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Applications of Momentum Equations - 2

The momentum equation, also known as the impulse-momentum principle, equates the net force acting on a fluid mass to its rate of change of momentum. It is used to solve problems involving fluid flow where there are changes in flow direction, area, velocity or pressure. Examples given demonstrate calculating the forces on pipe bends, reducers and fittings using the steady flow and impulse-momentum equations.

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75 views28 pages

Applications of Momentum Equations - 2

The momentum equation, also known as the impulse-momentum principle, equates the net force acting on a fluid mass to its rate of change of momentum. It is used to solve problems involving fluid flow where there are changes in flow direction, area, velocity or pressure. Examples given demonstrate calculating the forces on pipe bends, reducers and fittings using the steady flow and impulse-momentum equations.

Uploaded by

timothyatambo383
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2.

MOMENTUM EQUATION AND ITS


APPLICATIONS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
• The impulse-momentum equation is one of the basic tools for the solution of
flow problems.
• Its application leads to the solution of problems in fluid mechanics which cannot
be solved by energy principles alone.
• Sometimes it is used in conjunction with the energy equation to obtain complete
solution of engineering problems.
• The momentum equation is based on the law of conservation of momentum or
momentum principle which states as follows:
"The net force acting on a mass of fluid is equal to change in momentum of flow
per unit time in that direction".
As per Newton's second law of motion,
F = ma
• where, m = Mass of fluid,
F = Force acting on the fluid, and
a = Acceleration (acting in the same direction as F).

But acceleration,

(`m' is taken inside the differential, being constant)


• This equation is known as momentum principle. It can also be written as:
F.dt = d (mv)
• This equation is known as Impulse-momentum equation. It may be stated as
follows:
"The impulse of a force F acting on a fluid mass `m' in a short interval of time dt
is equal to the change of momentum d(mv) in direction of force’’:
• The impulse-momentum equations are often called simply momentum
equations.
2.2 APPLICATIONS OF IMPULSE-MOMENTUM EQUATION:
The impulse-momentum equation is used in the following types of problems:
➢To determine the resultant force acting on the boundary of flow passage by a
stream of fluid as the stream changes its direction, magnitude or both. Problems
of this type are:
(i) Pipe bends,
(ii) Reducers,
(iii) Moving vanes,
(iv) Jet propulsion, etc.
➢To determine the characteristic of flow when there is an abrupt change of flow
section. Problems of this type are:
(i) Sudden enlargement in a pipe,
(ii) Hydraulic jump in a channel, etc.
Steady flow momentum equation:
• The entire flow space may be considered to be made up of innumerable stream
tubes. Consider one such stream tube lying in the X-Y plane (Fig 2.1) and having
steady flow of fluid.
• Flow can be assumed to be uniform and normal to the inlet and outlet areas.
Let, = Average velocity and density (of fluid mass) respectively at
the entrance, and
= Average velocity and density respectively at the exit.
• Further let the mass of fluid in the region 1 2 3 4 shifts to new position 1' 2' 3' 4'
4' due to the effect of external forces on the stream after a short interval.
• Due to gradual decrease in the flow area in the direction of flow, velocity of fluid
mass and hence momentum is gradually reduced. Since the area 1' 2' 3 4 is
common to both the regions 1 2 3 4 and 1' 2' 3' 4', therefore, it will not
experience any change in momentum.
• Obviously, then the changes in momentum of the fluid masses in the sections 1 2
2' 1' and 4 3 3' 4' will have to be considered.

Fig. 2.1
• According to the principle of mass conservation,
Fluid mass within the region 1 2 2' 1' = Fluid mass within the region 4 3 3' 4’

• Momentum of fluid mass contained in the region 1 2 2' 1’


• But, for steady incompressible flow,
• And for continuity considerations,
• Therefore, change in momentum
• Using impulse-momentum principle, we have:

The quantity is the mass per second and is called mass flux.
• Eqn. (6.23) represents the components of the force exerted by the pipe bend on
the fluid mass. Usually, we are interested in the forces by the fluid on the pipe
bend.
• Since action and reaction are equal and opposite (Newton's third law of motion),
the fluid mass would exert the same force on the pipe bend but in opposite
direction and as such the force components exerted by the fluid on the pipe bend
are given as follows:
• Since the dynamic forces (eqn. 6.23) must be supplemented by the static
pressure forces acting over the inlet and outlet sections, therefore, we have:

• The magnitude of the resultant force acting on the pipe bend,

and, the direction of the resultant force with X-axis,


Example 1.
In a 45° bend a rectangular air duct of 1 m2 cross-sectional area is gradually
reduced to 0.5 m2 area. Find the magnitude and direction of force required to hold
the duct in position if the velocity of flow at 1 m2 section is 10 m/s, and pressure is
30 kN/m2. Take the specific weight of air as 0.0116 kN/m3.
Example 2
Fig. 6.52 shows a 90° reducer-bend through which water flows. The pressure at the
inlet is 210 kN/m2 (gauge) where the cross-sectional area is 0.01 m2. At the exit
section, the area is 0.0025 m2 and the velocity is 16 m/s. The pressure at the exit is
atmospheric. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the
bend.
Example 3
The following data refer to the Y-fitting shown in Fig. 6.56. Reading of the pressure
gauge at section 1-1 = 30 KN/m2. Discharge in at the section 1-1 = 15 litres/sec.
Discharge out from the section 3-3 = 5 litres/sec. Assuming one-dimensional flow,
neglecting elevation head and energy loss while making the energy balance,
determine:
i. The pressures at the sections 2-2 and 3-3;
ii. The force needed to hold the fitting in position.

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