SOFTWARE ?

Definitions:
 “A set of instruction to solve a particular
problem”
 “A piece of software is a computer program

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

which has been written to carry out a
particular task.”
 Software programs are originally produced
by computer programmers who will write the
instructions that form the program in a
programming language.
 The series of computer-language coded
instructions that tells the computer how to
perform tasks
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TYPES OF SOFTWARE (FUNCTIONALITY POINT OF VIEW !)

Computer
Software

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

2-Application 1-System
Software Software

General- Application- System System

Purpose Specific Management Development
Programs Programs Programs Programs

3
1-SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

 Systems software controls the operation of a

computer
 Enables the other application programs to execute.

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

 Without systems software a computer would not
function.

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 SYSTEM SOFTWARE
What is system software?
 Programs that
control the
operations of the

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

computer and its
devices
 Interface between
user, application
software, and
hardware.

Next
5

p.8.2
1-SYSTEM S/W TYPES
System software divided in to two main
types
a. System management programs

b. System development programs

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

7
 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

Examples
i. Operation systems
ii. Device drivers

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

iii. BIOS Programs

iv. Utility program

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 A-System management programs (Continue!)
I- Operating System:

 Set of programs containing instructions that coordinate all

the activities among computer hardware devices.

 Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

actually work.

 It is the software that enables all the programs we use.

 The OS organizes and controls the hardware.

 OS acts as an interface between the application programs and

the machine hardware.

 Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac etc.,

(Will be discuss later in details !)
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 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS (CONTINUE!)
II-DEVICE DRIVERS

 Device drivers are computer programs allowing

higher-level computer programs to interact with a
hardware device.

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

 A driver typically communicates with the device
through the computer bus or communications
subsystem to which the hardware connects.
 Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-
system-specific.

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 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS (CONTINUE!)
III-BASIC INPUT / OUTPUT SYSTEM (BIOS)

• BIOS is responsible for starting the PC.

• Boot the computer by providing a basic set of

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

instructions.
• Load the operating system after turning on the
computer
• Provide low-level routines for the communications
between OS and hardware devices

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 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS (CONTINUE!)
IV-UTILITY PROGRAMS.

 A utility program allows a user to perform

maintenance-type tasks usually related to managing
a computer.

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

 Type of system software that performs a specific
task, usually related to managing a computer, its
devices, or its programs
 File and hard disk management for efficiency and
storage.
 Setting peripheral devices to the users requirements,
i.e. setting the monitor resolution

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 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS (CONTINUE!)
IV-UTILITY PROGRAMS.
What is a utility program?
utility suites
 A type of system Combine several utility

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

software that performs programs into a single
package
a specific task
 Usually related to Web-based utility service
managing a computer, Pay an annual fee that
its devices or its allows you to access and
programs use a vendor’s utility
programs on the Web

McAfee and Norton offer

utility suites and Web-
13
Next
based utility services
p.8.27
 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
(CONTINUE!)
IV-UTILITY PROGRAMS.

 Some Common Utility Programs:

 File viewer

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

 File compression
 Diagnostic utility
 Uninstaller
 Disk Scanner
 Disk Defragmenter
 Backup Utility
 Screen Saver
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 A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS (CONTINUE!)
IV-UTILITY PROGRAMS: SOME EXAMPLES

Disk defragmenters :
 Can detect computer files whose contents are
broken across several locations on the hard disk,
and move the fragments to one location to

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

increase efficiency.
Network utilities:
 Analyze the computer's network connectivity,
configure network settings, check data transfer
or log events

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A-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS (CONTINUE!)
IV-UTILITY PROGRAMS: SOME EXAMPLES
Disk cleaners:
 Can find files that are unnecessary to computer
operation, or take up considerable amounts of

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

space. Disk cleaner helps the user to decide what
to delete when their hard disk is full.
Backup
 Can make a copy of all information stored on a
disk, and restore either the entire disk (e.g. in an
event of disk failure) or selected files (e.g. in an
event of accidental deletion).

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 B-SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
Compiler:
 A compiler is a program that reads a program in one
language – the source language and translates into

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

an equivalent program in another language (Machine
language).
Source Languages
 C++ language
 FORTRAN language
 Pascal’ language, etc
Machine languages
 Assembly Language

17
B-SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS (CONTINUE!)

Linker:
 A linker or link editor is a program that takes one or more
objects generated by compilers and assembles them into a

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

single executable program.
 Linkers can take objects from a collection called a library.
 The objects are program modules containing
machine code and information for the linker.
 The linker takes care of arranging the objects in a program's
address space.

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2-APPLICATION SOFTWARE
 Application software consists of programs
designed to perform specific tasks for users to
sport :
Home Activities,

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.



 Personal Activates,

 Business Activates,

 And Educational Activities;

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 2-APPLICATION SOFTWARE
What is application software?
 Programs that As a
perform specific productivity/
tasks for users business tool

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

 Also called a To assist with
software application graphics and
or an application multimedia
 Why used: projects

To support
household activities,
for personal
business, or for
education
To facilitate
communications 20
p. 3.2
 2-APPLICATION SOFTWARE
What are main categories of application software?

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

21
p. 3.2
Fig. 3-1
 PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE
What is productivity software?
 Software
that assists
people in
Presentation Graphics
becoming Word Processing
more
effective Personal Information Manager
and
Spreadsheet
efficient
while
performing Software Suite

daily Database
activities Project Management

p. 3.7 Fig. 3-8

Accounting
Software packages:
 Sometimes more than one program is required to
complete a task.
 When this is the case the group of programs which

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

together complete the task are known as a
software package.
 Multiple software programs that work together (or
performs similar functions) and is bundled and
sold together as a software package.

23
M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.
24
 GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE

What are some

popular Computer-Aided Design
(CAD)
graphics and Desktop Publishing
multimedia (Professional)

software
products? Paint/Image Editing
(Professional)

Video and Audio Editing

Multimedia Authoring

Web Page Authoring

p. 3.22 Fig. 3-26
 SOFTWARE FOR HOME, PERSONAL, AND
EDUCATIONAL USE
What software
products are Integrated Software
Personal Finance
available for home,
personal, and Legal
educational use?
Tax Preparation

Desktop Publishing

Paint/Image Editing
(Personal)

Clip Art/Image Gallery

Home Design/
Landscaping
Reference
p. 3.26 Fig. 3-32
 COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE
What software facilitates communication?
o E-mail
o Web browsers Instant E-mail
Newsgroup
messaging (IM)
Videoconference
Web
or browser
electronic mail
o Chat rooms A Real-time
meeting Groupware
Chat
Also called a room
discussion
communications
between two or more
servicesor that
browser
notifies
Transmission
geographically separated you
ofwhere
people
Online
Permitsarea
A software on
users the Web
application
to chat with
o Newsgroups who when
use a
users conduct
one or
messages
network more
writtenor people
via
thea Internet
discussions
thatAllows
eachhelps
areotheryou totheof
groups
online via
computer
to transmit
about a network
audio
particularand suchdata
video
subject
o Instant messaging people
asaccess
a work and
computer
local area view
together
network and
Allows
Web you to exchange
YouHome
share
use orpages
ausers can
information
software
the on the
make
program
Internet a video
over a
called
o Groupware Some
telephone
a newsreadersupport
messages
call or
where
Internet
to voice
files chats
with
both parties
participate in a
them or network
join a private chat
E-mail
and
see each software
videoas
other
newsgroup lets
chats you
they talk
o Videoconferencing create, room
send, receive,
forward, store, print,
and delete e-mail
Click to view Web Link messages
then click Groupware
p. 3.31
 2-APPLICATION S/W TYPES ( OTHER PERSPECTIVE !)

Application software divided in to two main types

a. Custom based software/Application Specific
Programs

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

b. Generic software/General-Purpose Programs

28
 2-APPLICATION S/W TYPES
(A)-CUSTOM BASED SOFTWARE
 The software which is specified by the software
vendor/producer for a specific organization or
institute is called custom based software”

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

 This is a software that is designed and developed
for particular customer.
 Examples:

 NADRA registration System

 Railway Reservation system

 Nobel Pharmacy Management system

 And many more…….

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 2-APPLICATION S/W TYPES
(B)GENERIC SOFTWARE
 It is design for general public uses.
 Developed for the sale to the software developers
/users for their use.

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

 The most common generic software packages are:
 Word Processor
 Presentation Software
 Spreadsheets
 Media players
 Graphic designing software
And many more examples

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 2-Application S/W Types:
(b)Generic software: Examples.
Word Processors:
Word processing is a tool that helps user in creating, editing, and
printing documents. Word processors will normally have the
following capabilities built into them:

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

• Spell checking
• Standard layouts for normal documents
• Have some characters appear in bold print,
italics, or underlined
• Save the document so it can be used again
• print the document.
Examples: Microsoft Word (later on we will discuss it in details )
and WordPerfect

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2-APPLICATION S/W TYPES:
(B)GENERIC SOFTWARE: EXAMPLES.
WORDPERFECT

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

32
 2-Application S/W Types:
(b)Generic software: Examples.
Spreadsheets: The spreadsheet packages
are designed to use numbers and formulas
to do calculations with ease. Examples of
spreadsheets include:

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

 Budgets

 Payrolls

 Grade Calculations
The most commonly used spreadsheet
programs are Microsoft Excel (later on we
will discuss it in details ) and Lotus 123.

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2-APPLICATION S/W TYPES:
(B)GENERIC SOFTWARE: EXAMPLES.

LOTUS 123

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

34
 2-Application S/W Types:
(b)Generic software: Examples.

Graphic Presentations:
The presentation programs can make giving presentations and
using overheads easier. Other uses include:

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

 Slide Shows

 Repeating Computer Presentations on a computer

monitor
 Using Sound and animation in slide shows

The most recognized graphic presentation programs are Microsoft

PowerPoint (later on we will discuss it in details ) and Harvard
Graphics.

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OTHER SOFTWARE:

Bespoke:
 Software that is specially written for an
application.

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

 An expensive but a perfect solution to a
requirement when there is no suitable
package available.
 Often a one off piece of software written for a
large organisation as a perfect match to their
needs.

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Air Traffic Control
Software
is an example of
Bespoke
Software.

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

37
TYPES OF SOFTWARE (ACCESSIBILITY POINT OF VIEW !)

1. Open source software

2. Proprietary software
1-OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

 Open source software (OSS) is computer software

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

whose source code is available under a license that
permits users to use, change, and improve the
software, and to redistribute it in modified or
unmodified form.
 It is often developed in a public, collaborative
manner.

 Well-known OSS products are Linux, Netscape,

Apache, etc.,

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2-PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE

 Proprietary software (also called non-free software) is

software with restrictions on using, copying and
modifying as enforced by the proprietor.

M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL,Lahore.

 Restrictions on use, modification and copying is
achieved by either legal or technical means and
sometimes both.
 Proponents of proprietary software are like Microsoft.

 Example: Microsoft Windows, RealPlayer, Adobe

Photoshop, Mac OS, WinZip, CAD , Norton Antivirus
etc.

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