Class - 1

SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.

What is SQL?
 SQL stands for Structured Query Language
 SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
 SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987

What Can SQL do?

 SQL can execute queries against a database
 SQL can retrieve data from a database
 SQL can insert records in a database
 SQL can update records in a database
 SQL can delete records from a database
 SQL can create new databases
 SQL can create new tables in a database
 SQL can create stored procedures in a database
 SQL can create views in a database
 SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views

SQL is a Standard - BUT....

Although SQL is an ANSI/ISO standard, there are different versions of the SQL language.

However, to be compliant with the ANSI standard, they all support at least the major commands (such
as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE) in a similar manner.

Note: Most of the SQL database programs also have their own proprietary extensions in addition to the SQL
standard!

Using SQL in Your Web Site

To build a web site that shows data from a database, you will need:

 An RDBMS database program (i.e. MS Access, SQL Server, MySQL)

 To use a server-side scripting language, like PHP or ASP
 To use SQL to get the data you want
 To use HTML / CSS to style the page

RDBMS
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.

RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database systems such as MS SQL Server,
IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access.

The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables. A table is a collection of
related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.

Every table is broken up into smaller entities called fields. The fields in the Customers table
consist of CustomerID, CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode and
Country. A field is a column in a table that is designed to maintain specific information about
every record in the table.

A record, also called a row, is each individual entry that exists in a table. For example, there
are 91 records in the above Customers table. A record is a horizontal entity in a table.

A column is a vertical entity in a table that contains all information associated with a specific
field in a table.

A database administrator, or DBA, is responsible for maintaining, securing,

and operating databases and also ensures that data is correctly stored and
retrieved.

Types of Database Administrator (DBA) :

 Administrative DBA –
Their job is to maintain the server and keep it functional. They are concerned with data
backups, security, troubleshooting, replication, migration, etc.

 Data Warehouse DBA –

Assigned earlier roles, but held accountable for merging data from various sources into the
data warehouse. They also design the warehouse, with cleaning and scrubs data prior to
loading.
 Cloud DBA –
Nowadays companies are preferring to save their workpiece on cloud storage. As it reduces
the chance of data loss and provides an extra layer of data security and integrity.
 Development DBA –
They build and develop queries, stores procedure, etc. that meets firm or organization needs.
They are par at programming.

 Application DBA –
They particularly manage all requirements of application components that interact with the
database and accomplish activities such as application installation and coordination,
application upgrades, database cloning, data load process management, etc.

 Architect –
They are held responsible for designing schemas like building tables. They work to build a
structure that meets organizational needs. The design is further used by developers and
development DBAs to design and implement real applications.

 OLAP DBA –
They design and build multi-dimensional cubes for determination support or OLAP
systems.

 Data Modeler –
In general, a data modeler is in charge of a portion of a data architect’s duties. A data
modeler is typically not regarded as a DBA, but this is not a hard and fast rule.

 Task-Oriented DBA –
To concentrate on a specific DBA task, large businesses may hire highly specialised DBAs.
They are quite uncommon outside of big corporations. Recovery and backup DBA, whose
responsibility it is to guarantee that the databases of businesses can be recovered, is an
example of a task-oriented DBA. However, this specialism is not present in the majority of
firms. These task-oriented DBAs will make sure that highly qualified professionals are
working on crucial DBA tasks when it is possible.

 Database Analyst –
This position doesn’t actually have a set definition. Junior DBAs may occasionally be
referred to as database analysts. A database analyst occasionally performs functions that are
comparable to those of a database architect. The term “Data Administrator” is also used to
describe database analysts and data analysts. Additionally, some businesses occasionally
refer to database administrators as data analysts.

Importance of Database Administrator (DBA) :

 Database Administrator manages and controls three levels of database internal level,
conceptual level, and external level of Database management system architecture and in
 discussion with the comprehensive user community, gives a definition of the world view
of the database. It then provides an external view of different users and applications.
 Database Administrator ensures held responsible to maintain integrity and security of
database restricting from unauthorized users. It grants permission to users of the
database and contains a profile of each and every user in the database.
 Database Administrators are also held accountable that the database is protected and
secured and that any chance of data loss keeps at a minimum.
 Database Administrator is solely responsible for reducing the risk of data loss as it
backup the data at regular intervals.

Role and Duties of Database Administrator (DBA) :

 Decides hardware –
They decide on economical hardware, based on cost, performance, and efficiency of
hardware, and best suits the organization. It is hardware that is an interface between end
users and the database.

 Manages data integrity and security –

Data integrity needs to be checked and managed accurately as it protects and restricts data
from unauthorized use. DBA eyes on relationships within data to maintain data integrity.

 Database Accessibility –
Database Administrator is solely responsible for giving permission to access data available
in the database. It also makes sure who has the right to change the content.

 Database design –
DBA is held responsible and accountable for logical, physical design, external model
design, and integrity and security control.

 Database implementation –
DBA implements DBMS and checks database loading at the time of its implementation.

 Query processing performance –

DBA enhances query processing by improving speed, performance, and accuracy.

 Tuning Database Performance –

If the user is not able to get data speedily and accurately then it may lose organization’s
business. So by tuning SQL commands DBA can enhance the performance of the database.

Various responsibilities of Database Administrator (DBA) :

 Responsible for designing overall database schema (tables & fields).

 To select and install database software and hardware.
 Responsible for deciding on access methods and data storage.
 DBA selects appropriate DBMS software like oracle, SQL server or MySQL.
 Used in designing recovery procedures.
 DBA decides the user access level and security checks for accessing, modifying or
manipulating data.
 DBA is responsible for specifying various techniques for monitoring the database
performance.
 DBA is responsible for operation managements.

The operation management deals with the data problems which arises on day to day
basis, and the responsibilities include are:

1. Investigating if any error is been found in the data.

2. Supervising of restart and recovery procedures in case of any event failure.
3. Supervising reorganization of the databases.
4. Controlling and handling all periodic dumps of data.

Skills Required for DBA:

1. The various programming and soft skills are required to DBA are as follows,
 Good communication skills
 Excellent knowledge of databases architecture and design and RDBMS.
 Knowledge of Structured Query Language (SQL).
2. In addition, this aspect of database administration includes maintenance of data security,
which involves maintaining security authorization tables, conducting periodic security
audits, investigating all known security breaches.
3. To carry out all these functions, it is crucial that the DBA has all the accurate
information about the company’s data readily on hand. For this purpose he maintains a data
dictionary.
4. The data dictionary contains definitions of all data items and structures, the various
schemes, the relevant authorization and validation checks and the different mapping
definitions.
5. It should also have information about the source and destination of a data item and the
flow of a data item as it is used by a system. This type of information is a great help to the
DBA in maintaining centralized control of data.

Information is defined as classified or organized data that has some meaningful value for the
user.

In general, data is a distinct piece of information that is gathered and translated for some
purpose.
What is three-tier architecture?

Three-tier architecture is a well-established software application architecture that organizes

applications into three logical and physical computing tiers: the presentation tier, or user
interface; the application tier, where data is processed; and the data tier, where the data
associated with the application is stored and managed.

The chief benefit of three-tier architecture is that because each tier runs on its own
infrastructure, each tier can be developed simultaneously by a separate development team,
and can be updated or scaled as needed without impacting the other tiers.

For decades three-tier architecture was the prevailing architecture for client-server
applications. Today, most three-tier applications are targets for modernization, using cloud-
native technologies such as containers and microservices, and for migration to the cloud.
The three tiers in detail
Presentation tier

The presentation tier is the user interface and communication layer of the application, where
the end user interacts with the application. Its main purpose is to display information to and
collect information from the user. This top-level tier can run on a web browser, as desktop
application, or a graphical user interface (GUI), for example. Web presentation tiers are
usually developed using HTML, CSS and JavaScript. Desktop applications can be written in
a variety of languages depending on the platform.

Application tier

The application tier, also known as the logic tier or middle tier, is the heart of the application.
In this tier, information collected in the presentation tier is processed - sometimes against
other information in the data tier - using business logic, a specific set of business rules. The
application tier can also add, delete or modify data in the data tier.

The application tier is typically developed using Python, Java, Perl, PHP or Ruby, and
communicates with the data tier using API calls.

Data tier

The data tier, sometimes called database tier, data access tier or back-end, is where the
information processed by the application is stored and managed. This can be
a relational database management system such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle,
DB2, Informix or Microsoft SQL Server, or in a NoSQL Database server such as
Cassandra, CouchDB or MongoDB.

In a three-tier application, all communication goes through the application tier. The
presentation tier and the data tier cannot communicate directly with one another.

Tier vs. layer

In discussions of three-tier architecture, layer is often used interchangeably – and
mistakenly – for tier, as in 'presentation layer' or 'business logic layer.'

They aren't the same. A 'layer' refers to a functional division of the software, but a 'tier' refers
to a functional division of the software that runs on infrastructure separate from the other
divisions. The Contacts app on your phone, for example, is a three-layer application, but
a single-tier application, because all three layers run on your phone.

The difference is important, because layers can't offer the same benefits as tiers.
Benefits of three-tier architecture

Again, the chief benefit of three-tier architecture its logical and physical separation of
functionality. Each tier can run on a separate operating system and server platform - e.g., web
server, application server, database server - that best fits its functional requirements. And
each tier runs on at least one dedicated server hardware or virtual server, so the services of
each tier can be customized and optimized without impact the other tiers.

Other benefits (compared to single- or two-tier architecture) include:

 Faster development: Because each tier can be developed simultaneously by different

teams, an organization can bring the application to market faster, and programmers can use
the latest and best languages and tools for each tier.

 Improved scalability: Any tier can be scaled independently of the others as needed.

 Improved reliability: An outage in one tier is less likely to impact the availability or
performance of the other tiers.

 Improved security: Because the presentation tier and data tier can't communicate directly, a
well-designed application tier can function as a sort of internal firewall, preventing SQL
injections and other malicious exploits..

Three-tier application in web development

In web development, the tiers have different names but perform similar functions:

 The web server is the presentation tier and provides the user interface. This is usually
a web page or web site, such as an ecommerce site where the user adds products to the
shopping cart, adds payment details or creates an account. The content can be static or
dynamic, and is usually developed using HTML, CSS and Javascript.

 The application server corresponds to the middle tier, housing the business logic
used to process user inputs. To continue the ecommerce example, this is the tier that
queries the inventory database to return product availability, or adds details to a
customer's profile. This layer often developed using Python, Ruby or PHP and runs a
framework such as e Django, Rails, Symphony or ASP.NET, for example.

 The database server is the data or backend tier of a web application. It runs on
database management software, such as MySQL, Oracle, DB2 or PostgreSQL, for
example.
Other multi-tier architectures
While three-tier architecture is easily the most widely-adopted multi-tier application
architecture, there are others you might encounter in your work or your research.

Two-tier architecture

Two-tier architecture is the original client-server architecture, consisting of a presentation tier

and a data tier; the business logic lives in the presentation tier, the data tier or both. In two-
tier architecture the presentation tier - and consequently the end user - has direct access to the
data tier, and the business logic is often limited. A simple contact management application,
where users can enter and retrieve contact data, is an example of a two-tier application.

N-tier architecture
N-tier architecture - also called or multi-tier architecture - refers to any application
architecture with more than one tier. But applications with more than three layers are rare,
because additional layers offer few benefits and can make the application slower, harder to
manage and more expensive to run. As a result, n-tier architecture and multi-tier architecture
are usually synonyms for three-tier architecture.

Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS). Applications

and tools connect to a SQL Server instance or database, and communicate using Transact-
SQL (T-SQL).

Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system. As a database server

that stores and retrieves data as requested by other software applications on the same
computer or a remote computer using the client-server model. Microsoft provides APIs to
access SQL Server over the internet as a web service.

SQL is a query language, whereas MySQL is a relational database that uses SQL to query a
database. You can use SQL to access, update, and manipulate the data stored in a database.
However, MySQL is a database that stores the existing data in a database in an organized
manner.

SQL is a query language, while SQL Server is a database management system. SQL is a
query language for working with a relational database, while SQL Server is proprietary
software that performs SQL queries.

Sql server – data base software –store process retrieve data

Oracle supports operating systems such as Windows, Linux, Solaris, HP-UX, OS X,
etc. While SQL server supports only windows and Linux operating systems. In Oracle, the
users share the database. While in SQL server, the users do not share the database.

An application, also referred to as an application program or application software, is a

computer software package that performs a specific function directly for an end user or, in
some cases, for another application. An application can be self-contained or a group of
programs.

DBMS stands for Database Management System, and RDBMS is the acronym for the
Relational Database Management system. In DBMS, the data is stored as a file, whereas in
RDBMS, data is stored in the form of tables.

How Does A Web Application Work?

A web app requires mainly three elements to function properly. This includes a web server to
handle requests from the client, an application server to execute the tasks requested and a
database to store the information. Here is how a web application typically works:

 The user would connect to the Internet and create a request to the web server through
the application's user interface.
 The web server would process the request and send it to the right web app server.
 The web application server would perform the required task and generate the results
of the required data.
 The web app server would send the information back to the web server.
 The web server would send the requested information to the client's device such as a
laptop, desktop or mobile phone.
 The requested information would appear on the user's display.

An Internet protocol address (IP address) is a unique combination of numbers and periods
such as 172.1.1.1. This combination of numbers acts as an identity for the network device
when it connects to the internet.

This identity is then used to access data and information available on the web when the client
device sends a request to the server and is passed through routers, hubs, and other network
nodes.

The need for an IP address also increases with the number of network devices that connect to
the internet. The IANA issues the IP addresses (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), a
department under the ICANN, where ICANN is a corporation that aims to maintain internet
security.

Interface

Query = instruction

Ms sql dba – vendor – Microsoft

7 request to process data

What is Database Management Software (DBMS) Used For?

Database administrators use Database Management Software, or DBMS, for storing,

changing, and managing data in a database environment. It enables users to design
personalized data storage to meet their analytics and reporting needs. Database software
design also supports creating, implementing, and maintaining an organization-wide data
management system.

Generally, most DBMS packages allow users to create databases, store data, and update data
through SQL queries.

Over the years, new database management systems have arrived with different architectures
and applications. These applications focus on meeting the modern-day requirements,
providing support for data modeling, data integration, multimedia data, machine learning, etc.

An example of a typical database management tool is MySQL, a managed database service to

deploy cloud-native applications. Other options include Microsoft SQL Server, SAP HANA,
Oracle, and Microsoft Access.

Main Features of a DBMS

An efficient database management system tool should include the following features:

Data Normalization
The risk of data duplication in a database is relatively high as multiple users share it
simultaneously. Data normalization mitigates this risk and minimizes the chance of
destructive anomalies appearing. No data redundancy and repetition save storage and
significantly improve access time.

Rules and constraints defined by users

Referential Integrity constraints help organizations prevent accidental damage to the database
by authorized users. Database management software allows users to define validation and
integrity rules and conditions to ensure data satisfies the semantics.

Security protocols

Security controls protect the integrity of a database and the data and records residing in it.
Some essential DBMS security controls include data encryption, user authentication, and user
authorization.

Data backup

A backup protects your database against data loss. A copy of files stored in a database must
be available to reconstruct data in case data get lost or corrupted. Most DBMSs support
logical and physical data backup.

Data structuring

A DBMS must allow users to organize information in a database in a clear hierarchical

structure. It means all objects, records, and tables can be arranged correctly, like a catalog, to
access and retrieve the records easily.

In addition, you must also look for various features and functionality depending on your use
case. For example, a DBMS should offer easy database customization options, support multi-
user access, and contain a metadata library.

How Many Types of Database Management Software Are There?

DBMS can be classified into five types. These types, with examples, include:
1- Hierarchical DBMS

A hierarchical data management solution stores data in a parent-children relationship node,

each representing a particular entity. This type of database management software allows one-
to-one and one-to-many relationships. For e.g., a parent node can have one or multiple child
nodes. Whereas the children node can only have one parent node.

Hierarchical Database Model (Source: DBMS Internals)

2- Network DBMS

A network DBMS model supports many-to-many relationships, which helps store real-life
relationships between entities. It is an extension of the hierarchical data management solution
that allows modelers to design more flexibly. In this DBMS model, the child nodes are
represented by arrows.
 A Network Database Model (Source: The Intact One)

3- Relational DBMS

A relational DBMS is a model where relationships are based on the entities’ data. It offers
greater flexibility compared to hierarchical and network models. It also allows more
simplified relationships between entities, making it a popular choice among data modelers.
Data stored in fixed structures can be organized efficiently using SQL.

4- Object-Oriented DBMS

An Object-Oriented DBMS — as the name suggests — is based on object-oriented

programming (OOP). It’s a data management solution where entities are represented in
objects and stored in a memory database.

It provides a unified programming environment and is compatible with various programming

languages. These languages include Java, C++, .Net, and Visual Basic, to name a few.
 An example of an Object-Oriented Database Model (Source: Data Integration Glossary)

5- Distributed DBMS

A distributed database management system (DDBMS) is a type of database management

system that enables the storage and management of data across multiple computers or nodes
in a network. In a distributed database system, data is divided and stored across multiple
physical or logical locations, and the management of the database is decentralized.
 Source: Phoenixnap

Advantages of a Database Management Software

We have familiarized ourselves with the definition of database management system

dbms and the types of DBM software. Now, look at the functions and benefits of
database management system:

Better Data Sharing

Implementing a DBMS allows onsite and remote users to quickly share the data by
following the correct authorization protocols. It helps improve data accessibility,
enabling users to share organizational data swiftly and efficiently.

The improved data processes provide an intelligent solution to database queries, even
ad-hoc and impromptu ones. It results in accurate and swift data access that facilitates
more informed and timely decisions.

Better Security
Data security is a vital aspect of a database. Hence, a data management solution only
allows authorized users to access the database. The authentication is managed using a
username and password. Access controls prevent unauthorized users from accessing
resources in a database, which can potentially violate integrity constraints.

Effective Data Integration

A DBMS provides an integrated picture — a bird’s eye view, so to speak — of the

operations and processes of an organization. The unified data allows companies to
evaluate the controls and performance effectively and quickly.

Informed Decision-Making

Data-driven decisions can give businesses a competitive advantage, but data is valuable
only when it is reliable. Using a DBMS, organizations can ensure data accuracy and
quality for analysis and decisions.

Increase In Efficiency and Productivity

Deploying a DBMS help increase data accessibility and streamline information. It boosts
end-user productivity and improves efficiency and speed for an organization.

Data Integration

Instead of storing data in isolated database systems, a single interface can manage databases
with physical and logical relationships.

Following are some of the applications of database software in different industries:

 Banks: Banks use DBMS to store client info, account activities, disbursements,
credits, and mortgages
 Airlines: Airlines store flight bookings and scheduling info in databases.
 Education: Educational institutes store student information, course
registrations, and results in database systems.
 Telecommunication: Telcos use databases to store call archives, monthly bills,
retaining balances, and other call-related information.
  Economics and Finance: DBMS stores data about bonds, transactions, and
acquisitions of fiscal instruments, such as shares and stocks.
 Sales and Marketing: Prospect and customer information are stored and
accessed via databases.
 Human Resources: Records about workers, wages, payroll, deductions, generating
salaries, and more information are kept in database systems.

Database software collects programs that allow users to store, reform, and extract data from a
database. There are several database management systems (we have discussed the four most
popular ones in this blog). The terms hierarchical, relational, object-oriented, and network
denote how a database management software organizes data internally.

It can be challenging for data-driven enterprises to operate DBMS requires in-house

expertise. Moreover, a DBMS’s cost, size, and performance vary, and organizations must
evaluate use cases accordingly.

7 request to process data

Azure SQL Database and Oracle can be primarily classified as "Databases" tools. Netflix,
ebay, and LinkedIn are some of the popular companies that use Oracle, whereas Azure SQL
Database is used by Property With Potential, Kriasoft, and vLearning Solutions.
What Is Azure?
Microsoft Azure is a cloud computing service created by Microsoft for building, testing,
deploying, and managing applications and services through a global network of Microsoft-
managed data centers. It offers Platforms as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS) services and supports Microsoft-specific and third-party software and systems. You
can run anything on Azure virtual machines, including SQL-compliant databases and custom
code you create in-house.

What Is An SQL Server?

SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS). It’s a software product
that stores and retrieves data requested by users or other software applications—which may
run on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).
Unlike Azure, SQL Server is exclusively for database engine management.

Among several electronic database Management System, the 2 most well-liked and widely
used are Oracle and SQL Server. Oracle supports operating systems such as Windows,
Linux, Solaris, HP-UX, OS X, etc. Whereas SQL Server supports only windows and Linux
operating systems. There are several basic variations between Oracle and SQL Server one
of the foremost vital variations between them is that the language they use. Oracle uses
Procedure Language SQL, and SQL Server uses Transact-SQL. Let’s see the difference
between Oracle and SQL Server:
Oracle SQL Server

PL/SQL is used by Oracle. While SQL Server uses T-SQL

PL/SQL was first released in 1992 SQL Server was first released in 1989

It is complex and not easy to use While it is simple and easy to use

Oracle supports operating systems such as While SQL server supports only
Windows, Linux, Solaris, HP-UX, OS X, etc. windows and Linux operating systems.

While in SQL server, the users do not

In Oracle, the users share the database.
share the database.

While there is packages are not taken

There is packages are that take place in Oracle.
place in SQL Server.
 Oracle SQL Server

It is more powerful than SQL Server. While it is less powerful than Oracle.

Its parent company is Oracle Corporation. Microsoft is its parent company.

Its syntax is quite complex. Its syntax is easy to understand.

It uses bitmaps and indexes. It does not use bitmaps and indexes.

Rollback is allowed in Oracle. Rollback is not allowed in SQL.

It only runs on the Windows Operating

It can run on multiple operating systems.
system.

Both, After and Before triggers are available in

Only After triggers are available in SQL.
Oracle.

Star Query Optimization is there by default in There are no optimization features for
Oracle. queries.

Uses Auto increment columns It Uses Sequences

Ticketing tools improves communications tracking whatever is happening in the

environment, reporting that what has happened within the specified duration. A Ticket is an
element contained within an issue tracking system that contains information about support
interventions made by technical support staff or third parties on behalf of an end-user who
has reported an incident that is preventing them from working with their computer as they
would expect to be able to. Tickets are commonly created in a help desk or call center
environment. Typically the ticket will have a unique reference number, also known as a case,
issue or call log number which is used to allow the user or support staff to quickly locate, add
to or communicate the status of the user’s issue or request.

The Tools used by various companies are

 BMC Remedy
 Freshdesk
 Salesforce
 Wipro E-Desk
 Wipro Virtual Ticket
 Inbuilt Ticketing Tool
 Help Desk
 SMAX Microfocus
  TCS Service Control
 Jira Service Desk
 Pagerduty
 Freshservice
 Spiceworks
 Zendesk
 ServiceNow
 Zoho Desk
 Bitrix24

Example scenario is presented to demonstrate

how a common issue-tracking system would work
1. A customer service technician receives a telephone call, email, or other
communication from a customer about a problem. Some applications provide
automatic error reporting from exception-handling blocks.
2. The technician verifies that the problem is real, and not just perceived. The technician
will also ensure that enough information about the problem is obtained from the
customer. This information generally includes the environment of the customer, when
and how the issue occurs, and all other relevant circumstances.
3. The technician creates the issue in the system, entering all relevant data, as provided
by the customer.
4. As work is done on that issue, the system is updated with new data by the technician.
Any attempt at fixing the problem should be noted in the issue system.
5. After the issue has been fully addressed, it is marked as resolved in the issue tracking
system.The problem may not have been fully corrected, yet it will still be marked as
resolved. The problem may be by-design, a known issue, or have a suitable
workaround.

A Run Book Automation process that implements best practices of this workflow and
increases IT personnel effectiveness is becoming very common.

Introduction to Application Server

Application Server is a type of server designed to install, operate, and host applications. In

the early days of application servers, there was a huge growth in the number of applications

brought to the Internet. Those applications became bigger and bigger with the demand for
adding more and more functionalities to the application and become more complex to run and

maintain. There was a need for some kind of program on the network while it will share

application capabilities in an efficient and organized manner.

What is an Application Server?

An application server is a program that resides on the server-side, and it’s a server

programmer providing business logic behind any application. This server can be a part of the

network or the distributed network.

Now, if we would like to know the purpose of a server program, it goes this way:

Ideally, server programs are used to provide their services to the client program that either

resides on the same machine or lies on a network.

Working
They are basically used in a web-based application that has 3 tier architecture. The position at

which the application server fits in is described below:

 Tier 1 – This is a GUI interface that resides at the client end and is usually a thin

client (e.g. browser)

 Tier 2 – This is called the middle tier, which consists of the Application Server.

 Tier 3 – This is the 3rd tier which is backend servers. E.g., a Database Server.
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/icJBVqjMJYHMpvBb9

As we can see, they usually communicate with the webserver for serving any request that is

coming from clients.

The client first makes a request, which goes to the webserver. The web server then sends it to

the middle tier, i.e. the application server, which further gets the information from 3 rd tier

(e.g. database server) and sends it back to the webserver. The web server further sends back

the required information to the client. Different approaches are being utilized to process

requests through the web servers, and some of them are approaches like JSP (Java server

pages), CGI, ASP (Active Server Pages), Java Scripts, Java servlets, etc.

Use of Application Servers

It helps the clients to process any requests by connecting to the Database and returning the

information back to web servers.

The main purpose of the application server is given below:

 A mechanism for reducing the size and complexity of the client programs.

 For the need to cache and control the data flow for better performance.

 A mechanism for implementing security for data as well as end-user traffic.

Although they can have a different purpose, not all application servers are used for the same

functionalities set. For example, someone might need it for scalability; others might need it

for better managing applications for the web, etc.

Advantages
 Provides a mechanism for dealing with all the components and running services like

session management, synchronous and asynchronous client notifications.

  It becomes very easy to install applications in one place.

 Changing to any configuration, such as moving the Database server, can be done

centrally from one location.

 Patches and security updates are easy to deploy through them.

 It enables the ability to distribute requests to different servers based on their

availability. This is done via Load Balancing.

 It provides security to applications.

 It enables fault tolerance with the ability to recover/failover recovery.

 It saves big time if we are required to install a copy of configurations on each machine

individually.

 It supports transaction support.

 When it comes to performance, the application server greatly improves application

performance as it is based on the client-server model.

Examples

There is a huge number of application servers that are used today. Some of the examples are

given below:

JBoss

 Weblogic

 Websphere

 Glassfish

 Tcat Server

 Apache Geronimo
  JRun

 Oracle OC4J

 Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server

 SAP Netweaver AS

 Sybase Enterprise Application Server

Types of Application Server

Application servers can be of 3 categories:

 Active Application Server – This server is used to provide support and a

rich environment for business logic that is involved on the server-side, which is

expressed in the form of rules, components, and objects. These types of servers

are also called stateful server.

 Web Information Server – This type of server is used for generating pages

from the database by employing HTML templates. These types of servers are also

known as stateless servers.

 Component Server – This software plays a primary role in providing database

access to software components such as COBRA, DLL, and Java Bean. It also provides

support to transaction processing requests.

Choosing the Right One

In order to choose the right one for your applications, you can start with identifying and

prioritizing the requirements if the particular environment.

A few of the factors could be:

 Performance

 Administration

 Development

 Support

 Compliance

 Scalability

 Reliability

 Cost

Once you are done with the above task, you can start looking for an application server that

best meets your demands. For e.g., if you are having a large customer base, the application

performance should be of topmost priority. And if your company is small, the cost might be a

factor as well. Scalability and administration are also one of the major factors to look into if

your application is growing each day.

Conclusion
As part of this post, we have learned about the application server’s overview, their working

and usage, advantages of having and choosing the right one. At the end of this article, the

audience should be able to select the application server better that might suit their

environment.

The production environment refers to where the software or products have been made live for
use of the intended users. Once something is in the production environment, any and all bugs
need to have already been fixed and the product or update must work perfectly.
 Any application environment that is not designated for live production use is considered a
non-production environment. For example, you may use a non-production "sandbox" for
testing and development purposes.

Non-Production Environments The term “non-production” encompasses all the environments

that exist for the development and testing of changes to the IT environment prior to their
being approved and rolled out to the production environment. Some organizations may
collectively refer to these environments as “routeto-live” environments. Individual
environments may have different naming conventions between clients, and you may have
some but not all the following non-production environments: –

1. Development –
2. Test –
3. User Acceptance Testing (“UAT”) –
4. Functional Verification Testing (“FV” or “FVT”) – Load and Performance
Testing – Integration Testing –
5. Staging –
6. Pre-production

 Local Development: the environment where developers create features of an

application on their own computers.
 Integration Environment: the environment where developers attempt to merge
features into a unified codebase, often using version-control software like Git.
 Quality Assurance (QA) / Testing: the environment where tests are executed to ensure
the functionality and usability of a project.
 Staging: the environment where the final production environment is mimicked and
performance testing can take place.
 Production: the environment where new features are rolled out to real users on robust
infrastructure. Multiple strategies exist for deploying to production.

The terms high availability and disaster recovery are often used interchangeably. However,
they are two distinct concepts:

 High availability (HA) describes the ability of an application to withstand all planned and
unplanned outages (a planned outage could be performing a system upgrade) and to provide
continuous processing for business-critical applications.
 Disaster recovery (DR) involves a set of policies, tools, and procedures for returning a
system, an application, or an entire data center to full operation after a catastrophic
interruption. It includes procedures for copying and storing an installed system's essential
data in a secure location, and for recovering that data to restore normalcy of operation.
High availability is about avoiding single points of failure and ensuring that the application
will continue to process requests. Disaster recovery is about policies and procedures for
restoring a system or application to its normal operating condition after the system or
application suffered a catastrophic failure or loss of availability of the entire data center.
What is SQL Server log shipping?
SQL Server log shipping is a technique which involves two or more SQL Server instances
and copying of a transaction log file from one SQL Server instance to another. The process of
transferring the transaction log files and restoring is automated across the SQL Servers. As
the process result there are two copies of the data on two separate locations

A log shipping session involves the following steps:

 Backing up the transaction log file on the primary SQL Server instance
 Copying the transaction log backup file across the network to one or
more secondary SQL Server instances
 Restoring the transaction log backup file on the secondary SQL Server instances

SQL Server Log shipping allows you to automatically send transaction log backups from a
primary database on a primary server instance to one or more secondary databases on
separate secondary server instances. The transaction log backups are applied to each of the
secondary databases individually.

Database mirroring maintains two copies of a single database that must reside on different
server instances of SQL Server Database Engine. Typically, these server instances reside on
computers in different locations.

SQL Server replication is a technology for copying and distributing data and database objects
from one database to another and then synchronizing between databases to maintain
consistency and integrity of the data. In most cases, replication is a process of reproducing
the data at the desired targets.

Database clustering is the process of connecting more than one single database instance or
server to your system. In most common database clusters, multiple database instances are
usually managed by a single database server called the master.

A Windows Server Failover Cluster (WSFC) is a group of independent servers that work
together to increase the availability of applications and services. SQL Server takes advantage
of WSFC services and capabilities to support Always On availability groups and SQL Server
Failover Cluster Instances.
Always On is a feature of SQL Server that allows you to create a highly available and
resilient environment for your databases. A cluster can be used to host an Always On FCI or
an Always On AG.

SQL tuning is the process of improving SQL queries to accelerate your servers performance.
It's general purpose is to reduce the amount of time it takes a user to receive a result after
issuing a query, and to reduce the amount of resources used to process a query.

The Azure SQL Database option is the most modern solution from Microsoft for SQL
databases, and it is available only through Microsoft Azure. Unlike the Azure SQL Server
Managed Instance Option, in this implementation, you only have to manage the databases
and some of the features in SQL Server like logins.

Microsoft SQL Server on-premises is a relational

database management system developed by
Microsoft.
Simply put, the difference between on-premise vs cloud software is the location. On-premise
software is installed and runs on a company's own hardware infrastructure, and is hosted
locally, whereas cloud software is stored and managed on the provider's servers, and accessed
through a web browser or other interface.

As a candidate for this exam, you should have subject matter expertise in building database
solutions that are designed to support multiple workloads built with: SQL Server on-
premises. Azure SQL services.

Class – 2
Sql dba = Sql Server = MS Sql dba

Sql server

1. Development
2. Dba

Development – scripts – programming – T Sql dba ( language in sql server ) (this is not dba
role)

T-SQL or Transact SQL is the query language specific to the Microsoft SQL Server product.
It can help perform operations like retrieving the data from a single row, inserting new rows,
and retrieving multiple rows. It is a procedural language that is used by the SQL Server.

T-SQL is a proprietary language explicitly used with Microsoft SQL Server. It includes
additional functionality and syntax that are not part of the SQL standard, making it more
powerful and flexible than SQL. T-SQL is also more integrated with other Microsoft
technologies and tools.

Sql :

1. T-Sql = used to communicate with Microsoft sql server

2. PL\Sql = used to communicate with oracle server

Sql Server database software

 Created by Sybase
 Later taken over by Microsoft

Database is common repository

Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS) with a long
history and a whole lot of updates introduced over the years. The current version is 15.0 – it's
really the 17th version, but SQL Server versions 1996 and 1999 are not considered full
versions.
The initial release of MS SQL took place in 1989, so the process of evolution of MS SQL
Server has taken 32 years (and counting). You may think this makes SQL Server outdated,
but let me undeceive you: This is one of the best supported and most popular RDBMSs
on the market.

MS SQL Server competes with many database management systems

(DBMSs). SQL Server is distinguished primarily by its wide range of tools
and applications that facilitate working with data. Its extensive GUI
(graphical user interface) enables easy and intuitive work with the database
as well as allowing you to generate statistics for reports.

When you work with MS SQL Server, you communicate with the database
using T-SQL (transactional SQL). This language is slightly different from
standard SQL – it has a few extra phrases and the syntax has some small
changes. If you know standard SQL, T-SQL won’t be any problem for you;
you can always refer to SQL Server’s documentation for minor differences.
Excel is not database — it is spreadsheet software. Even though
many users try to force it to function like a database, its limitations
in that regard are considerable. Starting with the most obvious,
Excel is limited to 1M rows of data, while databases don't suffer
from such restrictions.

Version : an updated software copy / a form of something that is slightly different from an
earlier form or from other forms of the same thing. version of something the latest version of
the software package. an expanded version of the article.

Linux: Linux could be a free and open supply OS supported operating system standards. It
provides programming interface still as programme compatible with operating system
primarily based systems and provides giant selection applications. A UNIX operating
system additionally contains several severally developed parts, leading to UNIX operating
system that is totally compatible and free from proprietary code.

Windows: Windows may be a commissioned OS within which ASCII text file is

inaccessible. it’s designed for the people with the angle of getting no programming
information and for business and alternative industrial users. it’s terribly straightforward
and simple to use.

The distinction between Linux and Windows package is that Linux is completely freed
from price whereas windows is marketable package and is expensive. Associate operating
system could be a program meant to regulate the pc or computer hardware Associate
behave as an treater between user and hardware. Linux is a open supply package wherever
users will access the ASCII text file and might improve the code victimisation the system.
On the opposite hand, in windows, users can’t access ASCII text file, and it’s a authorized
OS. Let’s see that the difference between Linux and windows:
S.N
O Linux Windows

While windows are the not the

1. Linux is a open source operating system.
open source operating system.

2. Linux is free of cost. While it is costly.

While it’s file name is case-

3. It’s file name case-sensitive.
insensitive.

4. In linux, monolithic kernel is used. While in this, micro kernel is used.

Linux is more efficient in comparison of

5. While windows are less efficient.
windows.

There is forward slash is used for Separating While there is back slash is used
6.
the directories. for Separating the directories.

While it provides less security than

7. Linux provides more security than windows.
linux.

Linux is widely used in hacking purpose While windows does not provide
8.
based systems. much efficiency in hacking.

There are 4 types of user account

There are 3 types of user account – –
9.
(1) Regular , (2) Root , (3) Service account (1) Administrator , (2) Standard ,
(3) Child , (4) Guest
 S.N
O Linux Windows

Administrator user has all

Root user is the super user and has all
10. administrative privileges of
administrative privileges.
computers.

Linux file naming convention in case

In Windows, you cannot have 2
sensitive. Thus, sample and SAMPLE are 2
11. files with the same name in the
different files in Linux/Unix operating
same folder.
system.

graphical user interface (GUI) is a type of user interface through

which users interact with electronic devices via visual indicator
representations.

A command-line interface (CLI) is a text-based user interface (UI)

used to run programs, manage computer files and interact with the
computer. Command-line interfaces are also called command-line
user interfaces, console user interfaces and character user
interfaces.

GUI stands for Graphical User Interface while CUI stands for
Character User Interface . GUI user interface is a type of user
where user interacts with the computer using graphics . CUI
interface interacts with computer using only keyboard.

GUI - Eg. Windows OS

CUI – Eg. Linux

Bare metal : a blank machine / is a computer system without a base operating system (OS) or
installed applications. It is a computer’s hardware assembly, structure and components that is
installed with either the firmware or basic input/output system (BIOS) software utility or no
software at all.
The operating system’s job

The operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on the computer. It
performs basic tasks such as file, memory and process management, handling input and
output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
Most of the time, there are several different computer programs running at the same time, and
they all need to access your computer’s central processing unit (CPU), memory and storage.
The operating system coordinates all of this to make sure each program gets what it needs.

In the image above the User interfaces with the System & Application software. The
System & Application software interfaces with the Operating System. The Operating system
interfaces with the Hardware. Each of these interfaces are two way transactions with each
sending and receiving data.

What is the difference between a server and a desktop?

A server is a computer that has been given the function of "serving" a particular need for
multiple users and is the center of the network. A desktop computer, on the other hand, is
equipped for everyday employees, business owners, students, and families to use.

Sql Server install on Windows OS

How many OS types are there?

five
An Operating System is a software program that acts as an interface between the hardware,
the application software, and the users. There are five popular operating systems: Apple
macOS, Microsoft Windows, Google's Android OS, Linux Operating System, and Apple
iOS.

The differences between servers and desktops are mainly in their purpose, operation and
computational power: Servers provide services to clients, while desktops request services
from servers. Servers are designed to handle many requests, while desktop computers are
designed to be used by one user at a time.

Desktop OS : Windows Home/Premium/7…

Server OS : works 24*7

Interface is same for both

Capacity and capability are different like desktop are small whereas server are big in terms of
processor.
As you'd expect with SQL Server, each new release has brought
many new features over the years. Below are some of the highlights
from the last few releases. A complete listing can be found in the
links in the additional information section.

 SQL Server 2014

o Memory-Optimized Tables
o Encryption for Backups
o New Design for Cardinality Estimation
o Clustered columnstore indexes
o Buffer Pool Extension
 SQL Server 2016
o Temporal tables
o Always Encrypted
o Query Store
o R Services
 SQL Server 2017
o Adaptive query processing
o Resumable online index rebuild
o Automatic database tuning

Microsoft also has multiple editions available within each version.

There are 5 edition levels and each of the levels are geared towards
different sized companies/applications. Below is a short
description of each edition.

 Enterprise - contains all features with high end datacenter

capabilities needed in large enterprises
 Standard - has basic data management which is geared
towards departments or small companies
 Web - is a low cost option that web hosting companies can
offer to their customers
 Developer - contains all of the functionality in enterprise
edition, but is only licensed for development and test
systems. This is an ideal version for developers who build
applications.
 Express - free entry level database ideal for learning how to
build a data driven application or for very small databases

A lot of the differences in each edition are hardware/performance

based. That said there are some functional differences between
editions as well, so you need to be careful when selecting an
edition. For example, when it comes to database mirroring
although it's available in both Enterprise and Standard edition, in
Standard edition you can only use "Full Safety" mode (synchronous),
"High Performance" mode (asynchronous) is not available.

The following table shows some examples of this and the links in
the additional information section contain a complete listing.

Enterpris
Feature Standard Web Express
e
Lesser of 4 Lesser of 4 Lesser of 1
Max Compute
OS max sockets sockets socket
Capacity
or 24 cores or 16 cores or 4 cores

Max Buffer Pool

OS max 128 GB 64 GB 1410 MB
Memory

Max Database
524 PB 524 PB 524 PB 10 GB
Size

Compatibility

-7 to +7 years of support

SQL Server on Windows Server

What does 32 and 64-bit mean?

As its name suggests, the 32 bit OS can store and handle lesser data than the 64 bit OS. More
specifically, it addresses a maximum of 4,294,967,296 bytes (4 GB) of RAM. The 64 bit OS,
on the other hand, can handle more data than the 32 bit OS.

A 32-bit system has a limit of 32 bit Windows 3.2 GB of RAM. The limit in its addressable
space doesn't allow you to use the entire physical memory space of 4GB. A 64-bit system
enables its users to store up to 17 Billion GB of RAM.

Product-based companies offer physical goods, while service-based companies offer

intangible services. Delivery method: Product-based companies deliver their goods to
customers, while service-based companies deliver their services through human interaction or
technology.

Software = Application

SSMS ( Sql Server Management Studio ) is a tool used to connect sql server management
studio

We cannot connect sleeping/shutdown studio

We can connect with running server

SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS) developed by Microsoft.

It is a full-featured platform for storing, retrieving, and manipulating data in a structured
way. SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is a graphical user interface (GUI) tool used to
manage and administer SQL Server instances.

Build no. contain 4 parts

1. Major version
2. Minor version
3. Actual build number
4. Revision history

Eg. Desktop-BAS28LM ( SQL server 15.0.2000.5-Desktop-BAS28LM(hemanth)

Desktop-BAS28LM = server name

SQL server 15.0.2000.5 = build No.

Desktop-BAS28LM(hemanth) = login name

AN UPDATED SOFTWARE COPY OF A SQL
SERVER

Build No. Binaries

sql server 97 7.0 70
sql server 2000 8.0 80****
sql server 2005 9.0 90
sql server 2008 10.0 100
sql server 2008R2 10.50 100
sql server 2012 11.0 110
sql server 2014 12.0 120
sql server 2016 13.0 130
Sql Server 2017 14.0 140
Sql Server 2019 15.0 150
Sql Server 2022 16.0 160

‘Windows Server Versions

‘Windows Server 2000

 ‘Windows Server 2003
‘Windows Server 2008
‘Windows Server 2008R2
‘Windows Server 2012
‘Windows Server 2012R2
‘Windows Server 2016
‘Windows Server 2019

Build No. contain 4 parts

1. Major Version
2. Minor Version
3. Actual Build No.
4. Revision History

Eg. 15.0.2000.5

If we install sql server then build no. start with 8.0

Binary is a folder created in C drive when we install any sql server in system

Upto sql server 2016 – sql can install on windows / server OS =

platform dependent – because limited to windows/server os interms
of installation

From 2017 – sql server can install on windows/server OS and Linux

OS = platform independent
CTP (Community Technology Preview) & EAP (Early Access Preview) Target -
audienceDevelopers with a high demand for a specific new product or functionality.
PurposeAllows developers to share feedback and influence the development process. –
unlicensed & cannot used in prod environment

RC – Relased candidate – 2nd copy

RTM – Released To Market – 1st Base Copy

Errors in software are mistakes made during development and can be more conceptual or
logical. Bugs are the manifestations of those errors in the functioning of the software and are
specific instances of incorrect behavior within the program

In simple terms, any component in an app or website that doesn't function as intended is a
functional bug.

Class – 3

RDBMS - A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a program used to create,

update, and manage relational databases. Some of the most well-known RDBMSs include
MySQL, PostgreSQL, MariaDB, Microsoft SQL Server, and Oracle Database.

What is the Difference between DBMS and RDBMS? DBMS stands for Database
Management System, and RDBMS is the acronym for the Relational Database Management
system. In DBMS, the data is stored as a file, whereas in RDBMS, data is stored in the form
of tables.

Edition = limitation to features

The following table describes the editions of SQL Server.

Edition Definition

Enterprise The premium offering, SQL Server Enterprise edition delivers comprehensive high-end
datacenter capabilities with blazing-fast performance, unlimited virtualization 1, and end-to-
end business intelligence, enabling high service levels for mission-critical workloads and end-
user access to data insights.

Enterprise edition is available for evaluation. An evaluation deployment is available for 180
days. Review the version specific licensing guide for for details.

Standard SQL Server Standard edition delivers basic data management and business intelligence
database for departments and small organizations to run their applications and supports
common development tools for on-premises and cloud, enabling effective database
management with minimal IT resources.

Web SQL Server Web edition is a low total-cost-of-ownership option for Web hosters (including
choosing Web edition on IaaS on Azure) and Web VAPs to provide scalability, affordability,
and manageability capabilities for small to large-scale Web properties.

Developer SQL Server Developer edition lets developers build any kind of application on top of SQL
Server. It includes all the functionality of Enterprise edition, but is licensed for use as a
development and test system, not as a production server. SQL Server Developer is an ideal
choice for people who build and test applications.

Express SQL Server Express edition is the entry-level, free database and is ideal for learning and
edition building desktop and small server data-driven applications. It is the best choice for
independent software vendors, developers, and hobbyists building client applications. If you
need more advanced database features, SQL Server Express can be seamlessly upgraded to
other higher end versions of SQL Server. SQL Server Express LocalDB is a lightweight version of
Express edition that has all of its programmability features, runs in user mode and has a fast,
zero-configuration installation and a short list of prerequisites.
1
Unlimited virtualization is available on Enterprise edition for customers
with Software Assurance. Deployments must comply with the licensing guide. For
more information, see our pricing and licensing page.

1. Express – free – 10 GB – no sql server agent – you cant install on prod server
2. Evaluation – 6 months
3. Developer – upto 2016 it is not free, from 2017 it is free
4. Standard – can use on prod. Environment
5. Enterprise – can use on prod. Environment
 Free edition cannot install on prod environment

Cost

1. Sql server – $ 8k to 9k
2. Windows OS - $ 4k to 5k

A production server is a server used to host website content and applications for deployment
to a live environment. It is the main server on which websites and Web applications are
accessed by end users and is also referred to as a live server.

Any application environment that is not designated for live production use is considered a
non-production environment. For example, you may use a non-production "sandbox" for
testing and development purposes.

Any type of use that does not involve Production workloads. Examples are non-production or
“route-to- live” environments such as development, testing, UAT, staging environments, and
trial or evaluation copies of IBM programs.

Database Management Systems (DBMS) are software systems used to store, retrieve, and run
queries on data. A DBMS serves as an interface between an end-user and a database,
allowing users to create, read, update, and delete data in the database.

The software which is used to manage databases is called Database Management System
(DBMS). For Example, MySQL, Oracle, etc. are popular commercial DBMS used in
different applications.

E.F. Codd = Father of RDBMS - Create small tables and relationship between table.
Sql is mother of all sql languages.

A database schema is a way to logically group objects such as tables, views, stored
procedures etc. Think of a schema as a container of objects. And tables are collections of
rows and columns. combination of all tables makes a db.
Field = columm

Record = row

Data = raw data

Processed data = information

We want to install sql server

Hardware requirement

Physical machine – you can see, touch, feel – RAM, ROM, CPU

Virtual machine – virtualization software

SQL Server virtualization is the process of running SQL Server on a virtual machine (VM).
It's used to consolidate the number of physical servers you have running and reduce the
number of SQL Server licenses you need to purchase.

Virtualization of machine – using physical machine we can create virtual machine

1. Oracle virtual box

2. VM ware
3. Hyper v from Microsoft

We can install en-number of virtual machines depends on physical machine capacity

Run = Windows + R
Create new folder = ctrl + shift + N

What is the difference between fixed and dynamic memory allocation?

The memory is allocated at the runtime. In static memory allocation, while executing a
program, the memory cannot be changed. In dynamic memory allocation, while executing a
program, the memory can be changed. Static memory allocation is preferred in an array.

A virtual machine is an emulated environment of a physical computer system that runs an

operating system and. application.

Examples outside the mainframe field include Parallels Workstation, Parallels Desktop for
Mac, VirtualBox, Virtual Iron, Oracle VM, Virtual PC, Virtual Server, Hyper-V, VMware
Fusion, VMware Workstation, VMware Server (discontinued, formerly called GSX Server),
VMware ESXi, QEMU, Adeos, Mac-on-Linux, Win4BSD, …

Oracle VM

A ticketing system is a help desk software program used to process, manage, and track
customer issues from submission to resolution. Ticketing systems automatically organize and
prioritize support requests in a central dashboard. Users can tag, categorize, and assign tickets
as they come in.

Phillip – raise ticket – install sql server 2022

Windows OS – VM

Step 1 : create VM –done by VM Team / windows

Step 2 : install windows OS – done by window team

Step 3 : enabling the – done by network team

Step 4 : adding software – done by storage team

Step 5 : role of dba starts here

Class - 4

When to install 32 bit or 64 bit

Which windows os to opt for VM

You have to see virtualization enabled – boot key –advanced –virtualization technology –
enabled

ISO file – its virtual software

Any file can convert into ISO file

The full form of ISO is the International Organization for Standardization. It is an

international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national
standards organizations. The ISO makes standards and guidelines for a variety of businesses
and purposes and publishes technical reports.

ISO stands for International Organization for Standardization but it isn't what the . iso file
extension stands for. The extension was derived out standard patented by the International
Organization for Standardization, for filesystems in optical (CD/DVD) disks.

How to see virtualization enabled or not ?

Task manager – performance – CPU – Virtualization – enabled.

Windows + R = Run – type “msinfo32” and enter – to get system information

While installing OS in VM, select widow’s server 2022 data

centre evaluation (desktop experience 64 xs) or name
with desktop experience. Otherwise command prompt
screen.

We have to work related to db not related to other

 Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), a secure network communication protocol offered by
Microsoft, allows users to execute remote operations on other computers. It facilitates secure
information exchange between remotely connected machines over an encrypted
communication channel.

Remote connections / Remote Desktop Protocol / Remote Desktop Connection

Search “MSTSC” or “Remote” in search column – to open Remote Desktop Protocol

A VPN, which stands for virtual private network, establishes a digital connection between
your computer and a remote server owned by a VPN provider, creating a point-to-point
tunnel that encrypts your personal data, masks your IP address, and lets you sidestep website
blocks and firewalls on the internet.

We have to on VPN in order to connect office network

 Cisco vpn
 Global protect
 Citrix
 NordVPN - Best VPN for Privacy.
 Surfshark - Best VPN for Security.
 Private Internet Access VPN - Best VPN for Windows.
 UltraVPN - Best for Day-to-day Use.
 Norton Secure VPN - Best VPN With Dynamic IP Addresses.
 Hotspot Shield - Best VPN for Netflix.
 IPVanish - Best Customer Support.

Formerly known as NordVPN Teams, NordLayer is the consumer VPN's solution for
businesses and corporate users. Although it can't match Perimeter 81 for configurability and
user control, the VPN is better in almost every area, and there's more than enough business
functionality for many users.

How much RAM and memory should be allocated to create server in VM ?

Unlock VM screen = Right Click + Delete or Input – Keyboard – ctrl+alt+delete

An internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to the internet. ISPs can
provide this access through multiple means, including dial-up, DSL, cable, wireless and fiber-
optic connections.

An ISP, or internet service provider, is a company that lets you access the internet from
home, usually with a monthly subscription. Think of it like a cable company, but instead of
connecting you with TV channels, an ISP connects you to the internet.

IPv4 in Command Prompt = IP Address

How to connect server ?

 In VM – File Explorer – Right Click on This PC – Properties – Enable Remote

desktop
 Open VM – select VM – Right Click – Settings – Network – Attached to : Bridged
Adapter – select wireless – click Advanced – promiscuous mode : Allow all – Ok
 Find IP address – open Run ( Right click on windows symbol – click on run or
Windows + R ) Type “cmd” enter – type “ipconfig” enter – IP Address = IPv4
 Normally client/customer provides his IP address in order to connect his server.
 Open Remote Desktop Connection - Enter IP address in Computer : __________
Column – connect – enter username and password of the server / provided by the
organization –Ok – Yes – Connected

To logout from server

 Run – Signout or Logoff – Ok

( Or )
 Right click on windows – Run – Disconnect

In the organization we can use the same username and password

which is provided by the organization in order to connect all servers.

Prerequisite to install sql server – done by Windows team or Wintel

Windows team or wintel will install all software required for sql server except sql server

 SQL server installed by DBA

Hardware req.

 RAM
 ROM
 CPU

Software req.

 .net framework
 OS
 Sql server

Difference between versions of sql server and does the procedure is same to install differetmt
versions sql server is OS ?

What is .NET Framework used for? .NET Framework is used to create and run software
applications. . NET apps can run on many operating systems, using different implementations
of .NET – developed by Microsoft.

.NET Framework is a software development framework for building and running applications
on Windows. .NET Framework is part of the .NET platform, a collection of technologies for
building apps for Linux, macOS, Windows, iOS, Android, and more.

Install .net framework

 In order to install any software, we use server manager

 Open Server Manager by clicking on windows button
 Click on manage - add roles and features
 Installation type – role based or feature based
 Features – select .net framework 3.5 –expand & check all the boxes in the .net
framework ensure all are selected
 Confirmation – specify an alternate source path ( right click –open - OS(D drive) –
sources - sxs – copy path and paste
How to find server name ?

Run – cmd – hostname

( OR )

This PC – properties – device name

( OR )

Run – msinfo32 – system name

Class – 5

How to find physical machine or virtual machine ?

Run – msinfo32 – system name – system model = virtual box

2 TB data backup take 2 hr

Signout = logoff

If there is a pending work work / installation in progress – we have to disconnect

If there is no pending work – we have to sign out

Never ever shutdown the server ***

Lock = windows + L
Class – 6

RDP

You should have intenet

Your desktop OS version should windows 10 Pro

Windows Home cannot use Remote Desktop Protocol

Copy paste server to local windows won’t work If we don’t connect through RDP

Enable remote setting

If your internet changes then IP address changes – restart the server and you will find new IP

You can also connect directly to the server without RDP

Shared path/location where software are located in the organization

Always open application with administrator

Always restart window server before installing SQL Server.

Build sheet – it has all the required details to access the client/customer server and
troubleshoot the issue.

Right Ctrl + delete = to unlock the screen

Pin to task bar

Procedure to install different versions of sql server is same

In organization, we have shared location/ path where it has all the required softwares.
Copy the shared location and paste in RUN