 2𝑥 − 3
2 2
⇒ 𝑥−2 − 2𝑥 − 3 >0
⇒ −𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 − 5 > 0
⇒ 𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 − 5 < 0 5
1
3
5
∴ 𝑥 ∈ 1,
3
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Set of value(s) of 𝑥 satisfying the inequality 𝑥 − 2 > 2𝑥 − 3 is:
Solution:
A −∞, 1 ∪ 3, ∞
2𝑥 − 3
Method 2: 1 > ,𝑥 ≠ 2
𝑥−2 5
B 1,
3
2𝑥 − 3
−1 < <1
𝑥−2 C
3
2
,2
2𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 − 3
−1 < <1
𝑥−2 𝑥−2 D ℝ
2𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 − 3
⇒ +1>0 + − + ⇒ −1<0 + − +
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
5 1 2
3𝑥 − 5 2
3
⇒ >0 𝑥−1
𝑥−2 ⇒ <0
𝑥−2
5
∴ 𝑥 > 2 OR 𝑥 < ⋯ (𝑖)
3 ∴ 𝑥 ∈ 1, 2 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
5
By 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 , 𝑥 ∈ 1,
3
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Session 6
Domain and Range of Functions
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Solve: 2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7
Solution:
We have, 2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7 ⋯ 𝑖 𝑏
− 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ; 𝑥 < −
𝑎
3 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = ൞ 𝑏
2𝑥 − 3 ; 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ; 𝑥 ≥ −
2
2𝑥 − 3 = ቐ 3
𝑎
− 2𝑥 − 3 ; 𝑥 <
2
3
Case I: If 𝑥 < 2 𝐼 3 𝐼𝐼
2
∴ 𝑖 becomes:
− 2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7
𝐼 3 𝐼𝐼
− 2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7 2
⇒ −2𝑥 + 3 = −𝑥 + 7
⇒ 𝑥 = −4
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Solve: 2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7
Solution:
3
2𝑥 − 3 ; 𝑥 ≥
We have, 2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7 ⋯ 𝑖 2𝑥 − 3 = ቐ 2
3
3
− 2𝑥 − 3 ; 𝑥 <
2
Case II: If 𝑥 ≥ 2
∴ 𝑖 becomes:
2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7
⇒ 3𝑥 = 10 3
𝐼 𝐼𝐼
10 2
⇒𝑥=
3
Triangle Inequality
𝑏
𝑎 − 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑎−𝑏
𝑏
Equality occurs Equality occurs
when 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0 when 𝑎𝑏 ≤ 0 𝑎
𝑎
e.g. 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = −2 e.g. 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −7
𝑂
𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑎 + 𝑏 ≥ 𝑎−𝑏
Note
Solving 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 is equivalent to solving 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0
Solving 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 is equivalent to solving 𝑎𝑏 ≤ 0
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The solution set of the modulus equation
2𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 − 8 is:
Solution:
2𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 − 8
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
Given: 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏
we know, 𝑎 − 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑏
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Solution set of the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑥 + 1 ,
contains which of the following sets completely ?
Solution:
2 2
A −1, 4
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 1 when 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0
B −2, ∞
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
C 3, 7
2
𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 + 1 ≥ 0
⇒ 2𝑥 + 1 ≥ 0 D 1, ∞
1
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ − ,∞
2
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Domain and Range of a Function
Technique to find domain for some of the basic functions is mentioned below
1
𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 ≠0
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ≥0
1
𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 >0
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1 1
Find the domain of: 𝑖 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑖 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑥−1 𝑥
(Where [𝑥] represents greatest integer less than or equal to 𝑥)
Solution:
1 1
𝑖 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑥−1 [𝑥]
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 𝑥−1>0 𝑥 ≠0
⇒ 𝑥 2−𝑥 ≥ 0 ⇒𝑥>1 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0, 1
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 2 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 1, ∞
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Find domain and range of the following functions:
2𝑥+1
𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 =
3𝑥−5
Solution:
𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3
Since 𝑥 ∈ ℝ ⇒ 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
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Find domain and range of the following functions:
2𝑥+1
𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 =
3𝑥−5
Solution:
𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 4 Basic Type: 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥2 − 4 ≥ 0 What to do: 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
⇒ 𝑥−2 𝑥+2 ≥0
+ − +
∴ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −2 ∪ 2, ∞ −2 2
For range, 𝑥 2 ∈ 4, ∞
𝑥 2 − 4 ∈ 0, ∞
𝑥 2 − 4 ∈ 0, ∞ So, 𝑦 ∈ 0, ∞
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Find domain and range of the following functions:
2𝑥+1
𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 =
3𝑥−5
Solution:
2𝑥+1
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 =
3𝑥−5
2𝑥+1
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑦=
3𝑥−5
5
Domain: 3𝑥 − 5 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ −
3
Linear
Range of function of the form
Linear
Step 1: Express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦 i.e. 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦
2𝑥+1
𝑦=
3𝑥−5
⇒ 3𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1
5𝑦+1
⇒ 𝑥(3𝑦 − 2) = 5𝑦 + 1 ⇒ 𝑥 =
3𝑦−2
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Find domain and range of the following functions:
2𝑥+1
𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 =
3𝑥−5
Solution:
Linear Step 1: Express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦 i.e. 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦
Range of function of the form
Linear 5𝑦+1
𝑥=
3𝑦−2
Step 2: For 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦 , Find domain of the function 𝑔 𝑦 .
5𝑦+1
𝑔 𝑦 =
3𝑦−2
2
Domain: 𝑦 ≠
3
2
∴ Range: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ −
3
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The domain and range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln |𝑥| respectively are:
Solution:
ln |𝑥|
A 𝑅, 𝑅+
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑒 = 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 is defined: 𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − 0 B 𝑅 − 0 ,𝑅
Range :
C 𝑅+ , 𝑅+ ∪ {0}
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅+
D 𝑅 − 0 , 0, ∞
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Find the domain and range of 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 2 − 3
Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 2 − 3
⇒ 𝑥− 3 𝑥+ 3 >0 − 3 3
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, − 3 ∪ 3, ∞
Range : 𝑥 2 − 3 ∈ 0, ∞
ln 𝑥 2 − 3 ∈ −∞, ∞
∴𝑓 𝑥 ∈ℝ
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3𝑥 + 2
Find domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = ⋅
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
Solution:
3𝑥 + 2
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 ≠ 0
⇒ 𝑥 ≠ 1, 2
Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 1, 2
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Key Takeaways
Note
If functions 𝑓1 𝑥 & 𝑓2 𝑥 have domain 𝐷1 & 𝐷2 respectively,
then the functions of the form
𝑖 𝑓1 𝑥 ± 𝑓2 𝑥
𝑓1 𝑥
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓2 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓2 𝑥
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1
The domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = + 𝑥 + 2 is:
log10 1 − 𝑥
Solution:
A −2, 0 ∪ 0, 1
1
𝑓 𝑥 = + 𝑥+2 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥
log10 1 − 𝑥
𝑥 > 0, 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1
1 B −2, 1
𝑓1 𝑥 = = log 1−𝑥 10
log10 1 − 𝑥
𝐷1 : 𝑥 ∈ −∞, 1 − 0
D −2, 1
𝑓2 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2
Domain 𝐷2 : 𝑥 + 2 ≥ 0
𝐷2 : 𝑥 ∈ −2, ∞
Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∈ −2, 0 ∪ 0, 1
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1
The domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = + log 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 is:
3− 𝑥
(Where [. ] denotes G.I.F)
Solution:
1 A −1, 0 ∪ (1, 3] ∪ 4, ∞
𝑓 𝑥 = + log 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
3− 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑓1 𝑥 =
1 B −∞ , ∞
3− 𝑥 𝑥 > 0, 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1
Domain 𝐷1 ∶ 3 − 𝑥 ≠ 0, , 𝑥 ≠ 3
C −1, 0 ∪ 1, 3 ∪ 4, ∞
𝐷1 : 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − 3, 4 + − + −
−1 0 1
𝑓2 𝑥 = log 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 D −1, 0 ∪ 1, ∞
𝐷2 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ −1,0 ∪ 1, ∞
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Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∈ −1, 0 ∪ 1, 3 ∪ 4, ∞
Key Takeaways
Irrational Inequalities
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The solution set of the inequation 5 − 𝑥 > 𝑥 + 1 is:
Solution:
⇒ 5 − 𝑥 > 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 < 0
+ − +
⇒ 𝑥+4 𝑥−1 <0
−4 1
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −4,1 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
Solution:
5 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤ 5⋯ 𝑣
5−𝑥 >𝑥+1
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The solution set of the inequation 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 < 𝑥 is:
Solution:
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 < 𝑥
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 ≥ 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 2 ≥ 0
3
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −2 ∪ ,∞ ⋯ 𝑖
2
Case 1: 𝑥 ≥ 0 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
On squaring,
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 < 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6 < 0
⇒ 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 2 < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −3,2 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
−3 2
By 𝑖𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑥 ∈ 0, 2 ⋯ 𝐼
3
Taking common with 𝑖 𝑥 ∈ ,2
2
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The solution set of the inequation 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 < 𝑥 is :
Solution:
A −∞, −3 ∪ 2, ∞
Case 2: 𝑥 < 0 ⋯ 𝑖𝑣
3
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 < 𝑥 B 2
,2
D −3, 2
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Session 8
Transformations of Graphs
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Key Takeaways
Graphical Transformation
For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘 , 𝑘 > 0:
Shift graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 along 𝑥-axis to left side by 𝑘 units (Horizontal shift)
(0, 𝑐) (−𝑘, 𝑐)
0, 0 0, 0
(−𝑎, 0) (𝑏, 0) (−𝑎 − 𝑘, 0) (−𝑘, 0) (𝑏 − 𝑘, 0)
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Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3
𝑦 = |𝑥| 𝑦 = 𝑥+3
0, 0 −3, 0 (0, 0)
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Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 3
Solution: 𝑦= 𝑥+2 3
3
𝑦 𝑦==𝑥𝑥33 𝑦= 𝑥+2
−2, 0
(0,
0, 00) 0, 0
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Graphical Transformation
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Plot the graph of 𝑦 = log 1 (𝑥 − 2)
3
𝑦 = log 1 (𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 = log 1 𝑥 3
3
(1,0)
(2,0) (3,0)
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Key Takeaways
Graphical Transformation
For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑘 > 0:
0, 𝑐 + 𝑘
(0, 𝑐)
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Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2
2
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 2
𝑦 = 𝑥2
0, 2
0, 0 0, 0
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Graphical Transformation
(0, 𝑐)
0, 𝑐 − 𝑘
(−𝑎, 0) (𝑏, 0)
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Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 1
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 1
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1
(0, 𝑒)
(0, 1) (0, 1)
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Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 1
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 1
(0, 𝑒)
(0, 1) 0, 𝑒 − 1
(−1, 0)
(−1, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0)
𝑦 = −1
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Key Takeaways
Graphical Transformation
For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑘𝑥 :
in the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , divide every point on 𝑥-axis by 𝑘 units (Horizontal Shrink or stretch)
Case 1: 𝑘 > 1
(0, 𝑐) (0, 𝑐)
(0,0) (0,0)
(−𝑎, 0) (𝑏, 0) 𝑎 𝑏
,0
−𝑘,0 𝑘
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Key Takeaways
Graphical Transformation
For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑘𝑥 :
in the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , divide every point on 𝑥-axis by 𝑘 units (Horizontal Shrink or stretch)
(0, 𝑐) (0, 𝑐)
(0,0)
(−𝑎, 0) (𝑏, 0) 𝑎 (0,0) 𝑏
− ,0 ,0
𝑘 𝑘
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Plot the graph of 𝑦 = [2𝑥], where [. ] denotes G.I.F
Solution: 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑌 𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥 3 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3
2 2
1 1
𝑋 𝑋
0 0
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3
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𝑥
Plot the graph of 𝑦 = , where [. ] denotes G.I.F
2
𝑥
Solution: 𝑦 = 2
𝑌 𝑥 𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥 3 𝑦= 3
2
2 2
1 1
𝑋 𝑋
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3
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Graphical Transformation
For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 :
Case 1: 𝑘 > 1
(0, 𝑘𝑐)
(0, 𝑐)
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Graphical Transformation
For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 :
(0, 𝑐)
(0, 𝑐)
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𝑥
Plot the graphs of: 𝑖 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = ,
3
where . denotes fractional part function
Solution:
𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥
1 0, 1
𝑋
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2 3
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Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 , where . denotes fractional part function
Solution:
𝑖 𝑦=3 𝑥
𝑌 𝑦=3 𝑥
0, 3
𝑋
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2 3
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𝑥
Plot the graphs of: 𝑖 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = ,
3
where . denotes fractional part function
Solution:
𝑥
𝑖𝑖 𝑦 =
3
𝑌 𝑥
𝑦=
3
1
0,
3
𝑋
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2 3
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Key Takeaways
Graphical Transformation
(0, 𝑐)
● If graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is as shown
𝑏, 0 (𝑑, 0)
(−𝑎, 0) (0,0)
(0, 𝑐)
● For graph of 𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥 :
(0, −𝑐)
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Plot the graph of 𝑦 = − ln 𝑥
Solution:
𝑌 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑌 𝑦 = − ln 𝑥
𝑋 𝑋
0 1,0 0 1,0
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Graphical Transformation
𝑏, 0 (𝑑, 0)
(−𝑎, 0) (0,0)
(0, 𝑐)
● For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 :
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Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
3
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥3 𝑦 = 𝑥3
(0, 0) (0, 0)
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Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 − 3
Solution: 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 − 3
0, 3 (0,1)
(−3,0)
(−3,0) (0, −2)
−3, 0 (0, −3)
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Find the number of solutions 𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥
Solution:
𝑌 𝑌
ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑋
𝑂 1, 0
𝑋
𝑂 1, 0
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Find the number of solutions 𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥
Solution:
𝑌
𝑒𝑥
ln 𝑥
0, 1
𝑋
𝑂 1, 0
∴ No. of solution is 1
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