SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 2 - Module 2: Animal
Reproduction
(Week 3)
Earth and Life Science – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2-Module 2: Animal Reproduction
First Edition, 2020

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Development Team of the Module

Author/s: Rafael Silagan
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Schools Division Superintendent

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 Senior
Senior High
High School
School

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Animal
Reproduction
(Week 3)

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Introductory Message
The study of life in general is vast and complex. Science as a general
body of knowledge has been doing its best to continually uncover secrets
and themes to make understanding life better and easier. From the ancient
notion anything that moves is alive, life has now properties that make it
easier to identify living from the non-living. Aside from the properties,
themes were developed. These themes help to understand life and what
binds it from those that exhibit it.

This module will introduce you to various topics under the unifying
reproduction (as a property of life) of representative animals. This module
will give you a glimpse of the ties that bind in the study of biology and life in
general. This will be facilitated through various scientific evidences that has
been gathered throughout the years. You will be able to understand just
how connected organisms are in the grand scheme of things. You will also
understand the miracle that is reproduction. That reproduction goes beyond
just having a heterosexual partner because nature provides for different
mechanisms for an organism to propagate.

The affective part of this module will let you reflect on the concept of
unity amidst diversity that our uniqueness has been just an outward
expression of the things that we are similar to. This will allow you to
appreciate other forms of life in general. This module will also permit you to
develop a deep sense of wonder, and perhaps of gratitude for being alive.
Both lessons contained in this module will let you, if you allow it, develop
the inkling how precious and miraculous life is.

You will be guided with symbols (icons) used as you go about in the
completion of this module. Lastly, this module contains varied activities that
will not only help you validate your learning of the lessons contained in this
module but, it will also help you as an impressionable senior high learner
develop or make informed choices in the preservation of life in general.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

1. Animal Reproduction
2. Methods of Fertilization

How to Learn from this Module

To accomplish the above-mentioned objectives, you are to maximize the
use of this module by performing the following:
 Provide enough time for the reading of the lessons with
understanding.
 Follow diligently the instructions provided for each of the activities
and or exercises.
 Answer all tests, exercises, and activities contained in this module.
Icons of this Module
This module has the following parts with their corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correctly, you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to strengthen your understanding
and skills of the topic. You may check the
answers in the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or open-ended

statements to be filled in to process what
you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also develops
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.
 What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

 Describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce.

(S11/12LT-IIej- 15)

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to demonstrate

understanding of the four main concepts under animal reproduction:

1. Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

2. Mechanisms of Fertilization

What I Know

Multiple Choices: Read the sentences or questions carefully. Choose the letter of
the correct answer.

1. Which of the following animals undergo asexual reproduction?

a. Cat c. Rat
b. Dog d. Starfish
2. Which of the following is an example of hermaphroditism?
a. Earthworm c. Frog
b. Eel d. Starfish
3. What asexual reproduction is involved in starfish?
a. Budding c. Fragmentation
b. Binary Fission d. Parthenogenesis
4. Which of the following reproduction is a sexual type?
a. Budding
b. Binary fission
c. Hermaphroditism
d. Parthenogenesis
5. Which of the following organisms undergo budding reproduction?
a. Aphids c. Hydra
b. Frog d. All of the above
6. All of the following are undergo asexual reproduction EXCEPT ______.
a. Aphids c. Hydra
b. Frog d. Sea stars
 7. What is the best description of sexual reproduction?
a. The combination of gametes.
b. A female’s egg develops into new organism without being fertilized by
a sperm cell.
c. An offspring grows directly out of the body of the parent.
d. All of the above
8. Aphids undergo on this type of reproduction.
a. Binary fission c. Fragmentation
b. Budding d. Parthenogenesis
9. What is common on the following organisms: Humans, Cats & Pig?
a. They undergo the budding process
b. They are all hermaphrodites
c. They undergo fragmentation
d. They undergo sexual reproduction
10. An oyster is considered as _____________.
a. Protogynous hermaphroditism
b. Protrandrous hermaphroditism
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b

Identification: Classify the following organism according the methods of

fertilization. Choose from the word in the box for your answer.

Viviparous Oviparous Ovoviviparous

1. Pig
2. Sharks
3. Duck
4. Snake
5. Bears
Lesson
Types of Animal Reproduction
1

What’s In

We are products of billions of years’ worth of evolution, and we know this

much thanks to reproduction. Through reproduction, nature has selected
organisms that have a gene pool that is capable of surviving and thriving.
Animals have both adapted and evolved to better fit their environments
thanks to variation.
While us, humans, have goals
in life some animals were born to
reproduce and die immediately
after. So now you ask, why is
reproducing offspring so important
to animals? This is one of question
that we will be answering into
later, on this module. In this
lesson, we will understand key
concepts about the complexities of
reproduction in animals and synthesize our learning at the end. Lastly, this
lesson will also allow you to appreciate the true importance of why a
continuity of a species is important.
According to the UN, there are about 360,000 babies born every day
in the world. Reproduction is one of the key survivals of a species – it is a
way to continue life. A male and a female organism will mate and produce
an offspring. These parent organisms will then pass on genetic information
to their offspring, and in time, their offspring will pass their own genetic
information as well.

What’s New

Activity: Guess the Riddle! Read the riddles below and try to answer it.
1. I am twelve letters word. They need me to produce many species.
Without me the world is empty. Who am i?
 2. I am two-word words. My first word is six letters and my second word
is twelve letters. You need a partner to produce the others. Without a
mate you cannot create. Who am i?
3. I am two-word words. Seven letters is my first word and the second
word is twelve letters. I don’t need anybody to produce somebody. I
can do it alone to create my own. Who am i?

What Is It

From our previous lesson of mitosis and meiosis, we know that

cellular division plays an important role in reproduction. The relationship
between these two processes is vital to animal reproduction. Some
organisms like cows, sheep, dogs and will require two parent organisms
(sexual reproduction) in order to reproduce an offspring, while others do not
(asexual reproduction).

Sexual vs. Asexual

Figure 2.1 shows how sexual and asexual reproduction produces

offspring. In an asexual reproduction, a parent organism will not need a
mate or partner for it to produce its own offspring. The offspring of asexual
organisms are an exact same copy of its parent organism.
In sexual reproduction, a male and female gamete is needed in order
to produce an offspring. In most instances, there is a male and female
organism to produce the gametes but, this isn’t always the case. Finding a
partner for sexual animals can sometimes prove difficult, and so, as an
adaptive mechanism and evolutionary solution, some animals exhibit
hermaphroditism. This is when an organism has both male and female
reproductive system. This is common among sessile (stationary) animals. In
hermaphroditism, the organism may or may not have a partner for
fertilization to occur. Unlike, an asexual offspring, a sexual offspring is
genetically unique from its parent organisms. Notice how there are two
apparent sexes in sexual organisms, while there is no definite sex in the
asexual organism.

Types of asexual reproduction

1. Binary Fission – occurs in single celled organisms. It is when a

parent cell divides itself into two equal parts and creates an
offspring. This type of reproduction is like cloning as shown in
figure 3. To easily remember and understand the reproduction
process of binary fission it is valuable to remember what the terms
mean. The word binary means something having two parts (the
new daughter bacteria) while the word fission means the movement
of splitting (the dividing of two equal parts). Ex. Bacteria

Figure 2.3 Binary Fission in Bacteria

2. Fragmentation – occurs when an organism breaks a part of itself
into a fragment, and the fragment develops into a new organism as
shown in figure 4. Ex. Starfish & acoel flatworms

Figure 2. 4 Sstarfish undergoing fragmentation

3. Budding – happens when a parent organism grows a bud attached
to its body. When the bud is developed it will detach itself from the
parent and form a new organism. Ex. Yeast and Jellyfish

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/phylum-cnidaria/

Figure 2.5 Jellyfish Lifecycle

4. Parthenogenesis – occurs when the embryo of an organism can
grow and develop without fertilization.
Example: Some species of ants & Honeybees.

https://www.britannica.com/animal/hymenopteran/Natural-history

Figure 2.6 Parthenogenesis in bees

Table 2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages in Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Types Advantages Disadvantages

- The population is less

likely to catch diseases - Needs a partner to
Sexual all at once. reproduce.
Reproduction - Has more chances of - Takes more time to

survival reproduce.

- Has genetic variation.

- Has less surviving chances
- Only one parent
due to the lack of genetic
organism is needed to
Asexual variation.
reproduce.
Reproduction - Population is more likely to
- Faster than sexual
catch diseases at the same
reproduction.
time.

What’s More

Identify the type of reproduction described in the organisms in column A.

Write your answer in column B.

Column A Column B

1. a single organism that functions as

both the male and female in
reproduction.

2. An organism that requires both a

male and a female to reproduce.

3. This organism breaks a part of itself

to reproduce.

4. A male and a female pig mate to

reproduce piglets.
 5. This organism’s embryo does not
need fertilization to develop into an
offspring.

6. This organism divides itself into two

equal parts to reproduce.

7. An organism that grows buds to

reproduce.

Lesson
Fertilization
2

What’s In

Direction: Use the Venn diagram below to compare and contrast the two
types of animal reproduction.
 What’s New

Activity: What’s the meaning of this? In your own words, define the
following words.

1. Fertilization
2. External fertilization
3. Internal Fertilization

What Is It

Organisms are diverse, unique and have equally unique features that
help them survive in their environment. These features tailor to the animal’s
environment, size, habitat, and so many more factors. One unique feature is
the way these organisms undergo fertilization.

Mechanisms of Fertilization

There are two types of fertilization – internal and external. Internal

fertilization occurs when the fusion of gametes is inside the female body,
while an external fertilization is the opposite where fusion of gametes is
outside the female body.

The 3 types of internal fertilization

1. Oviparity – the female has fertilized eggs laid

outside its body. The young will get nourishment
from its yolk and will be protected by the external
covering of the egg. The types of eggs will vary in
different animals. Chicken eggs will have high
calcium carbonate concentrations, while reptiles
will produce leathery eggs. Example: Chickens

2. Viviparity – most common in mammals, the

offspring develops within the female and is
nourished by the mother’s blood in the
placenta. Ex. Bears
 3. Ovoviviparity – like oviparity, ovoviviparity has
fertilized eggs that nourish the young from its yolk.
The key difference between them, is that
ovoviviparous animals only lay the eggs when they
are ready to hatch. Ex. Great White Sharks

The table below will better summarize the key difference and
similarities of the two fertilization processes.
Table 2.2 Summary of Features for Internal and External Fertilization
Internal Fertilization External Fertilization

Process - Egg is fertilized inside - Egg is fertilized

female body. outside female body.
- Male gamete is - Male gamete is
discharged unto the discharged unto the
female gamete. female gamete.
Success rate - Since the offspring is - Has a less chance of
developed inside the survival because the
body of the female, it offspring develops
will have more chances without protection in
of surviving even in the open environment.
harsh environments
because it is protected.
key features - Has three types: - Survives best in
1. Oviparity moist/aquatic
2. Viviparity environments.
3. Ovoviviparity - Has a greater number
- few offspring are of offspring produced.
produced.
Examples - Elephants, goats, and - Fish and Frogs
cats
 What’s More

Activity 1: Fill me Up!

In your own words, describe the type of fertilization given below and
give an example of an animal that has that type of fertilization.

Description Animal

Viviparity

Internal fertilization

External fertilization

Oviparity

Ovoviviparity

Activity 2: Let’s write it! Make an essay about the question below.

Question: Why do you think there is a difference in the types of fertilization

among animals?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 What I Have Learned

 To ensure species continuity, nature allows for both sexual and

asexual reproduction in the animal kingdom.
 Sexual reproduction requires the union of female and male
gametes to form a diploid zygote.
 Asexual reproduction on the other hand can produce an offspring
without the union of gametes. Several mechanisms for asexual
reproduction include budding, fission, and fragmentation. There
are also some variations through reproduction can still occur.
These are through hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis, in
which environmental and hormonal factors have control in the
reproductive cycles. Fertilization can either occur externally when
both materials are released outside the body, or internally when a
male fertilizes an egg in the female reproductive system. Unlike
asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction is a form of partnership
between organisms and at the same time, it promotes competition
between individuals and even between gametes.

What I Can Do

Knowledge is power! Let us put your synthesizing skills to the test

through this animal profiling activity.

1. Pick an animal and draw his ID picture in

the box.
2. Fill in the rest of the information by
checking the right choice and filling out the
blanks!
1. Animal and Species: _____________
2. ( ) Asexual ( ) Sexual
3. *if your animal is asexual, please specify what type: ______________
4. ( ) Internal Fertilization ( ) External Fertilization
5. *if you checked internal fertilization, please specify what
type:______________
6. Place where this animal preferably gives birth:__________________
 Now that we’re done with general profiling, let’s compare and contrast
this animal’s reproduction with humans using the venn diagram below.

Essay
Let us see how well our knowledge truly understand these ideas
through essay writing.

1. Why do you think is asexual reproduction present among animals?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________

2. Is it possible for humans to undergo asexual reproduction? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________

3. Why is reproduction important for species survival?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
4. What makes hermaphrodites unique organisms?
 _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
5. What is the difference between oviparity and ovoviviparity?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________

Post Assessment:

Multiple Choice. Read the sentences or questions carefully. Choose the

letter of the correct answer.

1. A house lizard is ________, in terms of mechanism of reproduction.

a. oviparous c. ovoviviparous
b. viviparous d. asexual

2. Earthworms are _____ in nature.

a. asexual c. none of the above
b. hermaphrodites d. all of the above
3. Cats and pigs undergo ______ reproduction.
a. Asexual c. Both a and b
b. Sexual d. Neither a nor b
4. Which of the following animals undergo budding?
a. Aphids c. Sea star
b. Hydra d. Tapeworm
5. Humans are considered as ______.
a. Asexual c. Both a and b
b. Sexual d. Neither a nor b
True or False. Write the word true if the statement is correct and the word
false if it is not.

1. Both internal and external fertilization has the male gamete

discharged unto the female reproductive system. ________
2. Internal fertilization has more offspring produces compared to
external fertilization. ________
3. Humans are ovoviviparous. ________
4. Parthenogenesis is when an organism has both the male and female
gametes. ________
5. Mostly invertebrate’s animals undergo asexual reproduction.

Identification: Identify the methods of reproduction do the following animals

undergo. Choose from the word from the box for your answer.

Sexual hermaphroditism Parthenogenesis Fragmentation Budding

1. Earthworm
2. Sea urchin
3. Hydra
4. Aphids
5. Tapeworm

Additional Activities

Paste at least two pictures of animals that undergo on the following

reproductive process.
1. Sexual reproduction
2. Asexual reproduction
3. Oviparous
4. Viviparous
5. Ovoviviparous
 Post Assessment What I Know
Multiple Choices Multiple Choices
1. B 1. D
2. B 2. A
3. B 3. C
4. B 4. C
5. B 5. C
True or False 6. B
1. F 7. A
2. F 8. D
3. F 9. D
4. F 10. B
5. T Identification
Identification 1. Viviparous
1. Sexual hermaphroditism 2. Oviviparous
2. Fragmentation 3. Oviparous
3. Budding 4. Oviparous
4. Parthenogenesis 5. viviparous
5. fragmentation
Answer Key
 References
Boundless. “Boundless Biology.” Lumen. Accessed July 10, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/phylum-
cnidaria/.

Lindauer, Martin. “Natural History.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia

Britannica, inc., November 12, 2019.
https://www.britannica.com/animal/hymenopteran/Natural-history.

Manosa , Susan D., and Frederick T. Talaue. “Science - C & E Bookshop.” Accessed
July 10,
2020.https://www.cebookshop.com/index.php?route=product/category&pat
h=57_1017&page=13.

SimplyScience. Accessed July 10, 2020. http://www.simply.science/.

Strauss, Eric, and Marylin Lisowski. “Chapters 35, 36, and 37.” Essay. In Biology:
the Web of Life, 852–905. Reading, MA: Scott Foresman-Addison Wesley,
2000.

Urry, Lisa A., Martha R. Taylor, Michael Pollock, and Neil A. Campbell. “Chapter 1.”
Essay. In Study Guide for Campbell Biology, 1–27. N