COVENANT UNIVERSITY

CANAANLAND, KM 10, IDIROKO ROAD

P.M.B 1023, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.
TITLE OF EXAMINATION: B.Eng. EXAMINATION
COLLEGE: ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT: PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
SESSION: 2022/2023 SEMESTER: ALPHA
COURSE CODE: PET413 CREDIT UNIT: 3
COURSE TITLE: RESERVOIR ENGINEERING II

MARKING GUIDE
Question 1: (14 marks)

a. LHS difference is stated thus:

The difference between the total mass entering into the elemental volume at boundary r+dr during time interval Δt
and the total mass leaving the elemental volume at boundary r during same time interval Δt.
∆𝑡(𝜌𝑢𝐴)𝑟+𝑑𝑟 − ∆𝑡(𝜌𝑢𝐴)𝑟
(1 mark)
RHS difference is stated thus:
The difference between the total volume of fluid in the elemental volume at time t+Δt and the total volume of fluid in
the elemental volume at time t.
𝑀𝑡+∆𝑡 − 𝑀𝑡
(1 mark)
Input variable governing the LHS difference is spatial location, r. (½ marks)
Input variable governing the RHS difference is time, t. (½ marks)

b. The Workflow
Starting from the left of the plot, search for potential infinite acting straight line (IASLs)
For each potential IASL, perform the following tests.
➢ Are there data points that deviated from the line at early time period?
❖ If yes, proceed to Test 2 [½ mark]
❖ If no, discard the line and search for the next potential line [½ mark]

➢ Are the early time deviated points above the line?

❖ If yes, proceed to Test 3 [½ mark]
❖ If no, discard the line and search for the next line. [½ mark]

➢ Are the data points that deviated from the line at late-time period?
❖ If yes, proceed to Test 4
❖ If no, accept the line as the IASL [½ mark]

1
 ➢ Are the late-time deviations below the line?
❖ If yes, accept the line as the IASL
❖ If no, record the line and search for the next [½ mark]

c.
3.975×105 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
i. The line-source solution starts to be valid at time 𝑡𝑙𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = [1 mark]
𝑘
Substituting values:
3.975×105 ×0.3×3×1×10−5 ×0.52
𝑡𝑙𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 50

𝑡𝑙𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 0.01789 ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 1.07 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 [1 mark]

948𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒 2
ii. The line-source solution stops to be valid at time 𝑡𝑙𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 = [1 mark]
𝑘
Substituting values:
948×0.3×3×1×10−5 ×7452
𝑡𝑙𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 50

𝑡𝑙𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 157.85 ℎ𝑟𝑠 [1 mark]

iii. At the wellbore, the Ei function may be approximated with a logarithm expression when the following
condition is true:
948𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
< 0.01
𝑘𝑡
948𝜙𝜇𝑐 𝑟 2
This condition becomes true at any time greater than 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 0.01𝑘𝑡 𝑤 [1 mark]

948×0.3×3×1×10−5 ×0.52
𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = = 0.00143 ℎ𝑟𝑠 [1 mark]
0.01×50
Hence, can begin to approximate the Ei function with a logarithm expression after 0.00143 ℎ𝑟𝑠

𝑘 𝑟 𝑘ℎ∆𝑃𝑠
iv. Using the skin effect equation: (𝑘 − 1) 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 𝑠 = [1 mark]
𝑠 𝑤 141.2𝑞𝜇𝐵

𝑘ℎ∆𝑃𝑠
( 𝑘 )
141.2𝑞𝜇𝐵( −1)
Radial extent of damage zone, 𝑟𝑠 = 𝑟𝑤 𝑒 𝑘𝑠

50×30×125
( 50 )=1.6278 𝑓𝑡
141.2×300×3×1.25×( −1)
𝑟𝑠 = 0.5 × 𝑒 25 [1 mark]

2
Question 2: (14 marks)
a. The transformation of the flow model to a form devoid of the system parameters factor is warranted by the
following considerations:
i. The need to depict general trends in model solutions. [1 mark]
ii. The need for comparative analysis of solutions. [1 mark]

After the transformation, the model becomes:

𝑃𝐷 = 𝑓(𝑟𝐷 , 𝑡𝐷 ) [1 mark]

b.
1 −1
𝑃𝑤𝐷 = − 𝐸𝑖 ( )+𝑠
2 4𝑡𝐷
i. The LHS of the equation, 𝑃𝑤𝐷 , implies it applies to the wellbore. Since skin effects manifest in the near-
wellbore zone, the addition of skin factor, 𝑠 is justifiable. [1 mark]
𝟏 −𝟏
ii. On the right-hand side, the term 𝟐 𝜺𝒊 (𝟒𝒕 ) is the dimensionless pressure drop. Likewise, 𝑠 is the extra
𝑫
𝟏 −𝟏
dimensionless pressure drop due to skin. Since both 𝜺 ( )
𝟐 𝒊 𝟒𝒕𝑫
and 𝑠 are forms of pressure drop, the
addition is justified. [1 mark]
𝟏 −𝟏
iii. Since 𝜺 ( ) is dimensionless and 𝑠 is dimensionless, adding them together is justifiable. [1 mark]
𝟐 𝒊 𝟒𝒕𝑫
c.

Time, t (hrs) 0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5

Pressure, Pwf (psi) 3700 3639 3611 3583 3556 3530 3486 3440 3401 3332 3273 3159
Time, t (hrs) 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 20
Pressure, Pwf (psi) 3069 2939 2892 2837 2805 2762 2736 2730 2690 2662

i. The semi-log plot 𝑃𝑤𝑓 versus log t is hereunder presented.

3
 3800

3600

3400
Pressure, Pwf (psi)

3200

3000
3070

2800

2736

2600
0.1 1 10 100
Time, t (hrs)

[4 marks]
ii. From the semi-log plot, the slope of the infinite-acting straight line, m is estimated thus:
2736−3070
𝑚 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10−𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = −334 [½ mark]

Hence, the absolute permeability is estimated thus:

−162.6𝑞𝜇𝐵 −162.6 × 115 × 1.3 × 1.229

𝑘= = = 11.18
𝑚ℎ −334 × 8

∴ 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 11.18𝑚𝐷 [½ mark]

4
 iii. Using the equation below, the permeability of the damaged/fractured zone, 𝑘𝑠 is computed thus:
𝑘 𝑟
𝑠 = (𝑘 − 1) 𝑙𝑛 𝑟𝑠 [1 mark]
𝑠 𝑤
𝑘 11.18
𝑘𝑠 =
𝑠 = = 50.24
−1.85
𝑟𝑠 + 1 2.7 + 1
𝑙𝑛 𝑟 𝑙𝑛
𝑤 0.25
∴ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑/𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 50.24𝑚𝐷 [2 marks]

Question 3: (14 marks)

a. The measurement challenge responsible for the wellbore storage (WBS) challenge is the fact that pressure drop
is measured downhole while flowrate is measured at surface. [1 mark]

Proposed solutions to the WBS challenge:

i. Re-formulate the model with consideration for WBS. [1 mark]
ii. Exclude WBS data in analysis of well test data. [1 mark]

b.
1
1688 = 4×0.0002637
× 1.781 [1 mark]

Factor 4: from the Line-Source solution [½ mark]

Factor 0.0002637: from the replacement of tD with its equivalent expression, in the Line-Source solution
[½ mark]
Factor 1.781: used in approximating Ei function as a logarithmic function. [½ mark]

Constraint:
948ϕ𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
< 0.01
𝑘𝑡
[½ mark]
c.
The Horner’s Time Ratio is calculated using the expression:
𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
∆𝑡

Where, 𝑡𝑝 = 321.2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

5
 ∆𝑡(ℎ𝑟) 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 𝑃𝑤𝑠 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)
∆𝑡

0 -- 2980
0.1 3213.00 3100
0.2 1607.00 3150
0.3 1071.67 3200
0.5 643.40 3250
0.75 429.27 3275
1 322.20 3290
2 161.60 3315
3 108.07 3325
4 81.30 3330
5 65.24 3335
7 46.89 3342
10 33.12 3350
15 22.41 3360
20 17.06 3364
30 11.71 3370
40 9.03 3372
50 7.42 3374
60 6.35 3375
70 5.59 3376
80 5.02 3377
[1 mark]

i. The Horner’s plot is hereunder presented.

6
 3450

3424

3400

3375

3350

3327
3302
3300
Pws, psi

3250

3200

3150

3100

3050
10000.00 1000.00 100.00 10.00 1.00
Horner's Time

[3 marks]

ii. From the Horner’s plot, the extrapolation of the straight line intercepts Horner’s time value of 1 at Pws =
3424psi.

∴ 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 3424 𝑝𝑠𝑖 [2 marks]

7
iii. From the Horner’s plot, the slope of the straight line, m estimated thus:
3327−3375
𝑚 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔100−𝑙𝑜𝑔10 = −48 [1 mark]

Also, the flowrate of the well during the production that precedes the build-up test is calculated thus:
24𝑁𝑝 24×4550
𝑞= = = 340 𝑆𝑇𝐵/𝐷 [½ marks]
𝑡𝑝 321.2

Hence, the absolute permeability is estimated thus:

−162.6𝑞𝜇𝐵 −162.6 × 340 × 0.76 × 1.24

𝑘= = = 24.67
𝑚ℎ −48 × 44

∴ 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 24.67𝑚𝐷 [½ marks]