ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS TO

INDEPENDENCE
 MUGHALS DECLINE

q INTERNAL REASONS q EXTERNAL REASONS

1. Aurangazeb Responsibility 1. Rise of Marathas
2. Weak successors 2. Foreign invasions
3. Court factions and rise of 3. Coming of Europeans
nobles
4. Mansabdari crisis/feudal
tendencies
 LATER MUGHALS
RULER YEARS
MUHAMMAD AZAM SHAH 1707
BAHADUR SHAH I 1707-1712
JAHANDAR SHAH 1712-1713
FARRUKSIYAR 1713-1719
MUHAMMAD SHAH 1719-1748
AHMED SHAH BAHADUR 1748-1754
ALAMGIR II 1754-1759
SHAH ALAM II 1760-1806
AKBAR II 1806-1837
BAHADUR SHAH II 1837-1857
 RISE OF REGIONAL/LOCAL STATES
• Central power was weakening
• two kinds of states emerged
1. SUCCESSOR STATES
2. REBELLION STATES

ØSuccessor states:BENGAL,AWADH AND HYDERABAD

ØRebellion states :MARATHAS AND PUNJAB
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THESE STATES
• differences
• in economy
• in nature of rule/politics
• in culture
• in language

• But promoted trade and agri

• secular politics

ØMoreover, they had conflicts and fightings amongst themselves

 REGIONAL STATES

q HYDERABAD q CARNATIC
• fouunded by:Nizam-Ul-Mulk • parts of AP,TN AND KA
Asaf Jah/Kilich khan • S-E INDIA
• 1724 • NAWAB SAADATULLAH
• Wazir in Delhi-but faction KHAN(1710-1732)
fighting • became Independent of
• diwan:Puran chand Mughals and Nizam control
• died :1748 • capital:ARCOT(TN)
 REGIONAL STATES

q BENGAL q AWADH/OUDH
• Murshid Quli khan • Sadat Khan
• 1717 • 1722
• Alivardhi khan • Capital:Ayodhya n later Faizabad
• Siraj ud daula n Lucknow
• Later safdar Jung
 REGIONAL STATES FAILURE
• once these POWERFUL Nawabs died
• weak successors played into the hands of EIC
 18 CENTURY ECONOMY
• so India was called: SINK OF PRECIOUS METALS
• PETER THE GREAT of Russia (1672-1725)
• “Bear in mind that the commerce of India is the commerce of the
world and he who can exclusively command it, is the dictator of
Europe”.
 18 CENTURY SOCIETY
• social evils
• backward education

• static society
• faced a dynamic society
 FOREIGN INVASIONS

qNADIR SHAH q KARNAL BATTLE(HR)

qIRAN • Nadir shah joined by Erekle II,
his Georgian vassal
q founder of the Afsharid dynasty
qkhyber pass • Mughals(Md.shah),Hyderabad(Nizam)
and oudh(Sadat)
q attacking Delhi in March 1739. • took away PEACOCK THRONE OF
q defeated the Mughals SHAHAJAN AND
• KOHI NOOR(mountain of light)
qat the Battle of Karnal DAIMOND
• West of Indus river lost to Iran
 AHMED SHAH ABDALI

q PRELUDE q BATTLE- On 14 January 1761,

• eight times between 1748 and 1767 • Ahmad Shah Durrani, with two
Indian allies -
• Afghanistan
• the Rohilla Afghans of the Doab-
• Durrani empire Najib ad-Dawlah,
• Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of
• 3 battle of panipat
Oudh
VS
• reason: Timur shah Durrani was
expelled by Marathas-to avenge • Sadashiv Rao Bhau Maratha
Commander
 EUROPEAN PENETRATION
• fall of constantinople(Istanbul from 1930)
• Ottomon empire-SULTAN MEHMED II
• from Byzantine-Roman empire- Constantine XI Palaiologos

• Land route was lost as it was the gateway to the east from Europe
• led to discovery of sea routes
 VASCO DA GAMA
• from portugal
• 1498

• reached calicut
• help of ABDUL MAJID -sea farer

• ruler:ZAMORIN
• Manuel I king of portugal supported sea voyage

• Vasco da gama came back one more time to India

 PORTUGUESE
• first country to come
• In 1503,-1st factory -Cochin.

• other viceroys: Francisco De Almeida-first viceroy-1505-1509

• Blue Water Policy -cartaze system
• Fort Anjediva
 PORTUEGUESE
• captured Goa from Bijapur sultanate
• by: ALFONSO D’ ALBUQUERQUE(1509-1515)
• first territory under Europeans since the time of Alexander
• he tried abolishing sati
• Hq:Cochin

• Nino de cunha
• Hq:Goa
 NEW WORLD CROPS INTRODUCED
• Tobacco
• Cashewnut
• potato, sweet Potato,
• corn, Rubber
• pineapple,
• tomato,
• First printing press -1556 in goa
qLost favour due to their conversion policies
qcaptured Mughal ships in 1613- fell out
qinterests in SA
• Which of the following groups of plants was domesticated in the ‘New
World’ and introduced into the ‘Old World?(2019)

A. Tobacco, cocoa and rubber

B. Tobacco, cotton and rubber

C. Cotton, coffee and sugarcane

D. Rubber, coffee and wheat

• Answer:A
 DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY
• Cornelius de Houtman-1st Dutch traveller-1596
• 1602 DEIC
• main interest was in Indonesia
• conquered Sri lanka from Portuguese
• 1st-Masulipatnam
• minted their gold coins at Pulicat
• Hq:Nagapattinam(TN)
• Battle of Bedara(Chinsura)-1759-EIC defeated them

• 1667 agreement with British to leave India for Indonesia and give Ceylon
 DANES
• Danish east India company
• 1616/1620
• They formed settlements at
• Tranquebar (Tamil Nadu) in 1620 and at Serampore (Bengal) in 1676
• HQ:serampore
• sold their factories to English by 1845
• came after English ,not before them
 COMING OF BRITISH
• Est. EAST INDIA COMPANY
• in 1599
• by group of merchants: MERCHANT ADVENTURERS
• QUEEN ELIZABETH
• gave charter on 31st December 1600
• to trade exclusively with the east
• for 15 years
• extended indefinitely in 1609
 PROGRESS OF BRITISH

• Captain William Hawkins came to Jahangir’s court

• REP. OF EIC
• ship name:HECTOR

• SURAT 1608/1613
• became permanent in 1613
• factories at west coast of MUGHAL territories
 BATTLE OF SWALLEY/SUVALI
• near SURAT
• 1612
• EIC VS Portuguese
• Naval battle
• Thomas Best defeated Portugal
• Mughals became favourable to English
• factory made Permanent
 PROGRESS OF BRITISH
• Then 1611 East coast/south India -first-Masulipatnam-AP

• 1615
• Sir Thomas Roe
• England Diplomat(JAMES I)
• permission to open factories in all Mughal territories
 BRITISH PROGRESS
• 1632
• the golden farman
• from the Sultan of Golconda(ABDULLAH QUTUB SHAH)

• 500 pagodas a year,

• they earned the privilege of trading freely in the ports of Golconda
 1639
• Francis Day
• Madras for lease
• by Local Raja- Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka(Chandragiri Raja)
• rep. of Vijayanagara Empire
• half of customs would be paid for him
• for:
1. Trade
2. coin money
3. administer
4. build a fort
• ST.GEORGE
 1651
• First factory in Bengal
• Hooghli

• permission from Sultan Shuja-subadar

 1662-1668
• 1662 King Charles II received Bombay as dowry
• marrying a Portuguese princess.

• In 1668, the king transferred Bombay

• TO EIC
• on an annual rent of 10 pounds.
 ANGLO-MUGHAL CONFLICT
• 1686
• ANGLO -MUGHAL WAR
• also known as Child's War, (Sir Josiah Child)
• was the first Anglo-Indian War on the Indian Subcontinent
• He tried negotiating for more trading concessions
• but was declined
• underestimated Mughals power
• started blockading their ports and captured ships
• disturbed HAJ piligrims
• invaded Hooghly and other places
 CHILD’S WAR
• Aurangazeb had to intervene
• defeated the EIC
• factories and Forts at Bobmay, Vizag .Bengal and Surat were seized
• asked for apology
• fined 150,000 rupees
• Trading rights were restored
• It would help Indians also with better markets and prices and
enriching treasury
 1696-1698
• got villages of Sutanati,Gobindpur and Kalikata

• from local governor-Azim-us-Shan

• zamindari rights

• negotiated by: Job Charnock-a merchant

• built FT. WILLIAM AROUND THEM by 1770s
• on banks of Hooghli
 1717
• major milestone
• FARRUKH SIYAR
• Royal Farman/Magnacarta of EIC in India
• to John Surman
1. Free trade in Bengal(later extended to GJ and Deccan)
2. Issue Dastak/pass
3. EIC Coins at Bombay -will be currency throughout the Mughals
dominion
• With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements:(2022)

1. The Dutch established their factories/werehouses on the east coast on lands granted to them by
Gajapati rulers.
2. Alfonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate.
3. The English East India Company established a factory at Madras on a plot of land leased from a
representative of the Vijayanagara empire.

• Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

• Correct Option: (b)

ANGLO-FRENCH STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY
• French came in 1664
• During LOUIS XIV and his minister COLBERT
• Compagnie des Indes Orientales (French East India Company)
• 1667
• Francois Caron -setting up 1ST factory in Surat
 FRANCE SETTLEMENTS
• 1673-Chandernagore(WB)
• 1672-1674-Pondicherry-FRANCOIS MARTIN-
• from Bijapur- Sher Khan Lodi-as a grant

• later at-KARAIKAL(TN), MAHE(KL) YANAM(AP)

• The Dutch captured Pondicherry.

• It was restored to the French under the Treaty of Reswick(1697)(Dutch city)

• ended 9 years war bw the two

• 1688-1697
 CARNATIC WARS
• no major ruling family in south after
• vijaynagar

• playground for their imperial schemes

 THE FIRST CARNATIC WAR
• 1740-1748
• war of AUSTRAIN SUCCESSION(FRANCE- PRUSSIA VS ENGLAND- AUSTRIA-BRITISH WON)

• proxy war -spread to India

• Battle of St. Thome (in Madras)
• fought between the French forces and the forces of Anwaruddin, the Nawab of Carnatic,
to whom the English appealed for help-HE GOT DEFEATED
• Draw-OVER ALL
• concluded with a treaty
• AIX-LA-CHAPELLE-1748
• Madras had to be given back to EIC
 SECOND CARNATIC WAR
• due to Indias’s affairs
• 1749-1754
• interfered in dynastic disputes
• In Carnatic and Hyderabad
• death of Nizam-ul-Mulk and Dost Ali
• created rivalry
 SECOND CARNATIC WAR
• Hyderabad: NASIR JUNG AND MUZAFFAR JUNG
• Carnatic:ANWARDUDDIN AND CHAND SAHIB
• French suported :MJ and CS
• naturally British supported opposite candidates
• DUPLEIX
• battle of AMBUR(TN)-1749
• Killed Anwaruddin
• 1750- Killed Nasir Jung
 SECOND CARNATIC WAR
• Dupleix got many concessions
• 80 villages from Chand sahib and territories near Pondicherry from
MJ
• General BUSSEY stationed at HYD
• French were gaining upper hand
 SECOND CARNATIC WAR
• British supported MOHAMMAD ALI (Son of Anwar)
• under Robert Clive surprise attack on ARCOT
• captured it 1751-killed Chand sahib
• 1752 french got defeated at: TRICHINAPOLY
• Dupliex was recalled
• Godeheu made new governor
• PEACE TREATY 1754
• PONDICHERRY TREATY
 THIRD CARNATIC WAR
• 1756-1763
• SEVEN YEARS WAR
• France and Spain VS England and Prussia
• for European issues and American issue
• spread to India
• EYRE COOT vs COUNT DE LALLY
• 1760 at Wandiwash (TN)/VANDAVARAI
• french got compeltely defeated
• treaty of Paris-1763
 TREATY OF PARIS
• 1763
• french should continue only as traders
• no fortification of their settlements
• no interference in Indian politics

• finally ,confined to Pondicherry

 WHY FRENCH GOT DEFEATED..?
• too much continental affairs by France
• Full effort by EIC to protect India
• organisation of companies
 BRITISH OCCUPATION OF
INDIA
q BENGAL
q MYSORE
q MARATHAS
q PUNJAB
q SIND
 OCCUPATION OF BENGAL
• 1651-Hooghli
• richest province of India
 SOURCES OF CONFLICT
1. Backing Siraj’s Rivals
ØGhasithi Begaum and Shaukat Jung

2. Fortification of St. William without permission(French fear)

3. violation/misuse of Royal Farman of 1717

1. Used for Private trade
2. loss of revenue to Bengal state

4. English company gave shelter to Krishnadas who fled with treasures

 SIRAJ’S ACTION
• Siraj gave warnings but ignored
• he attacked Kasimbazar in June 1756
• defeated the English
• Manick Chand was left in charge of Culcutta

qwaited for help from Madras

 LEADING TO PLASSEY
• Robert Clive and army attacked Culcutta -1757 Feb.
• Siraj and EIC signed a treaty of Alinagar
• earlier trade privileges restored

• But Robert Clive was on the offensive

 LEADING TO PLASSEY

• attacked Chandernagore March 1757

• started conspiracy With his rivals

1. Manikchand—officer in charge of Calcutta,

2. Omichand-a rich merchant of Calcutta,
3. Jagat Seth—the famous banker of Bengal, and
4. Rai Durlabh and Khadim Khan—important nobles
5. Mir Jaffer- Mir Bakshi
 BATTLE OF PLASSEY
• 23 JUNE 1757-ON BANKS OF BHAGIRATHI

• only Madan Lal and Mir Madan on Siraj Side

• due to conspiracy and treason Siraj got easily defeated
• later executed

• ‘A NIGHT OF ETERNAL GLOOM’-Nabin Chandra Sen (Poet)

 RESULTS OF PLASSEY
• Mir Jaffer became the Nawab

• Undisputed free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha

• Zamindari of 24 paraganas

• Gifts and Bribe from MJ

 MIR JAFFER
• could not satisfy British
• interference
• Henry Vansitart wanted to depose him

• Battle of Bedara/Chinsura
• November 1759
• help from Dutch
• Colonel Francis Forde & Captain Charles Wilson defeated Jaffer

• Mis Kasim his son-in-law betrayed him

 LEADING TO BUXAR
• Mir Kasim -1760 -Vansitart help
• an able administrator
• shifted HQ to MONGHYR (BH) from Murshidabad
• Army was reorganised
• Gun factory
• dismissed corrupt officials and zamindars
• fortified Bihar

qhe was not fitting in the game of imperialism

 SOURCES OF CONFLICT
1. interference in his administartion
2. Passing Dastaks to Friendly Indian merchants-disrupting inland
trade
3. Abolished for veryone-equal
 BUXAR 1764

q ALLIES q EIC
1. Mir Kasim-Bengal • Hector Munro
2. Shah Alam II-Mughal
3. Shuja-Ud-Daula-Awadh
 POST-BUXAR
• British became ultimate powers in India
• signed some treaties

q1765
• with Nazm-ud-Daula-New Nawab Of Bengal(one of the sons of MJ)
1. disband his army
2. administer through deputy Subehdar

qTreaty of ALLAHABAD/PRAYAGRAJ
• with Shah Alam II
1. Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha
2. 26 lakh pension
3. Allahabad and kora for him
 POST-BUXAR
• with SHUJA-UD-DAULA
• nawab of Oudh
• called as : SECOND TREATY OF ALLAHABAD/PRAYAGRAJ
1. war indemnity of 50 lakh
2. British troops to protect him from foreign
• became dependent of the EIC

qBUXAR had far reaching consequences for destiny of India

 DUAL ADMINISTRATION IN BENGAL-1765-1772

q EIC q NAWAB
• Diwani • Nizamat
• control revenue • judical and criminal
• civil justice • law and order
• through Deputy Subehdar
• Mohammad Reza Khan
• (also dy.Diwan on behalf of EIC)
 IMPACT OF DUAL ADMIN.
• power but no responsibility
• responsibility without power
• administrative breakdown

• now purchased goods from India’s revenue

• no need for bullion from home

• Beginning of D.O.W
• led to famines

• Ended by WARREN HASTINGS IN 1772

OCCUPATION OF MYSURU/MYSORE
 OCCUPATION OF MYSORE
• Wodeyars were ruling
• weak Chikka Krishnaraja wodeyar II
• real power with ministers :DEVARAJ(c-i-c) and NANJARAJ(revenue)
• a soldier Hyder Ali became strong

• overthrown Wodeyar and two brothers

• safeguarded Mysore from Marathas and Nizams
• By 1761 he was the defacto ruler

• astute diplomat &unquestionable leader

 FIRST ANGLO-MYSORE WAR
• 1767-1769

qcauses:
• Hyder was a threat to British
• he was rising in power
• territorial ambitions of British

• they created triple alliance

• MARATHAS
• NIZAM
• CARNATIC/ARCOT
 FIRST ANGLO-MYSORE WAR
• his diplomatic skills at work
• gave money to marathas
• promised territory to Nizam
• detached them from the alliance
• Attacked Arcot
• entered Madras

• British quickly sued for peace

• led to a treaty
 TREATY OF MADRAS
• 1769

1. Mutual restitution of territories

2. Defensive aliance if third party attacks, help each other

• Technically Mysore won

 SECOND ANGLO-MYSORE WAR
• 1780-84

qCauses:
• 1771 marathas attacked Mysore
• violation of Madras treaty by British

• So, not trustworthy

• looked for French help
• for lead and saltpetre
• from :MAHE port

• British feared He might help french in American war of Independence

• Therefor, attacked Mahe
• it was under mysore , so, violation of sovereignty
 SECOND ANGLO-MYSORE WAR
• defeated Haider at Portonovo (Parangipettai) -TN
• in 1781
• by EYRE COOTE
• He died in 1782
• Tippu conntinued the war
• no side was winning
• treaty of MANGALORE
• 1784
• mutual restitution
 THIRD ANGLO-MYSORE WAR
• 1790-1792

qCauses:
• Raja of Travencore(Rama Verma)
• purchased Jalkottal and Kannur
• from the Dutch in Cochin state
• cochin was under Tippu
• he felt needed his permission

• he attacked Travancore
• ally of British
• British, Marathas and Nizam o one side
• Lord Cornwallis completly defeated Tippu sultan
 TREATY OF SRIRANGAPATNAM
• 1792
• Half of Mysore was divided between allies
• 3 crore as war indemnity to British
• pledged his sons
 FOURTH ANGLO-MYSORE WAR
• 1799
• Wellesly
• an imperialist
• threat of Napoleon
• Either tame Tippu or wipe out his indendence
• asked him to sign subsidiary alliance
• Tippu refused
• baseless allegation against him
• attacked Tippu with Marathas and Nizam

• Wodeyar Family was restored: Krishna Raja Wodeyar III

• with Subsdiary alliance
 SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
• Richard Wellesly
• 1798-1805

qOBJECTIVES :
• Maintain army at others expense
• to keep India safe from Napoleon
• To establish British supremacy over Indian states
 SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
qHow it worked ...?
1. station troops
2. provide subsidy/amount to maintain
3. if not territory
4. A resident/agent
5. no europeans in service
6. no negotiation with foreigners without Governor-General
consultation
7. non-interference in internal affairs
8. protect from third party attacks
 IS IT AN ALLIANCE..?
• gave away independence
• no right of self defence
• no diplomatic rights
• subservient to British
 WHO SIGNED ..?
• Hyderabad -1798
• Mysore-1799
• Tanjore-1799
• Awadh-1801
• Peshwa-1802
• Scindia-1803-04
• Gaekwad-1803
• Berar-1803
• Holkar-1818
• Sind-1839
• Jodhpur, Jaipur, Macheri, Bundi, and the ruler of Bharatpur-1818 (Rajput
states)
• Which one of the following statements does not apply to the system
of Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley?(2018)

A. To maintain a large standing army at other’s expense

B. To keep India safe from Napoleonic danger

C. To secure a fixed income for the Company

D. To establish British paramountcy over the Indian States

• Answer: C
OCCUPATION OF MARATHAS
 MARATHA STATE SYSTEM
• After Shivaji
• disintegrated into 5 ruling families
• with 5 centres of power
1. PESHWA-POONA
2. BHONSLE-NAGPUR
3. SINDHIA-GWALIOR
4. GAEKWAD-BARODA
5. HOLKAR-INDORE
• Conflict amongst themselves
 THE RISE PESHWAS
• was a CM/PM to the king
• 1674-Moropant Trimbak Pingle-First

• 6th Peshwa-BALAJI VISHWANATH

• 1713-1720
• under Sahu (Grand son Of Shivaji)
• -powerful concentrated powers in his hands
• pact with sayyid brothers to overthrow Faruksiyar
• Sahu made the post hereditary
• in BV family
 BAJI RAO I
• 1720-1740
• bold, brilliant, statesman
• good use of Guerilla warfare
• expanded maratha territories to GJ, MALWA
• defeated Nizam
• captured salsette and Bassein from portuguese
• Battle of DELHI 1737 With Mughals-Plundered near by areas of delhi
• growing from kingdom to empire
 BALAJI BAJI RAO
• 1740-1761
• also known as : NANA SAHEB
• sahu died -1749
• In his WILL-all affairs of Maratha state in Peshwa hands
• now became the official head of admin.
• with HQ at POONA
• further extended in Bundelkhand
• Invaded mysore
• controlled Delhi
• expelled TIMUR SHAH DURRANI (son of ASA) from PJ
• 1761 came back to settle scores
• Third battle of Panipat
• Marathas power slightly weakened
 MADHAV RAO
• 1761-1772
• made Haider to pay tributes
• defeated Nizam
• RECOVERING
• but he died in 1772

qnow the conflicts emerged for the Peshwaship

q and to control POONA by other 4 families
qEIC exploited it to advantage
 FIRST ANGLO-MARATHA WAR
• 1772-1782

qCauses
1. British Ambitions
2. Internal dissensions within Peshwas

• Narayan Rao (Brother of MR)had become the Peshwas after MR

• but in 1773 he was assasinated by Raghunath Rao (uncle of NR or Brother of
BBR)
• became Peshwa 1773-1774
• Birth of a posthumous son to NR
• named as :Sawai Madhav Rao/MR-II/MR Narayan
• The boy prince got support from: NANA PHADNAVIS
 FIRST ANGLO-MARATHA WAR
• Raghunath Rao unwilling to give up his position
• went to British for help
• Signed treaty of Surat with Bombay EIC
• 1775
• Gave up salsette and Bassein
• return 2500 soldiers for him

• But calcutta Council of EIC

• opposed this treaty
• signed PURANDHAR treaty with NANA PHADNAVIS
• 1776
• renounced Raghunath Rao claims
 FIRST ANGLO-MARATHA WAR
• But Nana violated the treaty by granting a port to French on the west coast
• So, British declared war
• English got defeated by Mahadji Shinde(scindhia)
• 1779 at WADGAON signed a surrendering treaty

• But WH dispatched large army

• marathas got defeated
• Both signed new treaty
• SALBAI
• 1782
 TREATY OF SALBAI
• mutual restitution
• no support to RR
• EIC trade privileges restored
• Peshwas should not support other Europeans
 SECOND ANGLO-MARATHA WAR
• 1803-1806
• Sawai MR Committed suicide without heir
• 1795-Baji Rao II had become Peshwa
• son of RR
• he was worthless
• provoked conflicts among other 4 families
• he murdered Brother of Yaswant Rao Holkar in 1801(Vithoji Rao)
• he defeated Peshwa at HADAPSAR battle
• so peshwa went to EIC
 TREATY OF BASSEIN
• 1802
• SUBSIDIARY TREATY
• Wellesly
• gave up Surat
• surrendered foreign policy
• gave up Chauth on Nizam’s areas

• Head of the Marathas now became the dependent of EIC

 SECOND ANGLO MARATHA WAR
• defeated every family
vBHONSLE
vtreaty of Deogaon-1803

ØSCINDHIA
Øtreaty of SURJI-ARJANGAO-1803

üHOLKAR
ütreaty of Rajpurghat-1805

qnearly 75% of Maratha territories under the control of EIC

qMaratha power shattered
 THIRD ANGLO-MARATHA WAR
• 1817-1818
• Edward Hastings
• determined to Proclaim British paramountcy
• Maratas continued conflicts
• Pindaris issue
• plunderers
• law and order problem in both Maratha and British territories
• Hastings took action
• Peshwas claimed his soverignty
• appealed for help from Other families
• all of them were defeated-Scindia and Holkar
• 1817, Treaty of Poona, with Peshwa.
• 1817, Treaty of Gwalior, with Scindia-to help British against Pindaris
• 1818, Treaty of Mandasor, with Holkar
 THIRD ANGLO MARATHA WAR
• Battles of Khadki, Sitabaldi, Mehidpur, Koregaon and Ashti
 RESULTS
• Maratha confederacy was dissolved
• surrendered Peshwaship
• direct control EIC
• Bombay presidency
• All of india except PJ and Sind
 SIKKHISM
• Followers of Guru Nanak
• REJECTED caste system
• adviced people to follow
• SACH (truth), HALAL (lawful earning),
• KHAIR (wishing well of others), NIYAT (right intention),
• He introduced the concept of Langar (a community kitchen).

• 9 0ther Guru’s
 CONFLICT WITH MUGHALS
• Spiritual to military organisation

• Jahangir executed 5th Guru Arjun Dev for giving shelter to his rebellious son
Khusrau

• Guru Har Rai-7th Guru- gave shelter to Dara Shikoh-rival to AZ

• Guru Teg Bahadur-9th Guru- revolted against AZ

• He was executed in public

• Guru Gobind Singh-10th Guru-NAMES OF SIKHS

 ORGANISATION OF SIKHS
• The MISLS
• arabic word means: EQUAL or MILITARY BROTHERHOOD
• were the twelve(12) sovereign states of the Sikh Confederacy
• which rose during the 18th century in the Punjab region
• due to military nature of Sikhs against Mughals
• Each had its own head: MISLDAR
• all of them formed the Khalsa army called :DAL KHALSA
• Protect Amritsar together
• One of the Misldar as head of Akhal Takht called as -JATHEDAR
 RANJITH SINGH
• belonged to SUKERCHAKIA misl
• strong and courageous
• efficient administrator &skilful diplomat
• 1780-1839
• he took over 12 misls
• established sikh empire
• secular ruler with Hindus and Muslims in army
• captured Lahore(1799),Amritsar(1802),Kashmir(1819),Peshawar(1834)
• died in 1839
• faction fighting started
 FIRST ANGLO-SIKH WAR
• 1845-1846-Hardinge
• Sutlej was the boundary between EIC and Sikhs
• PJ army attacked some territories beyond it
• suspected British ambitions

• got defeated
• minor battles: Mudki, Firozshah, Baddoval and Aliwal.
 TREATY OF LAHORE
• 1846
• large part of PJ under EIC
• sikh army reduced in number
• British force stationed in PJ
• Duleep singh as ruler
 SECOND ANGLO SIKH WAR
• 1848-1849
• wanted revenge for first war
• humiliating Lahore treaty
• MULRAJ, governor of Multan was replaced
• so he killed two English officers
• Dal housie declared war

• annexed in 1849
• placed under commissioner John Lawrence
 OCCUPATION OF SIND
• Amirs of sind
• commercial interests
• Aghanistana AND Russia

• Main battles fought: Battles of Miani and Dabo-1843

• Result - English led by Sir Charles Napier
• G-G:Ellenborugh
• Sindh became part of Bombay Presidency in 1847.
 OUTSIDE INDIA OCCUPATION
• NEPAL
• 1814-16,
• Hastings

• TREATY OF SIGAULI/SUGUALI(BH)
 AFGHANISTAN

q FIRST WAR q SECOND WAR

• 1839-42, • 1878-82,
• Auckland • Lytton

üFAILED • Ended with the Treaty of

Gandamak.
• Afghan foreign policy guided by
British govt. in India
 BURMA
q1 WAR-1824-26
• Amherst
• Treaty of Yandabo.

q2 WAR-1852-53
• Dalhousie

q3 WAR-1885
Dufferin
 SATYENDRANATH TAGORE-1842-1923
• First Indian civil servant
• 1863-1864

• wrote song "Mile Sabe Bharat Santan, Ektan Gago Gaan"

• (unite, India's children, sing in unison)
• translated Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s Geetarahasya into Bengali
• president of the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad from 1900 to 1901.

• member of Brahma Samaj

• went to UK with his friend Monomohun Ghose

 AHOM KINGDOM
• Chaolung Sukapha -founder
• Brahmaputra Valley
• 1215-1826
• capital of Garhgaon and Jorhat
• province was annexed to British India in 1826 with the signing of the
Treaty of Yandaboo.
 battle of Saraighat
• 1671
• a naval engagement fought on the Brahmaputra River
• king Chakradwaj Singha
• general Lachit Borphukan.
• against Mughals sent Raja Ram Singh and Munnawar Khan
• Ahoms won

q the battle of Itakhuli in 1682.

• Dihingia Alun Borbarua(general) would defeat the Mughals
• This battle would permanently end Mughal presence in Assam and no further
campaigns
 BRITISH ADMINISTRATION
q LAND REVENUE
q CIVIL SERVICE
q POLICE
q JUDICIARY
 PRE-BRITISH AGRARIAN STRUCTURE
• Villages were self-sustaining

• had security of land and ownership

• varied bw 1/6 to 1/3-reasonable demand

Ødisaster after British came

 LAND REVENUE SETTLEMENTS
1. IJARDARI-1772
2. ZAMINDARI-1793
3. RYOTWARI-1820
4. MAHALWARI-1833
 IJARDARI SYSTEM-1772
• Revenue farming
• Warren Hastings
• collection right was farmed out to the highest bidder
• European district collectors were in charge of revenue admin.
• But the bidder can extract as much as possible from peasants
• EIC/govt. did not care
• ruination of agri.
• livelihood lost
• 1770s Famines in BENGAL
 ZAMINDARI SETTLEMENT
• CORNWALIS
• 1792-93
• Ijardari used to vary from year to year

• so fixed the revenue, no changes

• Therefore ,called, PERMANENT SETTLEMENT
• also called as :MALGUZARI, JAGIRDARI,BISWEDARI
 ZAMINDARI SYSTEM
• previously revenue collectors- commission
• now they recognised as the OWNERS OF THE LAND
• keep 1/11th and rest to EIC
• they could :Mortagage, sell and cultivate
• if default, confisicate and sell zamindari right to other: SUNSET
CLAUSE
• zamindars can further rent the land to cultivators
• resulted in sub-letting or sub-infeudation
• collect from few zamindars instead of large number of peasants
 ZAMINDARI SYSTEM
• introduced in:
• Bengal, Odisha, UP(Benaras) and BH, Northern Madras(carnatic)
• 19% of British India

qeffects:
• -tenants in their own land/BONDED LABOUR SYSTEM BEGAN
• overnight owners
• Zamindars had to issue pattas to each tenant of payment ,but never issued-
• At the mercy of Zamindars
• collected illegal cesses
• eviction of zamindars aslo due to Sunset clause
• so participated in 1857
 RYOTWARI SETTLEMENT
• 1820
• Ryot means: PEASANTS
• Thomas Munro and Alexander Reed
• Bombay, Madras, Assam,Coorg
• covering 51% of British India
• different rates in dry land(50%) and wet land (60%)
• no zamnidars in between -directly with ryots
• Influenced by scottish enlightenment-Utilitarian ideas-no middlemen
concept
 RYOTWARI
• ryots are the owners with pattas
• ryots can sell,mortagage
• no eviction as long as they pay
• high rates
• deccan riots in 1875
• migration
• With reference to Ryotwari Settlement, consider the following statements :(2012)

1. The rent was paid directly by the peasants to the Government.

2. The Government gave Pattas to the Ryots.
3. The lands were surveyed and assessed before being taxed.

• Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1, 2 and 3
D. None
• ANSWER:C
• Who among the following was/were associated with the introduction of
Ryotwari Settlement in India during the British Rule?(2017)

1. Lord Cornwallis
2. Alexander Read
3. Thomas Munro
• Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

• Answer: c
 MAHALWARI SYSTEM
• Mahal means: VILLAGE/ESTATE
• 1833
• William Bentinck
• Parts of U.P., Agra, Central Province, PJ and NWFP
• 30% British India
• unit of settlement was village
• jointly responsible for payment
• community as a whole
• called as : THEY BODY OF CO-SHARES
 MAHALWARI
• Revenue was determined on the basis of the produce of a mahal
• if anybody abandons land ,community takes over for cultivation
• community as whole considered as owners of village and surrouding
forest land
• village head(Lambardar) will collect and pay
• 50 % to 66% -varied
 ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES AFTER 1757
• WH and CW laid the foundation of British pattern of Admin.
• new concepts and innovations in all fields of governance
• overall objective was colonialism

• 3 pillars of admin.
• CIVIL SERVICE
• ARMY
• POLICE

• WHAT PURPOSE THEY USED..?

 CIVIL SERVICE
• brought into existence by CW
• in hands of EIC servants

• salaries were increased-to reduce corruption and private trade

• highest paid in the world
• promotion based on seniority
 CIVIL SERVICE
• 1800
• FT. WILLIAM COLLEGE
• by: Wellesly
• to train young recruits into CS
• C.O.D. oppposed it
• so moved to England
• open competition 1853
• before nomination
• complete exclusion of Indians from higher posts
• 500 pounds/year was the limit
• applied that in every branch
• Wellesley established the Fort William College at Calcutta
because(2020)

A. He was asked by the Board of Directors at London to do so

B. He wanted to revive interest in oriental learning in India
C. He wanted to provide William Carey and his associates with
employment
D. He wanted to train British civilians for administrative purpose in
India

• Answer: D
 WHY EXCLUSION OF INDIANS..?
• British ideas could be firmly est.
• did not trust Indians

• EX:LCW said: ‘Every native of Hindustan is corrupt’

• monopoly of high posts

qCivil service was the STEEL FRAME that sustained British rule in India
 CIVIL SERVICES WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO
CATEGORIES
q COVENANTED q UNCOVENANTED
• means created by the law of the • introduced to facilitate entry of
company Indians
• Consist of British CS • at lower posts
• in higher posts • and some europeans too
• high salaries

qBY: CW
 STATUTORY CIVIL SERVICE
• 1878-79
• Lytton
• 1/6th of Covenanted posts
• for Indians
• of High family
• nominated by local/provincial govt.(British)
• approved by : Viceroy
• abolished in 1892
 DEFECTS
• exam in London
• age kept on reducing
• 1859:23
• 1860:22
• 1866:21
• 1878-79:19
 CIVIL SERVICES COMMITTEES
• AITCHISON -1886-1892-(Dufferin)

• dropped Previous terms(Covn.and UNconv.)

• classification of the civil service into

• Imperial Indian Civil Service -exam UK
• Provincial Civil Service - in India

• raising the age limit to 23

 ISLINGTON COMMITTEE
• ISLINGTON/ROYAL COMMISSION ON PUBLIC SERVICE-1912-15

• Recruitment to the superior posts should be made partly in England

and partly in India.

• AGAINST holding competitive exams simultaneously

 LEE COMMISSION -1924

• a Public Service Commission be immediately established

ü(AS PROMISED IN 1919 ACT)

• provinces can recruit their own in few sectors(edu. and health)

ü(FIRST PSC WAS EST. 1926-CHAIR:ROSS BARKER)

 POLICE
• created by CW
• previously zamindars acted as police or had some police duties
• now a separate force for law and order
• cities were divided into circle/Thanas
• headed by: DAROGHA
• he was an Indian
• dist. superintendent post created later
• INDIAN POLICE ACT 1861
• 1902 A.H.L FRASER COMMITTE
• CID
• CIB(CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE BUREAU)
 JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION

q 1765-1772 q 1772-1793
• mughal system continued • warren hastings reorganised

• EIC-DIWANI(civil jud.)
• NAWAB-NIZAMAT(criminal)

• Zamindars also had jud. rights

 1772-1793
q CIVIL SIDE q CRIMINAL SIDE
• CALCUTTA-SADR DIWANI-Appeal • CALCUTTA-SNA-APPEAL
↓↑ ↓↑
• DISTRICT-DIWANI ADALAT • DISTRICT-NIZAMAT ADALAT
head:EDC also called:Fauzdari adalat

• Assist:Hindu and Muslim law • Heads:Qazi/Muftis

experts
supervised by:EDC
 1780s
• WHIG PRINCIPLE

• collectors were divested of judicial duties

• but later restored

 1793 CORNAWALLIS CODE

q CIVIL SIDE q CRIMINAL SIDE

• CALCUTTA-SDA-APPEAL • CALCUTTA-SNA-(under:GOV)
↓↑ ↓↑
• 4 Provincial courts(diwani×) • 4 circuit courts(Nizamat×)
↓↑ ↓↑
• DISTRICT COURTS
• subordinate courts-petty
•↓ cases
• subordinate courts(Munsif
courts)
 1865
• SDA and SNA replaced by High courts

• civil procedure code:1859

• IPC-1860
• criminal procedure-1862
NEED FOR REGULATION OF
THE EIC
 WHY COMPANY WAS REGULATED..?
• company servants were becoming rich
• created jealousy/envious-British society

• Free traders and capitalists were against monopoly of EIC

• ADAM SMITH: ‘Such exclusive companies are nuisance’
• plutocracy

üneeded to define the relationship bw EIC and BG

 OPPORTUNITY FOR BG
• EIC went bankrupt
• due to private trade
• applied for loan

＊conditions apply
• Loan will be given but will be regulated
 THE REGULATING ACT
• 1773
• EIC ACT
• PM: lord North /king: George-III
• to control companies affairs
• actions will be supervised by BG i.e., Cabinet
• BG→C.O.D.→COMPANY
• COD appointed for 4 years
• G.O.B→G-G-of Bengal
• G.G + 4 EC menbers
 THE REGULATING ACT
• for 5 years
• majority decisions
• casting vote by G-G
• BANNED PRIVATE TRADE, BRIBES and GIFTS
• Bombay EIC and Madras EIC under Bengal
• so centralisation
• SUPREME COURT AT Ft. William
• jurisdiction over Europeans and Indians in Bengal
 THE PITT’S INDIA ACT-1784
• had applied for loan again -so more control
• Company territories were defined as BRITISH POSSESSIONS
• Distinction between commercial and political activities
• est. BOARD OF CONTROL(BOC)
• with 6 members- Among them 2 cabinet ministers(S.O.S n C.of.EXCHEQUER)(4 PRIVY
COUNCIL)
• S.O.S was the president of te board
• in London
• BOC→COD→COMPANY
• Double govt.
• civil, military and revenue control under BOC
• COD cannot revoke resolutions of BOC-Eic became kind of dept. under state
• Indian govt. with G-G + 3 EC
• Bengal is supreme over Bombay and Madras in War, revenue and diplomacy
 1786 ACT
• G-G was given power to override his council in some matters
• for Safety and peace
• G-G also bacame the comander in chief of British Indian army
 THE CHARTER ACT -1793
• renewed the charter of monopoly of trade
• for 20 years
• codes and laws were to be written
• interpreted by courts
• Full veto for G-G to override his council
• B.O.C were to be paid out of Indian revenues
• pay 5 lakh pounds to BG annually after all expenses
• EIC to give license for trade in India for individuals and company employees
• The licences, known as ‘privilege’ or ‘country trade’,
• The royal approval was mandated for the appointment
• of the governor general, the governors, and the commander-in-chief.
 THE CHARTER ACT-1813
• MINTO I was G-G
• PM: Robert Jenkinson
• MONOPOLY OF INDIA TRADE ENDED
• so FREE TRADE
• influence of LAISSEZ FAIRE
• British merchants and subjects can participate
• but monopoly in TEA and CHINA trade
• Christian missionaries allowed
• 1 lakh for education
• the constitutional position of the British territories in India was defined
explicitly for the first time
• The Company was to retain the possession of territories and the revenue for
20 years more, without prejudice to the sovereignty of the Crown.
• Consider the following statement about ‘the Charter Act of 1813’ :(2019)

1. It ended the trade monopoly of the East India Company in India except for trade
in tea and trade with China.
2. It asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held
by the company
3. The revenues of India were now controlled by the British Parliament.

• Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

• Answer:A
 THE CHARTER ACT -1833
• William Bentinck
• COMMERCIAL MONOPOLY COMPLETELY ENDED (Tea n China)
• purely political body
• B.O.C president became ‘India affairs Minister’
• G-G of Bengal →G-G of India
• europeans can acquire land in India
• one law member was added to EC--no vote
• G-G +3EC+1LM
 1833 ACT
• Thomas macaulay was the first law member
• provision for the codification of law
• so A LAW COMMISSION
• 3 PRESIDENCIES SUBORDINATE to G-G -COUNCIL IN LEGISLATION
And REVENUE-centralisation
• began Legislature
• on the advice of law member
• Copmetition & nomination
• measures to abolish slavery--- abolished in 1843
 THE CHARTER ACT
• 1853
• full competition
• charter not renewed for 20 years
• G-G council was divided into two

Executive Legislative
4 6 members
law member -full member-vote make laws

C.J of SC(ex-offic.)., 1 judge, 4 rep.

Execute policies
of provinces (B,B,M & NWFP)
 THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT
• 1858
• The Act for Better Government of India 1858
• no accountability of EIC
• so transferred to CROWN
• with Secretary of State
• office of 15 members
• INDIA COUNCIL
• G-G to VICEROY
 CONSTITUTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT UNDER BRITISH
 INDIAN COUNCILS ACT-1861
• promised in 1858 that more Indians in admin. and DM
• therefore, 3 Indians entered legislature as non-officials
• high rank Indians like zamindars, princes
• the Raja of Benares(Deo Narayan singh) the Maharaja of Patiala(Narendra singh) and Sir
Dinkar Rao
• nominated by Viceroy
• Beginning of decentralisation
• restored legislative powers of provinces
• but assent by :Viceroy
• EC - now became cabinet/portfolio system
• can issue ordinance when Legislature not in session
• ILC
 INDIAN COUNCILS ACT -1892
• INC - demand for reforms- inclusion of Indians
• Moderates pressure for constitutional reforms
• so numbers increased
• could discuss budget in LC
• can ask questions by giving 6 days notice
• in provincial councils without notice
• indirect election was introduced
• to recommend members to the provincial councils
• by : Universities, diistrict boards, municipalities,zamindars,trade bodies etc
 INDIAN COUNCILS ACT -1909
• Morley-Minto Reforms
• further increase in Indian numbers in ILC and provinces
• ONE INDIAN member to the Executive Council
• Satyendra Prasad Sinha - as law member
• discuss budget before the final form
• right to vote for tax paying citizens(INCOME LIMIT)
• to elect members to municipal council
• SEPARATE ELECTORATE
• for MUSLIMS and ZAMINDARS
 THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT-1919

• Montague-Chelmsford Reforms
• August 1917
• its objective was
• to gradually introduce responsible government in India
• but as an integral part of the British Empire.
• Bi-cameralism at centre
• direct election were introduced for the first time
• but limited franchise
• both houses will have elected majority
 1919 ACT
• unicameralism at provinces
• women’s righh to vote recognised(limited)
• 3 INDIANS in EC
• SEPARATE budget for centre and provinces
• simultaneous exam in London and India (1923-24)
• separate electorates for Sikhs, Christians, and Anglo-Indians,
• Indian high commissioner in London
• DYARCHY WAS INTRODUCED
 WHAT IS DYARCHY..?
• Means :RULE OF TWO
• subjects were divided into two lists
• CENTRE AND PROVINCIAL
• Provincial list were further divided into two
• RESRERVED AND TRANSFERRED subjects
• Reserved in the hands of EXECUTIVE COUNCILLERS/BUREAUCRATS(BRITISH)
• Transferred in the hands of Indian Ministers-popular ministers
• Reserved like;FINANCE and Law and order
• Transferred like:Local govt. education, health
• Indians are responsible to councils but not Bureaucrats
• no-confidence motion against ministers if not performing well
• . Which of the following is/are the principal feature(s) of the Government of
India Act, 1919?(2012)

1. Introduction of dyarchy in the executive government of the provinces

2. Introduction of separate communal electorates for Muslims
3. Devolution of legislative authority by the centre to the provinces
• Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
• ANSWER :C
• The Government of India act of 1919 clearly defined (2015)

A. the separation of power between the judiciary and the legislature

B. the jurisdiction of the central and provincial governments

C. the powers of the Secretary of State for India and the Viceroy

D. None of the above

• answer:B
• The Montague-Chelmsford Proposals were related to(2016)

A. social reforms

B. educational reforms

C. reforms in police administration

D. constitutional reforms

• ANSWER:D
• In the context of Indian history, the-principle of ‘Dyarchy (diarchy)’
refers to(2017)

A. Division of the central legislature into two houses.

B. Introduction of double government i.e.; Central and State
governments.
C. Having two sets of rulers; one in London and another in Delhi.
D. Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two
categories.

• Answer: d
• In the Government of India Act 1919, the functions of Provincial Government were divided into
“Reserved” and “Transferred” subjects. Which of the following were treated as “Reserved”
subjects?(2022)

1. Administration of Justice
2. Local Self-Government
3. Land Revenue
4. Police

• Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1, 2 and 3
B. 2, 3 and 4
C. 1, 3 and 4
D. 1, 2 and 4

• Correct Option: (c)

 THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT
• 1935
• Simon commission-RTCs-CDM
• India council of S.o.S abolished
• federal form of govt.
• Bicameralism at provinces
• RBI
• federal court
• 3 lists
• provincial, central and concurrent
• PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY
• Dyarchy abolished at provinces
• Dyarchy at centre
• Separate electorate for depressed classes, women, and labour
• about 10% of popu. got voting rights
• Consider the following statements:(2021)

1. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 recommended granting voting

rights to all the women above the age of 21.
2. The Government of India Act of 1935 gave women reserved seats in
legislature.

• Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

• ANSWER:B
 DWARAKANATH TAGORE-1794-1846
• one of the first Indian industrialists
• with British partners
• banking, insurance and shipping companies

• Inherited Zamindari rights from his adopted father

• in Permanent settlement areas
 DWARAKANATH TAGORE
• 1828, he became the first Indian bank director.
• In 1829, he founded Union Bank in Calcutta.

• He helped found the first Anglo-Indian Managing Agency

• NAMED AS:Carr, Tagore and Company
• in partnership with william carr(Indigo trader)
• what it did..?
• industrial organizations that ran jute mills, coal mines, tea plantations
• engaged in the opium trade with China

• 1832 Tagore purchased the first Indian coal mine in Raniganj

EDUCATION INTERVENTION
BY BRITISH
 EARLY INSTITUTIONS
• 1781
• Warren Hastings
• Calcutta Madarasa
• for study of Islamic Law and related subjects

• 1791-92
• Sanskrit College
• Varanasi
• by Jonathan Duncan
• for the study of Hindu law and philosophy
• for regular supply of qualified Indians to help the administration of law
 EARLY INSTITUTIONS
• Asiatic society
• William Jones
• 1784
• research on India/oriental studies
• With the reference to educational institutions during rule in India, consider the following
pairs:(2018)

• Institution Founder
1. Sanskrit College Benars William Jones
2. Calcutta Madras Warren Hastings
3. Fort William college Arthur Wellesley

• Which of the pairs given below is/are correct?

A. 1 and 2
B. 2 only
C. 1 and 3
D. 3 only

• Answer: B
 TOWARDS INTRODUCTION
• Rs.1 lakh in 1813
• released 1823
• controversy on how to spend the money
• committee was set up to resolve
• COMMITTEOF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
• Thomas Macaulay
• members had different opinions about the type of education
• led to controversy on how to spend
• formation of two groups in the committee
 CONTROVERSY ON HOW TO SPEND

q ANGLICIST q ORIENTALIST
• Exclusive modern western • expansion of traditional indian
science/education learning
• English medium • vernacular language Medium
• Led by: CHARLES TRAVELYN and • led by: HAYMAN WILSON and
ELPHINSTONE H.T.PRINCEP
 CONTROVERSY SETTLED IN 1835
• MACAULAY’S MINUTE
• resources to be spent on teaching western sciences
• wester literature
• in english medium
• argued Indian languages were backward and not developed
• He wanted to create a pool of Indians who would be able to serve British interests and be
loyal to them.
• This class would be “Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinions, in
morals and in intellect.”
• ‘DOWNWARD INFILTRATION THEORY’
• educate few upper and middle classes
• they will expand among masses
 THE WOOD’S DESPATCH-1854
• Charles Wood
• president of B.O.C
• downward infiltration theory was discarded
• gave new recommendations
• ‘magna carta of Indian education’
 RECOMMENDATIONS
1. asked govt. to assume responsibility for education
2. Education dept. at all provinces
3. universities-B.B.M
4. women education
5. vernacular at lower schools, anglo-vernacular at higher schools and
english in colleges
6. secular education
7. vocational training(industry,agri and trade)
8. teachers training
9. Grants and Aid
• Regarding Wood’s Dispatch, which of the following statements are true?(2018)

1. Grants-in-Aid system was introduced.

2. Establishment of universities was recommended.
3. English as a medium of instruction at all levels of education was recommended.

• Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

• Answer: A
• Which of the following led to the introduction of English Education in India?(2018)

1. Charter Act of 1813

2. General Committee of Public Instruction
3. Orientalist and Anglicist Controversy

• Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

• Answer: D
 OTHER EDUCATION COMMITTEES
• Hunter Education Commission -1882-83
• Saddler University Commission -1917-19
• Hartog Committee -1929
• Wardha Scheme of Basic Education -1937
• Sergeant Plan of Education-1944
• Radhakrishna commission-1949
 RAILWAYS
• The first railway proposals
• in Madras in 1832.

• The country's first transport train, Red Hill Railway

• built by Sir Arthur Cotton to transport granite for road-building,
• ran from Red Hills to the Chintadripet bridge
• 1836-1837.
 RAILWAYS
• In 1845,
• the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built by Sir Cotton
• at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry,
• to supply stone for dam
 RAILWAYS
• In 1851,
• the Solani Aqueduct Railway (SOLANI RIVER)
• was built by Proby Cautley in Roorkee
• to transport construction materials

Ø These railway tracks were dismantled after these projects were

completed and no longer exist
Øall of them were for logistics
 PASSENGER TRAIN
• operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (central railway today)
qMumbai and Thane
q16th April, 1853
qBroad guage

vsouth India
vfrom Royapuram-Veyasarapady (Madras) to Wallajaroad (Arcot)
v 1st July 1856
 RAILWAYS
• Dal Housie
• private ownership of railways
• guaranteed returns of 5% on their investment
• state construction from 1869 onwards
• advocated by John Lawrence
 ORGANISATION OF RAILWAYS
• In 1901, Thomas Robertson was appointed special commissioner
• to examine woking of railways

• He proposed (1903) changes

• constitution of a Railway Board
• with a chairman, two members and a secretary.

• The Board was formally set up in March 1905

• made subordinate to the government.
 RAILWAYS COMMITTEES
• 1907- a committee under Sir James Mackay
• 1920- East India Railways Committee under the chairmanship of Sir
William Acworth
• it had 10 members, 3 were Indians
• V. S. Srinivas Sastri (a member of the Council of States),
• Sir Rajendranath Mookerjee (an industrialist of Calcutta)
• Purshottamdass Thakurdas (a Bombay industrial magnate).

• 1932-33-P.A.POPE Committee
• 1947-K.C.NEOGY committee
 TELEGRAPH
• 1850-51
• CALCUTTA-DAIMOND HARBOUR

• first Bw UK and IND

• on 23 June, 1870,
• via thousands of km of cables below the seas(done by a private company)
• Porthcurno and Bombay
• British Indian submarine telegraph company- JohnPender

• (1864-TRIED TO LINK KARACHI -BUT NOT SUCCESSFUL)

TELEGRAPH
 CURRENCY
• A uniform Rupee
• became the legal tender currency
• in the whole of India after 1835.
IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE
 IMPACT
1. DISRUPTION OF THE TRADITIONAL ECONOMY
2. IMPOVERISHMENT OF PEASANTRY
3. RUIN OF ARTS AND CRAFTS
4. CHANGE IN EXPORTS AND IMPORTS
5. COMMERCIALISATION OF AGRICULTURE
6. NEW SOCIAL CLASSES EMERGED
7. DRAIN OF WEALTH
• Economically, one of the results of the Britith rule in India in the 19th
century was the(2018)

A. increase in the export of Indian handicrafts

B. growth in the number of Indian owned factories
C. commercialization of Indian agriculture
D. rapid increase in the urban population

• Answer: C
DRAIN OF WEALTH
 MEANING

• Theory of Drain was developed by the Indian nationalist thinkers

• with a view to analyse one of the main causes of poverty in India

• The Drain referred to “the unrequited(unreciprocated) surplus of

exports over imports that was transferred to England.”
• without getting anything in return

• attention to this drain brought oiut by Dadhabhai Naoroji

• in his book:’Poverty and UnBritish Rule In India’-1871
• he called it as ‘Evil of All Evils’
 CONSTITUENTS/FORMS OF DRAIN
• Salaries
• pension after retirements
• remittances to their families
• company profits through dividend and interests
• army expenditure to capture Asia and Africa
• ineterests on debt raised
• returns on investment
• Home Charges:
• means:India govt. expenses in England(store purchases,salaries,debt
raised there,annuities on account of railways and irrigation works)
 PIONEERS OF DRAIN OF WEALTH
• Dadabhai Naoroji
• R.P. Dutt-India Today
• M.G.Ranade-Essay on Indian Economics-1899
• G.Subramaniyam Aiyer
• R.C.Dutt-Economic History In India-1901
• G.K.Gokhale
• G.V.Joshi
• P.C.Ray
• The most effective contribution made by DadabhaiNaoroji to the cause of Indian National
Movement was that he(2012)

1. exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British

2. interpreted the ancient Indian texts and restored the self-confidence of Indians
3. stressed the need for eradication of all the social evils before anything else
• Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

• Solution:A
• Who of the following was/were economic critic/ critics of colonialism in India?(2015)

1. Dadabhai Naoroji
2. G. Subramania Iyer
3. R. C. Dutt

• Select the correct answer using the code given below.

A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
• ANSWER :D
CULTURAL AWAKENING
RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL
REFORMS
 NO INTEREFERENCE INITIALLY..?
• Untill 1813
• away from cultural life of India
• feared orthodox elements
• popular revolt against aliens
• wanted their support in politics and admin.
 WHY INETERFERENCE AFTER 1813.?
• interests in Britain....like

• England- exporting country - Industrial revolution

• wanted consumers
• create western tastes
• so steps to transform Indian society and culture
 OTHER REASONS TO BRING REFORMS
• 18th century europe
• created ‘The Age of Enlightenment’
• due to IR, science and tech was rapidly growing

• French revolution ideas-LIBERTY, EQUALITY & FRATERNITY

• Indian society lacked these principles
• ideas of LOCKE, VOLTAIRE,ROUSSEAU,KANT
 NEW THOUGHTS
qprevious developments led to new though process and thinking

qRATIONALISM
qfaith in reason
qHUMANISM
qlove of man/humans
qCONFIDENCE
qcapacity of man to progress

• evry human should be respected

• societies should change
• they became ideological base for developments
 REAL MODERNISATION ..?
• no
• to make Indians better customers

• so BALNCED POLICY OF PARTIAL MODERNISATION

• COLONIAL MODERNISATION
 SUPPORT FROM INDIANS
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy
• aware about disabilities society
• salvation lay in western sciences and humanism
 BUT LATER THESE REFOMS WERE STOPPED
• after 1857 and with the rise of nationalism

• liberty,equality and democracy was growing

• demanded governance acc. these principles

• society had reformed to think on political lines

• now withdrew support to reformers

• encouraged casteism and communalism
 SOCIAL BASE OF THE REFORMS
• intellectuals
• educated
• upper caste
• small section of the society
• had to face lot of opposition
 CATEGORY OF REFORM MOVEMENTS

q REFORMIST q REVIVALIST
• progressive • reawakening
• generally appealed to reason • revival of old culture/inspiration
and conscience • appealed to tradition
• Brahma samaj • Arya samaj
• prarthana samaj • Deoband movement
• Aligarh movement
 SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS

• every social custom derived sustenance from religious sanctions

•
• so no social refroms ,without religious reform
 WOMEN CENTRIC REFORMS
• The Bengal Regulation of 1795 and 1804
• declared illegal
• female infanticide
• equivalent to murder

• act of 1870
• compulsory for parents to register birth of all babies
• provide for verification of female child
• for some years
• not in all areas only in few areas
 WOMEN CENTRIC REFORMS
• abolition of sati
• 1829
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy
• The regulation of 1829
• made as homicide
• punishable by court
• first applied only in Bengal
• later extended to Madras and Bombay in 1830
 WOMEN CENTRIC REFORMS
• widow re marriage
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
• carried a movement
• cited vedic texts
• to prove widow marriage was allowed
• ex:Niyoga

• widow remarriage act in 1856

 WIDOW REMARRIAGE
• Vishnu Shasthri Pandit
• Widow Remarriage Association
• in MH

• Karsondas Mulji
• started ‘satya praksash’
• weekly journal
• in Gujarati
• 1852
• to advocate widow remarriage
 WIDOW REMARRIAGE
• D.K.KARVE
• se up womens university in Bombay
• Married a widow in 1893
• opened widow remarriage home in POONA

• Veeresalingam Pantulu
• In Madras
• He founded the Rajahmundri Social Reform Association
• Andhra Pradesh in 1878
• objective of promoting widow remarriage.
 CHILD MARRIAGE
• Age of Consent act
• 1891
• due to efforts of B.M. Malabari
• a Parsi reformer
• forbade te marriage of girls below the age of 12
• (1885, he founded Seva Sadan, an organisation whichtookcare of exploited
women)

• Sarda act 1929

• boys:18
• girls:14
 WOMEN EDUCATION
• Calcutta Female Juvenile Society
• 1819
• Christian Missionary

• The Bethune School

• 1849
• J.E.D.BETHUNE
• president of calcutta education council
• first fruitful achievement in women education
 WOMEN EDUCATION
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar opened 35 schools for girls

• Charled Wood’s Despatch laid stress on women education

• Women University 1916

• Lady Hardinge Medical college 1916-Delhi
 RAM MOHAN ROY-1772-1833
• first ‘modern man’.
• He was a pioneer of socio-religious and political reform movements
• Raja title by AKBAR II
• first great leader of modern India
• understood what hindering Indian society
• great love and respect for traditional philosophy of the east
• also belived modern culture alone would help regenerate Indian society
• synthesis of thought of east and the west
• rational and scientific approach
• belived in social equality and human dignity
 RAM MOHAN ROY
• books :
• Gift to Monotheists(Tuhfat-ul-Muwahiddin)
• persian
• 1803/1809
• agianst belief in many gods and promoting single god

• Precepts of jesus
• English
• 1820
• separated the moral and philosophical teachings from the miracle stories
 RAM MOHAN ROY
• 1814/1815/
• Atmiya sabha
• to preach monothiesm

• 1828
• Brahmo samaj(Divine society)
• to institutionalise his ideas and mission
• that is to purify hinduism
 RAM MOHAN ROY
• Basic principles of Samaj:
• prayers and meditation
• reading vedas and upanishads
• no image and idol worship
• universal religion-all religion are same
• criticised social evils
• against preistly domination
• incorporated teachings of other religions
 RAM MOHAN ROY
• helped British in abolition of sati
• 1829

• Supported David Hare(watch maker)

• to est. The Hindu college
• 1817 in calcutta

• est. many English schools and Vedanta college (1825)

• advocated Voltaire philosophy
• i.e,.separation of church from state
• and attacking preistly domination
 RAM MOHAN ROY
• against zamindari system
• abolition of EIC monopoly
• judicial equality between Indians and Europenas
• trial held by jury
• (k.m.Nanavati case 1959)
• separation of executive from judiciary
• supporter of Italian revolts
• internationalist
 RAM MOHAN ROY
• his principles were based on two pillars
REASON VEDAS/UPAN.

• VEADAS ARE NOT INFALLIBLE

• vedas can fail
• but reason is supreme
• theory of karma is optional
 RAM MOHAN ROY
• politically
• freedom of press
• sowed the seeds of nationalism
• through social reform
• to bring unity first
• reform society and religion before embarking on political quest for
freedom

qA MAN AHEAD OF HIS TIMES

qHis most popular journal was the Sambad Kaumudi.
 OPPOSITION TO RAJA RAM
• strongly from orthodox elements
• to counter his ideas
• DHARMA SABHA
• by :Raja Radhakanth Deb
• in 1830
• opposed abolition of sati
• but promoted women western education
 DEBENDRANATH TAGORE:1817-1905
• Brahma samaj - in 1842
• remained its leader untill 1866

• TATTVABODHINI SABHA
• calcutta
• 1839
• to spread Ram Mohan’s ideals
• study of India’past with rational outlook
• through Tatvabodhini Patrika
• opposed Christian missionaries conversion policies
 DEBENDRANATH TAGORE-1817-1905
• active in Brahmo Samaj ("Society of Brahma"/’Society of God’).
• Joined in 1842
• studied in Hindu college of Ram Roy
• published Bengali translation of the Katha Upanishad (1840)
• 1859 established the Brahma Vidyalaya
• Vedas were published in TATVABODHINI magazine
 DNT
• In 1867,- in Birbhum - established an ashram.
• This ashram is today's famous Santiniketan.

• also one of the founders of the Bethune Society of the Hindu

Charitable Institution.
• British Indian Association -1851-its secretary.

• BOOKS:
• Brahma Dharmo Grantho (1851)
• Atmatatto Bdya (1852)
• Kalikata Bramha Samajer Baktrita (1862)
 KESAB CHANDRA SEN:1838-1884

• joined the samaj in 1857-58

• expanded Mohan Roy ideas outside Bengal in Bombay and Madras

• advocated total abolition of caste system

• supported intercaste marriages

 KC SEN
• ideas were to radical for Debendranath Tagore
• dismissed him from Brahmo Samaj
• followers of Kesab formed
• BRAHMO SAMAJ OF INDIA -1866
• faction of D.T. called as ;ADI BRAHMA SAMAJ

• KESAB SEN also formed Indian reform Association in 1870

• persuaded British to enact Native Marriage act in 1872
• to increase the age of marriage to 18(boys) and 14 (girls)
 BRAHMA SAMAJ SPLITS
• Brahma samaj of India (KCS)and Adi Brahma samaj(DNT)

• Brahma samaj of India split into

• Sadharan Brahma samaj-1878
• by Anand Mohan Bose and Srinivasa Sastri
• when KCS married his daughter to local Raja of ccoch Behar
• violating Native marriage act by the man himself
 OTHERS
• in PJ
• Dayal Singh
• spread the message of Brahma samaj
• est. a college at Lahore in 1910
 PRARTHANA SAMAJ
• prayer society-an off-shoot of Brahma samaj, when KCS visited
• ATMARAM PANDURANG
• 1867-MH
• became popular after joined by
• M.G.RANADE
• R.G.BHANDARKAR
• N.G.CHANDAVARKAR
• belief in one god
• promoted the concept of work rather than faith
• women’s education
• diapproved caste system
 MANAV DHARMA SABHA
• Durgaram Manchharam
• Dadoba Panderung,
• Dinmani Shankar,
• Dalpatram Bhagubai,
• Damodar Das.
• They founded the Sabha
• at Surat in 1844
• criticised contemporary society
• against magic
 PARAMAHANSA MANDALI
• 1849-MH
• first reform organisation in MH
• a radical socio-religious society that met in secret
• Dadoba Panderung
• Ram Bal Krishna Jayakar became president of the Mandali
• against caste system
• to propagate liberal ideas
• following the path of the Manav Dharma Sabha
• to reject , idols, orthodox rituals, and
• Brahmanical authority,
 BAL SHASTRI JAMBEKAR
• BOMBAY
• attacked brahminical orthodoxy
• weekly:DARPAN in 1832
 GOPALA HARI DESHMUKH
• MH
• Lokahitavadi
• reorganisation of Indian society on rational principles and modern
humaistic secular values
• ‘if religion does not sanction social reform then change the religion’
• religious and social equality
 YOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT
• Henry Vivian Derazio,anglo-Indian
• lecturer at Hindu college
• 1820s and 1830s
• RADICAL views
• inspired from french Revolution
• questioned all authority
• opposed decandant customs and traditions
• advocated wome’s rights
• First nationalist poet of modern India
• TOO RADICAL TO CONNECT WITH THE MASS
 SATYASHODAK SAMAJ
• Truth seekers’society
• 1873
• Jyotiba Phule and Savitribhai Phule
• against upper catse
• social service
• education among women and lower castes
• abolition of caste system
• a girls chool at poona
• pioneers of widow remarriage in MH
• Gulamgiri & Sarvajanik Satya Dharma & Shetkaryacha Asud-Books by JBP
 GOPALA GANESH AGARKAR
• Maharashtra,
• advocated the power of human reason.
• totally opposed to any blind dependence on tradition or false
glorification of India’s past.
• founded the Deccan Education Society (INSPIRED BY M.G.RANADE)
• at Poona
• in 1884
• in association with B.G. Tilak, V.K. Chiplunkar and Madhavrao
Namjoshi.
 THE SERVANTS OF INDIA SOCIETY
• G.K.GOKHALE
• (considered M.G.Ranade as his Guru)
• 1905
• Bombay
• with the aim of training Indians in different fields for the service of
their motherland
• To create a cadre of selfless workers who devote their time for the
nation
• after his death Srinivasa Sastri became president
 N.M.JOSHI
• initially member of SERVANTS OF INDIA SOCIETY
• Social Service League
• Bombay
• 1911
• with the aim of securing for the masses better and reasonable
conditions of life and work.
• He also founded the All India Trade Union Congress in 1920 at
Bombay(but left in 1929 due to its soviet leaning)
 ARYA SAMAJ
• Bombay, Became famous in PJ and UP
• 1875
• Dayananda saraswathi(Mula Shankar)
• From GJ
• Vedas as eternal and infallible.
• GO BACK TO VEDAS,
• INDIA FOR INDIANS----- FIRST TO GIVE IDEA OF SWARAJ
• against idolatry, ritual and priesthood
• attacked child marriages and caste system based on birth; encouraged inter-caste
marriages and widow remarriage;
• favoured the spread of western sciences; and organised social services during natural
calamities,
• He started the shuddhi movement
• Satyartha Prakash (in Hindi) Veda Bhashya and Veda Bhashya Bhumika
 ARYA SAMAJ
• split 1892
• over type of education system
qGurukula section led by Swami Shraddhanand,
• advocated the adoption of the ancient system of Hindu education
and established institutions for boys only,
q College section led by Lajpat Rai and Hans Raj,
• for the spread of English education and established a number of
Dayanand AngloVedic (DAV) schools and colleges both for girls and
boys
 RAMAKRISHNA PARAMAHANSA
• Gadodhar Chattopadhyay
• 1836-1886
• Priest in KALI temple
• religious salvation in the traditional way
• renunciation, meditation and devotion.
• service of man was service of god.
• oneness of all religion
 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
• 1863-1902
• papers
• the monthly Prabudha Sharata in English
• the fortnightly Udbodhana in Bengali.
• attended:
• World Parliament of Religions (1893) at Chicago
• Congress of the History of Religions at Paris (1900)
 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
• knowledge without action is useless
• spread the message of his guru
• neo-hinduism/neo-vedanta
• incorporating western ideas into traditional Indian religion
• oneness of god
• image worship
• not rituals
 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA

RAMAKRISHNA MISSION RAMAKRISHNA MATHA

• 1897 at Belur,(CALCUTTA) • religious order or trust
• with the objective of carrying • 1887 at Baranagar
on humanitarian relief and social • to carry the message of vedanta
work
• through the establishment of
schools, colleges,hospitals,
orphanages, etc.
 THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
• inspired by Indian thought and culture
• Madam H.P.BLAVATSKY(russian)
• H.S.OLCOTT(american)
• in USA
• 1875
• 1882 shfted to MADRAS(ADYAR)
• became famous after ANNIE BESANT became president in 1893
• accepted reincarnation
• karma theory, upanishads ,yoga,
• bhakthi, vedanta
• Annie Besant started Central Hindu college Benaras 1898
• later became Benars Hindu University by M.M.Malaviya
• Annie Besant was: (2013)

1. responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement

2. the founder of the Theo-sophical Society
3. once the President of the Indian National Congress

• Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below.

A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

• Solution (c)
 JUSTICE MOVEMENT
• SouthIndian Liberal Federation
• 1917
• became a political party
• madras
• C.N.Mudaliar
• T.M.Nair
• P. Theagaraya Chetty and
• Alamelu Mangai Thayarammato
• secure jobs for and representation for non-brahmins
• in legislature
• later led to Dravida movement
 SELF-RESPECT MOVEMENT
• founded in 1925
• by S. Ramanathan
• he invited E.V.RAMASWAMY NAICKER(periyar) to lead
• rejected Brahminical religion and culture
• conducted weddings without priests
• undermining their supremacy
 TEMPLE ENTRY MOVEMENT
• Sree Narayana Guru
• N. Kumaran Asan and T.K. Madhavan
• in Kerala
• became part of Gandhian constructive programme
• As a result of the movement, in November 1936,
• the Maharaja of Travancore issued a proclamation
• throwing open all government controlled temples to all Hindus
irrespective of caste.
• Madras also followed suit.
 VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA
• 1924-1925
• a non-violent agitation for access
• to the prohibited public environs of the Vaikom Temple(Mahadeva)
• in the Kingdom of Travancore
• T. K. Madhavan, K. Kelappan and K. P. Kesava Menon,
• M.G also visited VAIKOM
• MIXED results
• some parts of temple were opened for lower caste
• fully in 1936
 SHREE NARAYANA GURU
• SNDP (Shri Narayan Dharma Paripalana) Yogam
• in 1903
• aim of:
• 1. Giving up the practice of untouchability.
• 2. Building temples which would be open to all castes.

• He gave the slogan, 'one religion, one caște and oneGod for mankind'
 ARAVIPPURAM MOVEMENT-1888
• KL
• It began when Shri Narayan Guru,
• despite belonging to lowercaste, installed an idol of Shiva

• later inspiration to Temple entry movement

 ISLAMIC REFORM MOVEMENTS
• AHMEDIYA MOVEMENT
• Mirza Ghualm Ahmed
• 1889
• PJ
• liberalism
• desribed itself as leader of Islamic renaissance
• organised like Brahma samaj
• universal religion
• western education
 DEOBAND MOVEMENT
• revivalist
• Dar-ul-Ulum
• orthodox and liberal elements
• pure teachings of quran and Hadis
• war against foreigners(jihad)
• resuscitating classical Islam and improving the spiritual and moral
conditions of the Muslims.
• The liberal interpretation of Islam by its founders created political
awakening among its followers,
 DEOBAND
• political wing, Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, was founded in 1919
• some of them like Maulana Abul Kalam Azad played an important role
in the national movement.
• 1866
• Maulana Husain Ahmab
• Mohammad Qasim Nanotavi
 WAHABI MOVEMENT
• Shah Walilullah
• revivalist
• response to western interference in Islamic culture
• role of individual conscience where there is
• conflicting interpretation by Quran and Hadis
• supported 1857 revolt against British

• advocated coperation among Islamic schools

• Hanafiyya
• Malikiyya
• Shafiya
• Hanbaliyya
 ALIGARH MOVEMENT
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–98)
• for the social and educational advancement
• journal ;Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq-URDU
• a rational approach towards religion.
• He rejected blind adherence to religious law and
• asked for a reinterpretation of the Quran in the light of reason
• to suit the new trends of the time.
• oposed Purdah
• LATER BECAME FUNDAMENTALIST under BRITISH influence
 AHRAR MOVEMENT
• 1910
• Maulana Muhammad Ali, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Hasan Imam,
• against the loyalist politics of Syed Ahmed Khan (Aligarh)
• complete support to Indian nationalism
• intense anti-british feeling
 SIKH REFORM MOVEMENTS
• The Nirankari Movement
• Baba Dayal Das
• 1783-1855 Rawalpindi, Punjab
• a contemporary of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
• to believe in one formless God(so the name Nirankari)
• Popularised ‘Anand Karaj’-simple marriage-reciting Adi Granth
 SINGH SABHA MOVEMENT
• 1873
• two fold objectives-
• promote Western education and
• oppose the proselytising activities by other religions

• opened Khalsa schools and colleges

THE REVOLT OF 1857
 THE REVOLT OF 1857
• CAUSES:

qPolitical
üsubsidiary alliance

ü Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse

üapply:to sates under direct or indirect control of EIC
 CAUSES
qEconomic and Administrative
üExploitative Land Revenue Settlements
 CAUSES
qSocial and Religious
üconversion
üorthodox discontent
üReligious Disabilities Act in 1850:
• change of religion would not bar a son from inheriting the property
of his father
 CAUSE
qForeign influences:
ü1st Afghan war 1839-42
üCrimea war-1853-56
 CAUSE
qMilitary
üGeneral Service Enlistment Act 1856(serve anywhere)
üsystematic conversion

qImmediate Military causes:

üAtta
üGun(brown Musket→Enfield)
 PRE REVOLT EVENTS
• The 19th Native Infantry at Berhampore (WB)-
• refused to use rifle -FEB 1857

• 34th Native Infantry, Mangal Pande,fired at the sergeant majo

Barrackpore(WB)-APRIL 1857-EXECUTED

• The 7th Awadh Regiment defied its officers on May 1857

 MEERUT
• On April 24, 3rd Native Cavalry refused cartridges

• On May 9,they were dismissed,

• sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment,

• This sparked off a general mutiny

• on May 10,
• They set off for Delhi.
 WHITE MUTINY
• 1766,
• the Monghyr Mutiny: a "White mutiny"
• among British soldiers
• due to reduced military allowances,
• suppressed by Robert Clive
 WHITE MUTINY-1861
• British army in India had tw kinds:
• EIC ARMY AND QUEENS ARMY

• EIC soldiers (not all revolted)

• refused to serve Queen’s army
• after transfer of power and army.

• DEMANDS MET:
üallowances and discharge home
üwithout serving Queens Army
 CENTRES AND LEADERS
• Delhi - General Bakht Khan-on bahalf of BSZ II
• Kanpur - Nana Saheb-PESHWASHIP
• Lucknow - Begum Hazrat Mahal-ADOPTED SON
• Bareilly - Khan Bahadur-PENSION
• Bihar - Kunwar Singh-DEPRIVED HIS ESTATE
• Faizabad(UP) - Maulvi Ahmadullah
• Jhansi - Rani Laxmibai-ADOPTED SON
• Baghpat(UP) - Shah Mal
RISE OF NATIONALISM
 CAUSES
1. Political, Administrative, and Economic Unification of the Country
2. Western Thought and Education
3. Rediscovery of India’s Past
4. Progressive Character of Socio-religious Reform Movements
5. Rise of Middle-Class Intelligentsia
6. Impact of Contemporary Movements in the world
7. Role of Press and Literature
8. Reactionary Policies
 LYTTON’S REACTIONARY POLICIES
• 21 TO 19 years -1876
• the grand Delhi Durbar of 1877
• the Vernacular Press Act -1878
• the Arms Act -1878
 ILBERT BILL CONTROVERSY
• 1883
• C.P.Ilbert commission
• to allow senior Indian magistrates
• to preside over cases involving Britishers

• Weakened form passed in 1884

• accused can change the jury/half the members must be European
• The Ilbert Bill controversy was related to the: (2013)

A. imposition restrictions the Indians of certain to carry arms by Indians

B. imposition of restrictions on newspapers and magazines published in Indian

languages

C. removal of disqualifications imposed on the Indian magistrates with regard

to the trial of the Europeans

D. removal of a duty on imported cotton cloth

• Solution (c)
 PRESS DEVELOPMENT
• James Augustus Hickey
• 1780
• The Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser
• ENGLISH weekly
• seized in 1782 for criticising Warren Hastings policies
• first NP in Asia
 RESTRICTIONS ON PRESS
• .Rammohan Roy’s -Mirat-ul-Akbar
• had to stop publication

• Licensing Regulations, 1823

• The acting governor general, John Adams
 GROWTH OF PRESS
• Press Act of 1835 or Metcalfe Act
• governor general—1835–36
• repealed the 1823 ordinance
• “liberator of the Indian press”
 Vernacular Press/Gagging Act- 1878
• Gave power to DISTRICT MAGISTARTE
• Bond by publishers not to cause disaffection
• deposit security money
• can seize printing equpment if repated violation
• no appeal against DM action

ünot aplicable to English papers(Amrit Bazar Patrika turned English NP

overnight)
ürepealed by Rippon in 1882
 FACTS
• Surendranat Banerjea
• first Indian journalist to be imprisoned
• for contempt of court-criticised Judge Norris for hurting Hindu
sentiments
• in 1883-THE BENGALEE
• Romesh Chandra Mitra,Indian judge dissented in Contempt case
 PRE-INC ORGANISATIONS
• The Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha
• 1836
• by associates of Raja Rammohan Roy
• GOURISHANKAR TARKABAGISH
• discussing government policy
 ZAMNIDARI ASSOCIATION/Landholders society
• 1838
• Dwarkanath Tagore
• Radhakanta Deb
• Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay
• Prasanna Kumar Tagore
• Ramkamal Sen
• for Permanent Settlement to be implemented all over India
• organisedpolitical activity in India.
• using constitutional methods

• Cooperated with the British India society founded by William Adam in London.
 BBIS
• 1843
• promoting public interest.
• Aimed at disseminating information ABOUT PEOPLES CONDITIONS
• lawful and peaceful means.
• George Thompson advised
• Dwarkanath Tagore,
• Chandra Mohan Chatterjee,
• Parmananda Maitra
 BRITISH INDIAN ASSOCIATION
• The Landholders' Society + Bengal British India Society
• 1851
• Radhakanta Deb as its first President.
• first general secretary was Debendranath Tagore
• exclusively composed of Indians
• it worked towards increasing the welfare of Indians.
• Imembers:
• Kristo Das Pal, Peary Chand Mitra, and Ramgopal Ghosh
• untill 1954
 THE INDIAN LEAGUE
• Shishir Kumar Ghosh
• Sambhu Charan Mukherjee
• 1875
• stimulating nationalism.
• Promoting political education

• AMRIT BAZAAR PATRIKA

• writings on Chaitanya,
• published Lord Gauranga or Salvation for All in 1897.
 INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF CALCUTTA
• 1876
• Anand Mohan Bose
• Surendra Nath Banerjee
• inspired from Mazzini
• unite Indians on common issues
• civil service agitation
• Hindu-muslim unity
Ømerged with INC
 IAC
• Sivanath Sastri,
• Kristodas Pal,
• Dwarakanath Ganguly
• Krishna Mohan Banerjee-first president
• AMB-first secretary
 THE BOMBAY ASSOCIATION
• Jagannath Shankar Sheth.
• This was the first political organization in Bombay presidency
• Sir Jamshedji Jejibhai-FIRST PRESIDENT
• Dadabhai Naoroji
• Naoroji Fursungi
• Vinayak Shankar Sheth.
 JAGANNATH SHANKAR SETH
• first Indian to be nominated to the Legislative Council of Bombay
• role in abolishing sati in local communities
• member of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, where Indians were not
allowed
 BOMBAY PRESIDENCY ASSOCIATION
• 1885
• RESPONSE TO Ilbert controversy
• Pherozshah Mehta
• K.T Telang
• Badruddin Tyabji
• known as 'The Triumvirate' or 'The Three Stars' of Bombay
 POONA SARVAJANIK SABHA
• mediating body between the government and people
• 1867
• Mahadev Govind Ranade
• Ganesh Vasudev Joshi
• SH Chiplunkar
• 1875 - petition-House of Commons
• demanding India's direct representation in the British Parliament
• Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao -FIRST PRESIDENT
• (2016, Meera Pavagi - first woman President of sabha)
 MADRAS NATIVE ASSOCIATION
• by Gajulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
• 1849/1852
• BRANCH OF BIA
• but did not last long
 MADRAS MAHAJAN SABHA
• 1884
• M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer and P. Anandacharlu
• Hq:THE HINDU OFFICE
 OTHER FACTS
• BPA,PSJS,MMS and IAC
• sent a joint deputation

• to England
• 1885 to present India's case to the British electorate.

• The delegation was led by

• Bombay's N. Chandavarkar,
• Madras' Ramaswami Mudaliar,
• Calcutta's Manmohan Ghosh.
 EAST INDIA ASOCIATION
• 1866
• DBN
• first President of the Association was Lord Lyveden.
• in England discussing the Indian question
FORMATION OF INC
 PRELUDE
• issues and protests were all india
• no longer local after Lytton

• 2 sessions of the Indian National Conference

• had been held in 1883 and 1885,

• SNB and AMB

• main architects
 INC
• A.O. Hume,
• organised the first session at
• Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College
• Bombay
• DEC- 1885
• Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee.
• Dufferin
 MODERATE PHASE-1885-1905
• SOCIAL BASE:
• Lawyers
• Teachers
• Journalists
• Zamindars
• Businessmen
• MOSTLY UPPER CLASSES
 METHODS/PROGRAMMES/BELIEF
1. Constitutional method
2. Defence of civil rights
3. Economic critque
4. Administrative reforms
5. development of industries
6. lacked faith in masses

üthree Ps – prayer, petition and protest

 INDIAN NAIONAL SOCIAL CONFERENCE
• M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao.
• INC’s social reform cell.

• 1st Meet - Madras -1887.

• met annually
• at the same location as a subsidiary convention of INC
• It launched the "Pledge Movement"
• to encourage people to take an oath to oppose child marriage.

• (Induprakash,
• a Bombay Anglo-Marathi daily paper -M.G.RANADE)
• During Indian freedom struggle, the National Social Conference was formed
What was the reason for its formation?(2012)

A. Different social reform groups or organizations of Bengal region united to

form a single body to discuss the issues of larger interest and to prepare
appropriate petitions/representations to the government.
B. Indian National Congress did not want to include social reforms in its
deliberations and decided to form a separate body for such a purpose
C. Behramji Malabari and MG Ranade decided to bring together all the social
reform groups of the country under one organization
D. None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct in this context

• ANSWER:B
 British Committee of the INC
• 1889
• raise awareness of Indian issues to the public in Britain,

• William Wedderburn s- first chairman

• William Digby - secretary
• functioned untill 1920 as a pressure group
• journal: ‘INDIA’
 WELBY COMMISSION
• to investigate wasteful spending in India.
• 1895-1900
• the Royal Commission on the Administration of Expenditure of India
• MEMBERS:
• T.R. Buchanan
• William Wedderburn
• Dadabhai Naoroji
• William S. Caine

ØG.K. Gokhale and Dinsha Wacha deposed before the commission in 1897.
Ø report called for the British House of Commons to insure impartiality of
financial arrangements
 FIRSTS OF INC
• First Parsi: DBN-1886-CALCUTTA
• First Muslim: Badruddin Tyabji-1887-Madras

• First Foreign:George yule-1888-Allahabad

• First women:Annie Besant-1917-calcutta

• First Indian women:Sarojini Naidu-1925-Kanpur

• First Women to address:Kadambini Ganguly-1890-Calcutta-PSM

• Consider the following statements(2015)

1. The first woman President of the Indian National Congress was Sarojini Naidu.
2. The first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress was Badruddin Tyabji.

• Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

• ANSWER:B
 KADAMBINI GANGULY

• first woman to gain admission to Calcutta Medical College in 1884

• first Indian female doctor
• Practiced in Scotland

• From Bhagalpur-BH
CHANDRAMUKHI BASU
 IMPORTANT SESSIONS
• VANDE MATARAM-
• 1896-RAHIMAATULLAH SAYANI-CALCUTTA

• JANA GANA MANA-

• 1911-BISHAN NARAYAN DHAR-CALCUTTA

• FIRST VILLAGE SESSION

• 1936-JLN-FAIZPUR(MH)
 DELHI DURBAR
• 1877-LYTTON
• Victoria as Empress of India
• to mark transfer of power from EIC

• GANESH VASUDEO JOSHI OF PSJS:

• ‘Her Majesty to grant to India the same political and social status as
is enjoyed by her British subjects’
 DELHI DURBAR 1903
• CURZON
• to celebrate the succession of
• King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra
 DELHI DURBAR 1911
• HARDINGE II
• coronation of
• King George V and Queen Mary
• only Durbar to be atteneded by the King
• The annulment of the partition of Bengal was also announced
RISE OF EXTREMISM-1905-
1919
 REASONS
1. Economic critique of Moderates
2. failure of Moderates
3. rise of educated class and unemployment
4. reactionary policies of curzon
5. research of Indias past
6. International influences
 EXTREMISTS PROGRAMME
1. Bold speeches
2. personal sacrifice
3. self-salvation
4. Boycott and swadeshi
5. passive resistance
6. Mass action
 BALAGANGADAR TILAK-1856-1920
• Mahatma Gandhi called him "The Maker of Modern India"
• Britisher journalist called him: "The father of the Indian unrest"
(Valentine Chirol )

• BOOKS:
• The Arctic Home in the Vedas-English
• Shrimadh Bhagvad Gita Rahasya in prison-Marathi-1915
 TILAK
• two weeklies,
• Kesari ("The Lion") in Marathi
• Mahratta in English
• 1880–1881
• Gopal Ganesh Agarkar as the first editor.

• found the All India Home Rule League

• 1916–18
• with G. S. Khaparde and Annie Besant.
 TILAK
• Ganesha festival-1893-to preach nationalism

• Shivaji festival-1895-to attract youth

• FOUNDED:
• New Englsih school-1880
• Deccan Education society-1884
• Fergusson college-1885-pune
 CONSERVATIVE VIEWS OF TILAK
• Opposed Girls education
• supported Hindu orthodox elements like Child marriage
• opposed intercaste marriages
 LALA LAJPAT RAI-1865-1928
• Punjab Kesari/LION OF PUNJAB

• BOOKS:
• The Story of My Deportation
• England's Debt to India

• deported to Burma in 1907 without a trial

• To get global support for the Indian freedom movement
• he found the Home Rule League of America in New York City.
 LAJPAT RAI
• President of the All India Trade Union Congress
• editor and founder of Arya Gazette
• PRESIDENT OF SPECIAL SESSION OF CALCUTTA 1920-NCM
• Servants of People Society foundr-1921.

• He was associated with Punjab National Bank in 1921.

• He was elected as deputy leader of the Central Legislative Assembly
in 1926.
 BIPIN CHANDRA PAL-1858-1932
• known as the Father of Revolutionary Thoughts in India.
• Sri Aurobindo referred to him as one of mightiest prophets of
nationalism.
• advocated PASSIVE RESISTANCE
• progressive reformer

• as a journalist:
1. BENGAL PUBLIC OPINION
2. NEW INDIA
3. THE TRIBUNE
 BIPIN CHANDRA PAL
• BOOKS
1. Nationality and Empire
2. Indian Nationalism
3. The Basis of Social Reform
4. Swaraj and the Present Situation
5. The Soul of India
 AURBINDO GHOSH-1872-1950
• he was imprisoned in 1908 (Alipore Bomb case)(Kingsford case)

• founded Sri Aurobindo Ashram in 1926-Pndicherry

• philosophy of divine life on earth through spiritual evolution.

• helped establish the Anushilan Samiti of Calcutta in 1902.

• English newspaper called Bande Mataram (in 1905).
• 1914, -magazine - ‘Arya’.
 AURBINDO GOSH
• greatest literary achievement
• ‘Savitri’, an epic poem-English

• developed a spiritual practice he called Integral Yoga- in the book

• ‘The Life Divine’
 THE SWADESHI
MOVEMENT/ANTI-PARTITION
MOVEMENT-1905
 REASONS
• partition of Bengal
• 1905
• Curzon
• August 7th- ANTI-PARTITION MOVEMENT

• 1905-BENARAS SESSION-GKG-resolution against partition

 MODERATE PHASE
• demonstration
• meetings
• Spread awareness within Bengal
• tried convincing British

Ønot working
 EXTREMISTS GAVE NEW CALLS
1. SWADESHI
2. BOYCOTT-goods

3. PASSIVE RESISTANCE- boycott everything British and MAKE

GOVERNACE IMPOSSIBLE
4. SPREAD OUTSIDE BENGAL-make it all India

qBECAME:SWADESHI MOVEMENT
 OUTSIDE SPREAD
• BOMBAY-Tilak
• MADRAS-Chidambaram Pillai
• PUNJAB-Lajpat Rai and Ajith Singh
• DELHI-Syed Haider Raza
 1906 SESSION
• DBN
• 4 resolutions:
1. Swadeshi
2. Boycott
3. National Education
4. Swaraj/self-govt.
 SOCIAL BASE
• Students
• Traders and merchants
• Women (upper class)
• Hindu-Muslim Unity

Øreal base:Peasants not participated

 FACTS OF SWADESHI
vRabindranath Tagore and Ramendrasundar Trivedi
v Rakshabandhan

vAMAR SONAR BANGLA-Written

vBANDE MATARAM
vSubramania Bharati -Sudesha Geetham-TN

v“Political freedom is the lifebreath of a nation,” declared Aurobindo

 FACTS OF SWADESHI
vSwadesh Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini Kumar Dutta

vSwadeshi Sangam-V.O. Chidambaram Pillai, Subramania Siva -TN

vV.O. Chidambaram Pillai’—Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company—at Tuticorin,

vA National Council of Education 1906,

vthe Bengal National College-
üAurbindo Ghosh as principal
üRasbehari Ghosh as president

vBengal Technical Institute

 END OF SWADESHI
• Extremists could not give positive lead
• Surat split 1907
• British divide and rule and repressive policies
• Tilak was arrested in 1908
• AG went to Pondicherry

qBUT REVOLUTIONARIES TOOK MATTERS INTO HANDS

qANNULED IN 1911 by George V
• The `Swadeshi’ and ‘Boycott’ were adopted as methods of struggle
for the first time during the(2016)

A. agitation against the Partition of Bengal

B. Home Rule Movement

C. Non-Cooperation Movement

D. visit of the Simon Commission to India

• ANSWER: A
• With reference to Swadeshi Movement Consider the following statements:(2019)

1. It contributed to the revival of the indigenous artisan crafts and industries.

2. The national Council of Education was established as a part of Swadeshi Movement

• Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

• Answer:C
• The Partition of Bengal made by Lord Curzon in 1905 lasted until
(2014)

1. the First World War when Indian troops were needed by the British
and the partition was ended.
2. King George V abrogated Curzon’s Act at the Royal Darbar in Delhi
in 1911
3. Gandhiji launched his Civil Disobedience Movement
4. the Partition of India, in 1947 when East Bengal became East
Pakistan
• Solution (b)
 SURAT SPLIT-1907
• Ras Behari Ghosh
• split over:
1. extension of boycott to all spheres
2. spread outside bengal
3. swaraj definition
4. repression-conciliation-suppress by British
• Which one of the following movements has contributed to a split in
the Indian National Congress resulting in the emergence of
‘moderates’ and ‘extremists’?(2015)

A. Swadeshi Movement

B. Quit India Movement

C. Non-Cooperation Movement

D. Civil Disobedience Movement

• ANSWER:A
• What was the main reason for the split in the Indian National
Congress at Surat in 1907?(2016)

A. Introduction of communalism into Indian politics by Lord Minto

B. Extremists’ lack of faith in the capacity of the moderates to
negotiate with the British Government
C. Foundation of Muslim League
D. Aurobindo Ghosh’s inability to be elected as the President of the
Indian National Congress

• ANSWER:B
 THE HOME RULE LEAGUE
• No support by INC
• REASONS:
• 1 ww
• inflation
• loyalty was not paid back-Tilak pledged support
• 1909 act was disappointing
• Annie Besant entry into politics
 OBJECTIVE OF TILAK
• like the Irish Home Rulers, a reform of the administration
• and not an overthrow of the government.

• GAVE HIS FAMOUS slogan

 TWO HOME RULE LEAGUES

q TILAK q ANNIE BESANT

• April 1916 • September 1916
• Hq:POONA • rest of India includng Bombay
city
• first meeting;Belgaum • George Arundale organising
• MH, Karnataka, Berar and secretary.
Central province • B.W. Wadia & C.P. Ramaswamy
Aiyar.
• GS khaparde • S. Subramania Iyer honorary
president
 DEMANDS
• swaraj
• linguistic states
• education in vernacular
 PROGRAMMES
• Meeting
• Demonstarations
• setting up libraries
• Newspaper campaigns(New India and Commonweal of Annie Besant)

qTWO LEAGUES WORKED SEPARATELY DID NOT MERGE

 GOVERNEMENT ACTIONS
• restrictions on Tilak’s entry to certain areas-Defended Tialk’s case by
Jinnah

• Arrested Annie Besant and B.P. Wadia

• led to intense protests
• S.Subramaniyam Aiyer gave up Knighthood
• She was released later
 END OF THE MOVEMENT
• govt repression
• carrot and stick-August 1917 reforms announced
• Annie Besant vacillated about reforms
• Tilak had to go to fight a libel case in London against “INDIAN UNREST”
 HOME RULE LEAGUE
• In 1920, Gandhi accepted the presidentship of the
• All India Home Rule League

• changed name
• Swarajya Sabha.
• In 1920, which of the following changed its name to “Swarajya
Sabha”?(2018)

A. All India Home Rule League

B. Hindu Mahasabha
C. South Indian Liberal Federation
D. The Servants of Indian Society

• Answer: A
 LUCKNOW SESSION-1916
• A.C.MAZUMDAR
• extremists rejoined the INC

• CONGRESS-LEAGUE PACT/LUCKNOW PACT

1. joint representation
2. accepted communal electorate
GANDHIAN PHASE
1919-1927
 SOUTH AFRICA
• 1893-1894

• To unite different sections of Indians- the Natal Indian Congress

• Passive resistance Association

• paper: Indian Opinion(GJ,HINDI,TAMIL,ENGLISH)

• 1903 in Durban
• with the help of :MANSUKHLAL NAZAR
 SOUTH AFRICA
• PHOENIX FARM-1904-NATAL

• TOLSTOY FARM-1910-TRANSVAAL(named by Gandhi’s associate,

Herman Kallenbach)
• Tolstoy book :THE KINGDOM OF GOD WITHIN

• John Ruskin book:UNTO THIS LAST , a critique of capitalism,

 INDIAN NEWSPAPERS
• YOUNG INDIA-est,.by Lajpat Rai-WEEKLY ENGLISH
• (published by MKG from 1919 untill 1931)

• HARIJAN-1933-1948-ENGLISH
• Harijan Bandu in Gujarati, and Harijan Sevak in Hindi.

• NAVJIVAN-HINDI-covered spanish flu in 1919-1920

• BOOKS:
• HIND SWARAJ/INDIAN HOME RULE-1909
• Gujarati
• banned by British as seditious
 ASHRAMS IN INDIA
• SABARMATI ASHRAM-1916-1917-GJ

• SEVAGRAM-1936-MH
 CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA -APRIL 1917
• First CDM-refused to leave the place
• Rajkumar shukla
• 3/20 land
• TINKATHIA system
• forceful Indigo cultivation
• German Dye was replacing-to make more profit
• illegal rents
 CHAMPARAN
• accompanied by:Rajendra prasad, J.B. Kripalani, Brajkishori Prasad
• stayed at :SANT RAUT house-called him:BAPU
• A committe of inquiry-MKG a member
• abolish the system and pay back 25% illegal dues collected
• Champaran Agarian Bill 1918
• MKG est. 3 basic schools in the area
• Which one of the following is a very significant aspect of the
Champaran Satyagraha?(2018)

A. Active all-India participation of lawyers, students and women in the

National Movement
B. Active involvement of Dalit and Tribal communities of India in the
National Movement
C. Joining of peasant unrest to India’s National Movement
D. Drastic decrease in the cultivation of plantation crops and
commercial crops

• Answer: C
 AHMEDABAD MILL STRIKE-MARCH 1918
• First Hunger strike
• against discontinuing plague bonus
• Anusuya Sarabhai requested Gandhiji’s help
• agreed to give bonus by employers
 KHEDA SATYAGRAHA-1918
• First Non-cooperation
• 4 days after Ahmedabad strike
• CHAPPANIA FAMINE
• drought-crops failed
• remission was not given
• instead increased the taxes and seized cattle
• GUJARAT SABHA was organising protest
• Gandhiji asked peasants to withold taxes
• conceded to demand-collect from those who can pay and return
cattle
• Sardar patel and Indulal yagnik became followers
What was the reason for Mahatma Gandhi to organize a satyagraha on behalf of
the peasants of Kheda?(2011)

1.The Administration did not suspend the land revenue collection in spite of a
drought.
2.The Administration proposed to introduce Permanent Settlement in Gujarat.
• Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a.) 1 only
(b.) 2 only
(c.) Both 1 and 2
(d.) Neither 1 nor 2

üANSWER :A
 ROWLATT ACT-1919
• Sidney Rowlatt Committe/Sedition committee
• to deal with revolutionaries
• Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act.

• arrest without warrant

• imprison without trial for two years-at High courts
• possession of seditious newspapers is guilty
• habeus corpus suspended
• no appeal
 SATYAGRAHA SABHA-1919
• MKG
• against the act
• First all India mass movement called by MKG
• disobey the act
• court arrest and imprisonment
• fasting,
• prayers
• tried to utilize the Home Rule league members

qNOW PEOPLE GOT A PLATFORM TO ACT

• The Rowlatt Act aimed at: (2012)

A. compulsory economic support to war efforts

B. imprisonment without trial and summary procedures for trial

C. suppression of the Khilafat Movement

D. imposition of restrictions on freedom of the press

• Solution:B
• With reference to Rowlatt Satyagraha, which of the following statements is/ are correct?(2015)

1. The Rowlatt Act was based on the recommendations of the ‘Sedition Committee’.
2. In Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhiji tried to utilize the Home Rule League.
3. Demonstrations against the arrival of the Simon Commission coincided with Rowlatt Satyagraha.

• Select the correct answer using the code given below.

A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
• ANSWER:B
 JALLIANWALA BAGH-APRIL-13-1919
• protest against the arrest of
• DR.Saifuddin Kitchlew
• DR.Satyapal

• Dyer

• RNT-renounced knighthood
• martial law in PJ
• violence across India
• withdrew satyagraha sabha-18th April
 KHILAFAT NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
• 1920-1922

• BACKGROUND:
• Rowlatt act
• Jallianwala bagh-Morning post raised fund for Dyer
• Martial law in PJ
• Hunter commission-DISORDER INQUIRY COMMITTEE
• no self govt in 1919 act
• WW I inflation
• khilafat
 KHILAFAT ISSUE
• Turkey fought on the side of Germany
• got defeated
• negotiation after the war
• talk of taking away the spiritul and political power of Caliph/Sultan of
Turkey

• to oppose this:KHILAFAT COMMITTEE-1919-Bombay

 NEW YOUNG NATIONALIST LEADERSHIP
• Maulana Azad- ‘Al Hilal’-URDU-1912-weekly
• Mohammad Ali- ‘Comrade’-English weekly
• shaukat Ali
• Hasrat Mohani
• Hakim Ajmal Khan
• Hasa Imam
• MA Ansari
 KHILAFAT PROGRESS
• November 1919
• All India Khilafat Conference-DELHI
• Dr. Hasrat Mohani made a call for boycott of British goods.
• Non-cooperation with the British government.

• 1920 Alliance with Congress

• Gandhi appointed as the President of the All India Khilafat Committee

• TREATY OF SEVRES-MAY 1920-Caliph powers taken away

 NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
• June 1920
• All party conference-ALLAHABAD
• approved NCM

• 1920-31st August-official launch

• INC SPECIAL SESSION-SPETEMBER-LAJPAT RAI

• APPROVED SUPPORT TO NCM
 PROGRAMME OF NCM
• 1ST PHASE:
• boycott
• swadeshi
• gave up titles
• khadi

• 2ND PHASE:
• CDM
 MAJOR EVENTS
• 1920-NAGPUR -VIJAYARAGHAVACHARIYAR
• constitution changed
• from constitutional methods to
• extra-constitutional and peaceful methdods
• provincial INC committees
 SNB
• had come out of the INC
• over 1919 act acceptance
• Indian Liberal federation party
 NCM
• National Education:
• Subhash Bose ( principal of National College at Calcutta)
• Jamia Millia at Aligarh,
• Kashi Vidyapeeth,
• Gujarat Vidyapeeth,
• Bihar Vidyapeeth.
 NCM
• Tilak Swaraj Fund
• 1cr
 NCM
• Congress volunteer corps
• emerged as the parallel police

• Picketing of liquor shops

 NCM
• JULY 1921
• Ali brothers asked
• Muslim soldiers to resign

• Gamdhiji asked similar resolution from INC

 NCM
• NO-TAX CAMPAIGNS
• Midnapore and Guntur

• tea workers strike:Assam

• Steam workers strike: Bengal-J.M.Sen Gupta

• November 1921, the visit of the Prince of Wales

• to India invited strikes and demonstrations
 NCM :LOCAL LEVEL
• Awadh Kisan Movement (UP),
• Eka Movement(UP),
• Mappila Revolt (Malabar),
• Sikh agitation for the removal of corrupt Mahants
 SOCIAL BASE
• Students
• lawyers
• women
• peasants
• Business class
• Hindu Muslim unity at peak
 GOVERNMENT RESPONSE
• Talks between Gandhi and Reading,
• broke down
• May 1921
• tried to divide Hindu -Muslim asking
• MKG to control ALi brothers speeches
• Gandhi was too smart
 BRITISH RESPONSE
• repression
• Declared Inc and Volunteer groups as illegal
• arrest leaders except Gandhi
• ban press and meetings
 LAST PHASE OF NCM
• AHEMDABAD -1921
• -C.R DAS (acting pres.:Hakim Ajmal Khan)
• asked MKG to decide on CDM
 MKG DECIDED ON CDM
• On February 1, 1922,
• threatened to launch CDM
• Bardoli (Gujarat)
• if
1. political prisoners were not released,
2. press controls were not removed.
 CHAURI-CHAURA-UP
• 5 Feb-1922
• police assault on Picketers of liquor shops
• attacked police station and burnt

• led to violence
qWITHDREW
qCongress Working Committee met at Bardoli -12 FEB
q resolved to stop all activity
qFocus on constructive activity
 MKG
• arrested for 6 years
 INC LEADERS SPLIT

q NO-CHANGERS q PRO-CHANGERS
• C. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai • Swarajists
Patel, • C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, and
Ajmal Khan
• Rajendra Prasad, and M.A.
• end to the boycott of legislative
Ansari councils
• continue Boycott and NCM • enter them to expose the
without a formal movement colonialism
• constructive work • constructive work
simultaneously
 GAYA SESSION-1922-C.R.DAS
• PRO-CHANGERS proposal defeated
• C.R DAS and M.L.NEHRU
• resigned from INC posts

• Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party(‘group’ within the INC)

• CRD president
• MLN-sy.
• N.C.KELKAR
• Srinivasa Iyenger
 ACHIEVEMENTS OF SWARAJISTS
• 42 / 104 seats
• to the Central Legislature -1923.
• Vithalbhai Patel became speaker of the CLA -1925.

• WEAKENED AFTER THE DEATH OF CRD

• MLN came back to INC 1926
• merged with INC 1935
REVOLUTIONARIES
 FIRST PHASE-1896-1917
• Individual heroic action
• cult of Bomb and assasination
 REVOLUTIONARY NEWSPAPERS
• YUGANTAR/JUGANTAR-Bengali • BANDEMATARAM-ENG
üBhupendranath Dutta üA.GHOSH
üBarinda Ghosh
üDebabratha Basu
üAbhinash Bhattacharya • KAL-MH-MARATHI
üSivaram Paranjpe
• SANDHYA ühe also:BHARATAVARSH-
üBrahmabandheb Upadhyay magzine
 OGANISED INTO SAMITHIS/SECRET
• ANUSHILAN SAMITHI • it had two arms
üPramotha Mitra 1. CALCUTTA-JUGANTAR GROUP
üas a fitness Club üJatindranath Banerjee,
üSatishchandra Basu üBarindra Kumar Ghosh,
üSarala Devi
2. DACCA ANUSHILAN SAMITHI
üA.Ghosh
üPulin Das
üIn 1908, Barrah dacoity by this
üAfter 1947: it became RSP gorup
 ACTIVITIES
• 1897
• Chapekar Brothers-pune
• Plague commissioner-w.c.Rand and Lt.Ayerst
• Damodar Hari
• Balkrishna Hari
• Vasudev Hari
• Mahadev Ranade
üTRIED AND HANGED
 APRIL 1908
• Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose
• bomb at a carriage
• supposed to be carrying
• sadistic white judge, Kingsford, in Muzaffarpur(BH).
• (LASHES FOR SUSHIL SEN 15 YEAR KID)

• Unfortunately, two British ladies KILLED

• Prafulla Chaki shot himself & Khudiram Bose hanged.

üTilak defended both of them in KESARI-arrested

 POST
• Aurobindo and Barindra,
• tried in the Alipore/Manicktolla conspiracy case
• Defended by:C.R.DAS
 1912
• attempt on Hardinge
• occassion of transferring capital to Delhi
• Ras Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal
• Basant Kumar Biswas-threw the bomb-hanged

üDELHI CONSPIRACY CASE

 GERMAN PLOT/ZIMMERMAN PLAN
• Bagha jatin
• to organise a insurrection
• with German arm support
• During I WW

• police discovered and arrested and killed

 ABROAD REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES
• Shyamji Krishnavarma
• London
• 1905
• an Indian Home Rule Society—‘India House’—
• centre for Indian students
• scholarship scheme to bring radical youth from India,
• a journal -The Indian Sociologist.
 MADAN LAL DINGHRA
• assasinated Curzon-Wylie
• advisor to S.O.S
• London
 BHIKAJI CAMA
• Paris
• Bhande Mataram AND Madan's Talwar-journal
• helped in founding India House

• unfurled the first version of flag of independent India

• on August 21, 1907,
• at International Socialist Conference -Stuttgart- Germany.

üS. R. Rana and Munchershah Burjorji Godrej—she co-founded the

Paris Indian Society
 VIRENDRANATH CHATTOPADHYAYA
• Berlin
• committee of Indian Independence
• brother of Sarojini naidu
• joined German Communist party

üexecuted by stalin in 1937-soviet union

 THE GHADR PARTY-1913
• means:REVOLT in PJ/URDU
• NP:The Ghadr
• San Fransisco

• EX-soldiers and Peasants of PJ

• supported Germany in I WW
• led to Hindu-German conspiracy trial in SAN FRANSISCO-1917
 PRE-GHADR ACTIVITIES
• ‘Swadesh Sevak Home’
• at Vancouver
• G.D.KUMAR

• ‘United India House’

• at Seattle.
• G.D.KUMAR
• TARAKNATH DAS
 PROGRAMME OF GHADR
• assasination
• revolt in all British colonies
• anti-imperialist literature
 LEADERS
• Lala Hardayal
• Ramchandra
• Bhagwan Singh
• Kartar Sing Saraba
• Barkatullah
• Bhai Paramanand
 KOMAGTA MARU INCIDENT
• singapore to Vancouver-Panjabis
• calcutta -1914-Budge- Budge
• 22 killed

• anger
• I WW

• To fight for the rights of the passengers

• Shore committee wasformed.
• Lead by Husain Rahim, Sohanlal Pathak and Balwant Singh
 REVOLT DAY
• 1915-FEB.21-DAY OF REVOLT-
• LAHORE AND RAWALPINDI

• RAS BEHARI BOSE(Japan)

• SACHIN SANYAL(life trem)

• Treason

üBROUGHT DEFENCE OF INDIA ACT 1915

• The Ghadr (Ghadar) was a : (2014)

A. Revolutionary association of Indians with headquarters at San

Francisco.
B. nationalist organization operating from Singapore
C. militant organization with headquarters at Berlin
D. communist movement for India’s freedom with head-quarters at
Tashkent
• Solution (a)
• . Consider the following freedom fighters:(2022)

1. Barindra Kumar Ghosh

2. Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee
3. Rash Behari Bose

• Who of the above was/were actively associated with the Ghadar Party?

A. 1 and 2
B. 2 only
C. 1 and 3
D. 3 only

• Correct Option: (d)

 II PHASE OF REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES
• 1920s and 1930s
• Hindustan Republican Association/Army or HRA
• (later HSRA).
• October 1924
• Kanpur
• Ramprasad Bismil,
• Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee,
• Sachin Sanyal
• Ashfaqulla Khan,
• Sachindra Nath Bakshi
 KAKORI CONSPIRACY
• train robbery
• 1925
• passenger was killed
• Ashfaqullah Khan
• Ram Prasad Bismil
• Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri
• all hanged
 HSRA
• 1928-DELHI
• Bhagath singh influence
• Chandra shekar Azad
• Sukhdev
• Rajguru
• manifesto titled
• Philosophy of the Bomb
• written by Bhagwati Charan Vohra.
 SAUNDERS MURDER CASE/LAHORE CONSPIRACY
CASE
• James Scott-laticharge-LAJPAT RAI
• 1928
 BOMBING CLA
• April 1929
• Bhagath Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt

• aimed at curtailing civil liberties of citizens and workers

• leaflet titled "To Make the Deaf Hear"

 PUNJAB NAUJAWAN BHARATH SABHA
• 1926
• Bhagath Singh
• to promote toleration
• social service
 BENGAL REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES
• Chittagong Armoury Raid
• April 1930
• surya sen
• group action
• he was hanged in 1934
 WOMEN REVOLUTIONARIES
• Pritilata Waddedar-died conducting a raid
• Kalpana Dutt -life sentence

• Bina Das
• fired at the governor during convocation -February 1932.
GANDHIAN PHASE-1927-
1947
 THE SIMON COMMISSION-NOV.1927
• Indian Statutory Commission
• 7 members-All were British.
• Chairman- Sir John Simon assisted by Clement Attlee.
• Aim- to enquire into the working of the Government of India under
the Act of 1919 and suggest fresh reforms.
• It was also called "White Commission."
• The people of India agitated against the arrival of Simon Commission because: (2013)

A. Indians never wanted the review of the working of the Act of 1919

B. Simon Commission recommended the abolition of Dyarchy (Diarchy) in the Provinces

C. there was no Indian member in the Simon Commission

D. the Simon Commission suggested the partition of the country

• Solution (c)
 RESPONSE OF INDIANS
• INC decided to boycott the commission
• Madras Congress Session- Dr. Ansari-1927.
• SNAP RESOLUTION ON COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE BY JLN
• Adopted Delhi proposals

• Birkenhead challenges Indians

 ALL PARTIES CONFERENCE
• FEB. 1928-DELHI
• M.A.ANSARI
• to evolve an alternate constitution
• sub-committee -MAY 1928-Motilal Nehru-
 JINNAH DELHI PROPOSALS
• DEC. 1927
• proposed joint electorate instead of separate OR
• reservation for muslims in councils
• 1/3 in CLA
• Representation to muslims inPJ n BENGAL acc. population

üto be included future constitution

vopposed by HMS
vNehru committee was in Dilemma
 NEHRU COMMITTEE 1928
• members:
• Ali Imam
• Tej Bahadur Sapru
• Mangal Singh
• M S Aney
• Subhas Chandra Bose
• Shuaib Qureshi
• G R Pradhan
• Jawaharlal Nehru as the Secretary.
 NEHRU REPORT AUGUST 1928
• Unitary govt.
• FR
• Bicameralism
• Reservation instead of SE
• linguistic provinces
• Heirarchy of courts
• Dominion status
• With reference to the period of Indian freedom struggle, which of the following
was/were recommended by the Nehru report?(2011)

1. Complete Independence for India.

2. Joint electorates for reservation of seats for minorities.
3. Provision of fundamental rights for the people of India in the Constitution.
• Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

üSOLUTION: B
 ALL PARTIES CONFERENCE-AUGUST 1928
• Chair: MLN
• adopted the Nehru report

qTWO PERSONS WERE UNHAPPY

 INDEPENDENCE FOR INDIA LEAGUE
• JLN
• SCB
• wanted poorna swaraj
• not dominion status
• President :Srinivasa Iyengar
• JLN n SCB were joint secretaries

qAPRIL 1928(before the report)

 ALL PARTY CONFERENCE -DEC.1928-CALCUTTA

• to discuss
• failed to pass The NEHRU REPORT
• due to communal differences
 CALCUTTA SESSION 1928
• MLN
• MKG attended the session
• asked for Dominion status and accept Nehru report
• if nor would launch mass movemnet
 JINNAH 14 POINTS-MARCH-1929
• SEPARATE ELECTORATE
• Cabinet at the centre -1/3 muslims
• muslim majority should retained in PJ,NWFP AND BENGAL(no
territirial alteration)

qJLN called them:RIDICULOUS 14 POINTS

 DEEPAVALI DECLARATION
• Nov. 1929(oct. 31st)
• Irwin
• will facilitate DOMINION STATUS in future(NO TIMELINE)

qWelcomed the declaration

 DELHI MANIFESTO
• 2nd Nov. 1929
• by Nationalist leaders
1. Formulate plan to implement Dominion status
2. In RTC -INC should have majority

qIRWIN REJECTED -DEC -1929

qled to Poorna swaraj
 LAHORE SESSION -1929-DEC.
• JLN
1.tricolour hoisted
2.first independence day will be celebrated ON LAST SUNDAY OF
JANUARY
• (happened to be 26th jan 1930)
3.announce launch of CDM

• asked MKG to lead the movement

• The 1929 Session of Indian, National Congress is of significance in the
history of the Freedom Movement because the
(2014)

A. attainment of Self-Government was declared as the objective of the

Congress
B. attainment of Poorna Swaraj Was adopted as the goal of the
Congress
C. Non-Cooperation Movement was launched
D. decision to participate in the Round Table Conference in London
was taken
• Solution (b)
 SIMON REPORT
• A report was published on 7th Jun 1930.
• It recommended abolition of Dyarchy
• responsible government in the provinces.
 CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
• Gandhiji put 11 demands-Jan.1930
1. Reduce LR
2. Reduce salaries
3. protect Industries with tarriffs
4. CID reforms
5. reduce Rupee-pound/sterling ration
6. abolish salt tax

qrejected bY IRWIN-JAN.31
 DANDI MARCH
• 12th MARCH-6th APRIL-1930
• Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi
 PROGRAMMES
• Wilful violation of laws(Tax,forest,salt)
• boycott everything british
• swadeshi
• asked women to play role
 EVENTS
qC.RAJAGOPALCHARI
• Tanjore coast
• Trichinapoly to Vedaranyam

qK.KELAPPAN
• Calicut(Kozhikode) to payannur
• Malabar coast

qSylhet to Naukhali-Assam-volunteers
• Who of the following organized a march on the Tanjore coast to
break the Salt Law in April 1930?(2015)

A. V. O. Chidambaram Pillai

B. C. Rajagopalachari

C. K. Kamaraj

D. Annie Besant
• ANSWER: B
 EVENTS
• KA-MH
• forest laws were violated
 EVENTS
• Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
• Red shirts movement/Khudai kitmatgars(servants of God)
• non-violently mobilized
• to oppose the British -NWFP.
• The main goal :
• Indian independence
• Social reform of the Pashtuns.
 EVENTS
• Dharasana Raid: May 1930(MKG wanted to but arrested)
• GJ
• non-violent raid
• led by: Abbas Tyabji,Kasturba Gandhi - both arrested
• later :Sarojini Naidu, Abul kalam azad

qworldwide attention due to police brutality-2 died

qWeb Miller, USA journalist
 EVENTS
• SANIKATTA SALT RAID
• KARNATAKA

• Orissa: Gopal Bandhu Chaudhuri

• organized in Balasore, Cuttack-salt satyagraha
 EVENTS
• Peshwar army regiment
• refused to shoot at unarmed people
 EVENTS
• ANTI-CHOWKIDAR Tax
• BH and BENGAL
 EVENTS
• SHOLAPUR
• MH
• textiles workers attacked govt. symbols
• ran parallel govt.
 EVENTS
• FLAG SATYAGRAHA
• hoisting flags

• Tota Narasaiah Naidu-AP

• P.Krishna Pillai-KL
 EVENTS
• Manipur and Nagaland:
• Rani gaidinliu
• at age of 13 years
• revolted agaisnt British
• joined Heraka movement(spiritual and political)
• arrested 1932
• in jail untill 1947
• JLN met her promised to free and wrote to british MPs
• gave her title ‘RANI’
 EVENTS
• vanar senas,
• manjari senas

• wearing khadi, hoisting flags

 EVENTS
• PRABHAT PHERI
• Prabhat-Dawn
• Pheri-Procession

• BY:WOMEN AND MEN

• at local levels
 EVENTS
• CUNNINGHAM CIRCULAR
• prohibited students from participating in political activities
• agitation against it.
 FIRST RTC
• 1930-NOV.
• chair:RAMSAY McDonald
• INC boycotted
 GOVERNMENT RESPONSE
• Jan.1931
• MKG released
• talks started
 GANDHI-IRWIN PACT/DELHI PACT
• MARCH 1931
1. suspend CDM
2. PARTICIPATE IN RTC II
3. right to make salt
4. release non-violent PP
5. return seized materials
6. withdrwal of draconian ordinaces

qFirst time as equals

• The Gandhi-Irwin pact included which of the following?(2020)

1. Invitation of Congress to participate in the Round Table Conference

2. Withdrwal of Ordinances promulgated in connection with the Civil
Disobedience Movement
3. Acceptance of Gandhiji’s suggestion for enquiry into police excesses
4. Release of only those prisoners who were not charged with violence

• Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 only
B. 1,2 and 4 only
C. 3 only
D. 2,3 and 4 only

• Ans) B
 KARACHI SESSION
• March 1931
• SVP
• to ratify Delhi pact
• resolutions:
• Fundamental rights
• Economic programme
 SECOND RTC
• sept-nov-1931
• failed
• due to hard stand of BG
• communal forces were majority in session
 JANUARY 1932
• MKG returned
• relaunched
• WILLINGDON-new viceroy
• pre emptive arrests and Martial law

• Finally withdrawn in 1934 april

 THIRD RTC
• boycotted by INC
• nov-1932

qWHITE PAPER PUBLISHED-1933

• including SIMON REPORT-RTC discussions
• led to 1935act
 COMMUNAL AWARD-1932
• Ramsay Mcdonald
• separate electorate for Dalits/Depressed classes

• Gandhiji fast unto death in jail

 POONA PACT-1932
• Bhabasaheb B.R.Ambedkar and MKG
• reservation instead of SE
• Mahatma Gandhi undertook fast unto death in 1932, mainly
because(2012)

A. Round Table Conference failed to satisfy Indian political aspirations

B. Congress and Muslim League had differences of opinion
C. Ramsay Macdonald announced the Communal Award
D. None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct in this
context

• ANSWER:C
 INC SESSIONS
• APRI 1936-JLN-LUCKNOW-SOCIALISM GOAL

• DEC.1936-FAIZPUR-VILLAGE

• 1938-HARIPURA(GJ)-NPC-chair:JLN

• 1939-TRIPURI(MP)-BOSE vs PATTABHI SITARAMAIAH

• RAJENDRA PRASAD TOOK OVER
 1936-37 ELECTIONS
• INC won in most of provinces
• formed govt. for the first time in provinces- ‘CONGRESS MINISTRIES’
• taste of power

qAll Resigned 1939 -

qjoined India in II WW without consultation-Linlithgow
• The Congress ministries resigned in the seven provinces in 1939,
because(2012)

• (a) the Congress could not form ministries in the other four provinces
• (b) emergence of a left wing' in the Congress made the working of the
ministries impossible
• (c) there were widespread communal disturbances in their provinces
• (d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct
üANSWER :D
 INC STAND
• will support agaisnt FASCISM

• if
• Complete Independence after war
• interim govt. during war
 AUGUST OFFER- 1940
1. Expand Executive council
2. Dominion status
3. Constituent assembly after war
4. war advisory council
5. minorities rights will be safegurded in new constitution

qREJECTED BY INC
q “dead as door nail”-JLN
 LIMITED SATYAGRAHA/INDIVIDUAL SATYAGRAHA
• against August offer
• oct.1940
• selected individuals and selecte locality
• chance for govt. to accept demand ,if not MASS ACTION

• progamme:
• sought independence
• the right to free expression.
• Satyagrahi's demand
• was to use freedom of speech to oppose the war

qDILLI CHALO MOVEMENT -March towards Delhi by satyagrahis

 WHO PARTICIPATED..?
• first :Vinobha Bhave
• second:JLN
 MARCH 1942
• Japan victory
• USA pressure-TO GET INDIANS SUPPORT

• SO CRIPPS MISSION:
• Stafford Cripps
• Lord Privy Seal
• other members of House of commons
 CRIPPS PROPOSALS
1. Dominion status
2. constituent assembly after war
3. with nominated members from princely states and elected from
provincial concils
4. defence under British/Viceroy
5. If any of the provinces do not agree to constitution ,CAN FORM
SEPARATE agreement with British

qRejcetd by MKG
• The plan of Sir Stafford Cripps envisaged that after the Second World
War(2016)

A. India should be granted complete independence

B. India should be partitioned into two before granting independence
C. India should be made a republic with the condition that she will join
the Commonwealth
D. India should be given Dominion status

• ANSWER:D
• With reference to the proposals of Cripps Mission, consider the following statements:(2022)

1. The Constituent Assembly would have members nominated by the Provincial

Assemblies as well as the Princely States.
2. Any Province, which is not prepared to accept the new Constitution would have the
right to sign a separate agreement with Britain regarding its future status.

• Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

• Correct Option: (b)

 WARDHA RESOLUTION-JULY 1942
• Bombay
• QUIT INDIA resolution
• Quit India Movement was launched in response to: (2013)

A. Cabinet Mission Plan

B. Cripps Proposals

C. Simon Commission Report

D. Wavell Plan

• Solution (b)
 8 AUGUST 1942
• Met at Gowalia Tank maidan
• approved Q.I. RESOLUTION
• ‘DO or DIE’

qAIML:DIVIDE AND QUIT

qMARCH 1940-LAHORE-PAKISTAN
• With reference to 8th August, 1942 in Indian history, which one of the
following statements is correct?(2021)

A. The Quit India Resolution was adopted by the AICC.

B. The Viceroy's Executive Council was expanded to include more
Indians.
C. The Congress ministries resigned in seven provinces.
D. Cripps proposed an Indian Union with full Dominion Status once the
Second World War was over

• ANSWER:A
 QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT
• all leaders were arrested
• leaderless

• spntaneous response
• led to violence
 EVENTS
• attack and vandalise
• govt. officers and symbols
• cut telegraph
• destroy railways and bridges
• killing officers and europeans

• forcibly hoisting Flag

 VIOLENCE MEETS VIOLENCE
• Severe repression
• firing and machine guns used

qSO LOST VIGOUR

qTHEREFORE,UNDERGROUND MOVEMENT
qmass participation not possible
 UNDERGROUND MOVEMENT
• Achyut Patwardhan
• Aruna Asaf Ali
• Ram Manohar Lohia
• Sucheta Kriplani
• J.P. Narayan
• Usha Mehta-ran congress radio -bombay
• With reference to Indian freedom struggle, Usha Mehta is well-known for:
(2011)

A. Running the secret Congress Radio in the wake of Quit India Movement

B. Participating in the Second Round Table Conference

C. Leading a contingent of Indian National Army

D. Assisting in the formation of Interim Government under Pandit Jawaharlal

Nehru

üSOLUTION: A
 ACTIVITIES OF UG MOVEMENT
• disrupt communication
• blow bridges
• derail trains
• attack officials
 1943
• 3 Members of Viceroy executive council resigned
• asking release of MKG release who was fasting
• H.P. Modi, N.R. Sarkar and M.S. Aney
 OTHERS FEATURES
• Parallel govts

• BALLIA-UP-CHITTU PANDE

• TAMLUK-BENGAL-Called:JATIYA SARKAR

• SATARA-MH-Y.B.CHAVAN & NANA PATIL-Called:PRATI SARKAR

 RELEASE OF LEADERS
• by 1944 and 1945
• as war was nearing
• for transfer of power negotiation
POST WAR NATIONAL
UPSURGE
 PRELUDE TO INA
• In 1942
• a conference of Indians
• Tokyo,
• formed the Indian Independence league(IIL)

• This was followed by

• conference in Bangkok -June 1942)
• Rashbehari Bose -elected president -IIL
• decision to raise the Indian National Army
 INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY
• AZAD HIND FAUZ-Free India Army
• septmeber 1942
• collaboration of Indian soldiers, expatriates, Prisoners of war
• help from Japan
• Mohan Singh as the commander

• revived by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose on October 21, 1943

• HQ:Rangoon- January 1944

• the army recruits were to march from there with the war cry “Chalo Delhi”
 REGIMENTS NAME
• Gandhi, Nehru, Maulana Azad, subhash
• Rani Jhnasi-WOMEN regiment
 PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
• October, 21, 1943
• formed the Provisional Government for Free India
• at Singapore
• H.C. Chatterjee -Finance
• M.A. Aiyar -Broadcasting
• Lakshmi Swaminathan -Women Department
 SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE
• organised protest in Calcutta

• house arrest by British 1940

• Jan.1941-Escaped-Afghan-Soviet Union

• Berlin-April-1941
• broadcasting on the German-sponsored Azad Hind Radio.

• founded the Free India Center in Berlin, and created the Indian Legion-NETAJI
 SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE
• Feb. 1943 left for Japan

• Japanese gave him A &N-est. govt.

• On 6 July 1944, in a speech -SINGAPORE-FATHER OF THE NATION

• died:18th August 1945-Taiwan

 INA TRIALS
• japan got defeated

• Ina soldiers captured

• brought to India as traitors

 INA TRIALS-NOV.1945-MAY 1946
• Red fort trials

• joint trial of

1. Shah Nawaz Khan,

2. Prem Sahgal
3. Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon
 INC DEFENCE COMMITTEE

• defence and relief for troops

1. Bhulabhai Desai
2. Asaf Ali
3. Sharat Chandra bose
4. Tej Bahadur Sapru
5. Kailash Nath Katju.

qreleased all of them owing to public presure

• In the context of Colonial India, Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar
Sehgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon are remembered as:(2021)

A. leaders of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement

B. members of the Interim Government in 1946
C. members of the Drafting Committee in the Constituent Assembly
D. officers of the Indian National Army

• ANSWER:D
 RIN AND RAF MUTINY
• RIN:
• Bombay 1946
• demands:
• better food
• discrimination with whites

• nationalism and INA trials inspired

• strike committe:
• M.S.KHAN(pres.) & MADAN SINGH(vice-pres.)
 RIN MUTINY
• turned into open revolt
• spread to vizag,Madras. etc

• RAF AND GURKHAS REFUSED TO SHOOT

• Sardar Patel intervened and asked them to surrender

• cuz: POWER TRANSFER NEOGOTIATION GOING ON

qRAF MUTINY-JAN.1946-PAY,RATIONS-KARACHI BEGAN

TRANSFER OF POWER AND
INC VS AIML
 C RAJAGOPALCHARI FORMULA
• March 1944
• to bring the cooperation
• Plebicite will decide two states
• only after full transference of power
 DESAI-LIAQUAT PACT
• jAN.1945
• formation Interim Government at the Centre,
• consisting of an equal number of persons nominated by INC AND
AIML in central legislature
 WAVELL PLAN -1945/BREAKDOWN PLAN
• Executive council full Indians
• except viceroy and C-I-C
• DEFENCE UNDER BRITISH rest under Indians

• Encouraged divison again:

• Executive council 14 members
• Muslims can select 6 of them
• who constituted less than 25% of pop.

qOBJECTED BY INC
 SHIMLA CONFERENCE 1945
• to discuss Wavell plan
• Jinnah demanded INC cannot nominate any muslims
• to Executive council

ØObstinate attitude of Jinnah

ØINC claimed AIML not the only represenatative of Islam
ØDeadlock
 CABINET MISSION-1946
• A.V.Alexander
• Pethick lawrence
• Stafford Cripps

• REC.:
1. rejected Divison
2. interim govt.
3. Constituent assembly
4. Federation
• With reference to the cabinet mission,which of the following
statements is/are correct(2015)

1. It recommended a federal government

2. It enlarged the powers of Indian courts
3. It provided for more Indians in ICS
• select the answer using the code given below

A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 3
D. none

• answer:A
 DIRECT ACTION DAY
• 16 AUGUST
• 1946
• to get pakistan

• led to communal riots

 ATLEE ANNOUNCEMENT
• Feb. 1947
• will leave India
• by June 1948

• appointed Mountbatte
 MOUNTBATTEN PLAN
• 3 -June 1947

• power would be transferred to two unions

• INDIA AND PAKISTAN
• on 15- AUGUST -1947

• set up a boundary commission

• Radcliff committe
• The Radcliffe Committee was appointed to
(2014)

A. solve the problem of minorities in India

B. give effect to the Independence Bill
C. delimit the boundaries between India and Pakistan
D. enquire into the riots in East Bengal
• Solution (c)
 MISCELLANEOUS FACTS
• COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIA
• Tashkent
• 1920
• M.N.ROY-first to propose CA-1934
• ABANI MUKHARJEE
• MOHAMMAD ALI
• MOHAMMD SHAFIQ
 LEFTISTS
• M.N ROY
• journals:
• Vanguard of Indian Independence-Berlin
• India in transition

• 1923-S.A.DANGE-English weekly:SOCIALIST -Bombay

 ALL INDIA COMMUNIST CONFERENCE
• 1925
• Kanpur
• Singaravelu-president
• Hasrat Mohani
• Satyabhaktha
 CONGRESS SOCIALIST PARTY
• Within INC
• Jayaprakash Narayan
• Acharya Narendra Dev

• Difference between Communists and socialists

• CSP:allegiance to INC
• Communists:Allegiance to COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL
 CASES AGAINST LEFTISTS
• Peshawar conspiracy case-1922-23
• Kanpur Bolshevik conspiracy case-1924
ØMuzaffar Ahmed
ØS.A.Dange
ØShaukat Usmani
ØNalini Gupta
• Meerut conspiracy case-1929
POST INDEPNDENCE
 BHOODAN
• Vinoba Bhave
• 1951
• Pochampally, Telangana.
• 1954, he started the Gramdan movement
• Roman Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership in 1958.
• 1983, he received the Bharat Ratna posthumously.
 CURRENT AFFAIRS
• Rudreswara Temple, (also known as the Ramappa Temple)
• Telangana
• 39th UN WHS
• 1213 AD
• Kakatiya Empire by
• Recherla Rudra,
• a general of Kakatiya king Ganapati Deva.
• Ramalingeswara Swamy-chief diety
• Ramappa-Sculptor
 FEATURES
• star-shaped platform
• red sandstone
• gopuram with Bricks

• sandbox technique:(cushion during EQ)

• pit is dug for foundation-filled with
• sand-lime, jaggery (for binding) and karakkaya (black myrobalan
fruit) before the buildings were constructed on these ‘sandboxes’.
 Shri Mahakal Lok Corridor
• 3rd Jyotirlinga site for development after
• Vishwanath temple - Varanasi
• Kedarnath - Uttarakhand

• mythology: :
• constructed by Lord Brahma
• located alongside river Kshipra
 FEATURES
• Only Jyotirlinga Facing South (others EAST)
• Meghaduta of Kalidasa mentions
• According to the Puranas, Lord Shiva pierced the world as an endless
pillar of light, called the jyotirlinga.

• Iltumish -13th century-destroyed parts of it during UJJAIN RAID

 Ghasidas - 1756 – 1850
• part of Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve after him,
• that is Guru Ghasidas National Park

• established Satnami community (similar to Sikkhism)

• Malwa
• based on "Satnam" (meaning "Truth") and equality
• created a symbol of truth called "jaitkhambh”-WHITE PAINTED PILLAR
WITH WHITE FLAG

• Guru Balakdas-SON-carried his teachings

 TIRUPATI MEGALITHIC BURIAL SITE
• at Mallayyagaripalle
• structure locally referred to as
• ‘Pandava Gullu’ or ‘Pandavula Banda’
• in memory of the Pandavas,
9650336577