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Meb 2023 Lec 12

The document discusses different methods for solving systems of linear equations, including Gaussian elimination, matrix inversion, and Cramer's rule. It provides examples to illustrate each method. Gaussian elimination involves systematically eliminating unknowns from the equations using row operations until one equation with one unknown remains. Matrix inversion involves writing the system as a matrix equation Ax=b and solving for x. Cramer's rule provides a formula for solving a system where the number of equations equals the number of unknowns, if the determinant of the coefficient matrix is not equal to 0.

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35 views8 pages

Meb 2023 Lec 12

The document discusses different methods for solving systems of linear equations, including Gaussian elimination, matrix inversion, and Cramer's rule. It provides examples to illustrate each method. Gaussian elimination involves systematically eliminating unknowns from the equations using row operations until one equation with one unknown remains. Matrix inversion involves writing the system as a matrix equation Ax=b and solving for x. Cramer's rule provides a formula for solving a system where the number of equations equals the number of unknowns, if the determinant of the coefficient matrix is not equal to 0.

Uploaded by

ngovietha406
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 8

8/25/2023

LECTURE 12
System of Linear Equations

Objectives
2

 System of Linear Equations


 Solving Systems with Gaussian Elimination
 Solving Systems with Inverses
 Solving Systems with Cramer’s Rule

System of linear equations


3

 Suppose we have a system of m linear equations


with n unknown
 a11 x1  a12 x2  ...  a1n xn  b1
 a x  a x  ...  a x  b
 21 1 22 2 2n n 2

 ......................................
am1 x1  am 2 x2  ...  amn xn  bm

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System of linear equations


4

 Example:
 x1  2 x2  x3  x4  1

2 x1  5 x2  8 x3  3 x4  3

System of linear equations


5

 If m = n
 a11 x1  a12 x2  ...  a1n xn  b1
 a x  a x  ...  a x  b
 21 1 22 2 2n n 2

 ......................................
an1 x1  an 2 x2  ...  ann xn  bn

System of linear equations


6

 Example:
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =5
ቐ2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 = 7

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Solving System of Linear Equations


7

1. Solving System of Linear Equations by


Elimination;
2. Solving System of Linear Equations using
Matrix inversion;
3. Solving System of Linear Equations using
Cramer’s Rule.

Triangle System
8

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4𝑡 = 5
Example: 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 𝑡 = 4
5𝑧 + 2𝑡 = 3
𝑡=5

Backward-Substitution

The Augmented Matrix


9

A matrix can serve as a device for representing and


solving a system of equations.
To express a system in matrix form, we extract the
coefficients of the variables and the constants, and
these become the entries of the matrix.
We use a vertical line to separate the coefficient
entries from the constants, essentially replacing the
equal signs. When a system is written in this form, we
call it an augmented matrix.

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The Augmented Matrix


10

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4𝑡 = 5
(a) 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 𝑡 = 4  𝐴ҧ =
5𝑧 + 2𝑡 = 3
𝑡=5

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧=5
(b) ቐ2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3  𝐴ҧ =
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 = 7

Gauss Elimination Method


11

 Systematically eliminate unknowns from the equations


until only a equation with only one unknown is left.
 This is accomplished using three operations applied to the
linear system of equations:
A given equation can be multiplied by a non-zero
constant and the result substituted for the original
equation,
A given equation can be added to a second equation, and
the result substituted for the original equation,
Two equations can be transposed in order.

Row Operations
12

 𝑅𝑖 ↔ 𝑅𝑗
 k𝑅𝑖 → 𝑅𝑖 (𝑘 ≠ 0)
 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑘𝑅𝑗 𝑅𝑖

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Example
13

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 = 5
ቐ2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 = 7

Example
14

 x yz 5

2 x  3 y  z  3

Gauss Elimination Method


15

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =5
ቐ2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 = 7

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Solving System by Matrix Inversion


16

Since the number of equations equal the number of unknowns


we can put the coefficients into a square matrix form

 x  b 
 a11 a1n   1   1 
   x2   b2 
    
 an1 ann     
 xn  bn 
Ax  b

Example
17

 Solve the following system

 x1  2 x2  1

 x1  x2  2
 Write in matrix form: Ax = b
 Solve the system using matrix inverse:
x = A-1 b

Cramer’s Rule
18

 Let the system Ax=b. If det(A)  0, then the


system has the unique solution
det Aj
xj 
det A
where matrix A j is formed from A by replacing
column j with vector b.

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Example
19

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 = 5
ቐ2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 = 7

Cramer’s Rule
20

Cramer’s Rule will give us the unique solution to a


system of equations, if it exists.
However, if the system has no solution or an
infinite number of solutions, this will be indicated
by a determinant of zero.
If the system is inconsistent or dependent, another
method, such as elimination, will have to be used.

Example
21

Production scheduling: Labor and material costs for


manufacturing two guitar models are given in the table below:
Suppose that in a given week $1800 is used for labor and
$1200 used for materials. How many of each model should be
produced to use exactly each of these allocations?

Guitar Labor Material


model cost cost
A $30 $20
B $40 $30

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Solution
22

Conclusion
23

 System of Linear Equations


 Solving Systems with Gaussian Elimination
 Solving Systems with Inverses
 Solving Systems with Cramer’s Rule

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