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I would like to share with you my essay, I talk in it about materials for solar cells.

My essay tries to expose the technology of recent materials for these solar cells, I also talk
about the advantages, and I talk about some considerable electrical parameters

As we know, solar cells are capable of converting solar radiation into electrical energy through
the photovoltaic effect.

I would like to start by talking about The evolution of organic materials for efficient dye-
sensitized solar cells.

The evolution of organic materials for efficient dye-sensitized

solar cells.
for DSSC the maximum efficiency has increased from 7% to 14.3%.

Some characteristics of these cells are low cost, non-toxic, colorful, transparent, ease of
manufacturing, flexibility and efficient operation of indoor lighting.

Performance decreases as temperature increases.

In general, the efficiency of DSSC solar cells decreases by approximately 0.5% for every degree
Celsius increase in temperature.

Organic materials for DSSC solar cells are transparent in the visible light range.

DSSC solar cells have an efficiency of around 15% at high irradiance levels. At low irradiance levels,
the efficiency of DSSC solar cells can be reduced to around 5%.

For DSSC, the organic molecule chlorophyll absorbs light in the range of 400 to 700 nm.

Polymers can absorb light in a narrower range of wavelengths. For example, the polymer
polypyrrole absorbs light in the range of 500 to 600 nm.

Solar energy harvesting with the application of Nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology enhanced solar cells prepared on laser-
crystallized polycrystalline thin films (<10 µm).

These solar cells have great potential to reduce the cost of photovoltaic (PV) energy; However, due
to the low light absorption of thin crystalline silicon films, the solar cells barely reached 10%
efficiency.
 Nanotechnology is used to improve the efficiency and stability of solar cells in several ways. For
example, it can be used to:

• Improve light absorption,

• Improve cargo transportation:

• Improve stability:

These cells have a working wavelength of around 400 to 800 nm. The performance of solar cells is
affected by high temperature levels.

The manufacture of these cells with nanotechnology is more complex and expensive

This type of cell is quite flexible and durable.

These solar cells are very transparent

Performance at low irradiance levels (<1000 W/m2) is low. because nanoscale structures are more
susceptible to degradation under low irradiance conditions.

Typical cell values are

• Energy conversion efficiency: 19.5%.

• Short circuit current: 16.5 mA/cm2.

• Open circuit voltage: 0.7 V.

• Maximum power: 1.3 mW/cm2.

Recent advances and challenges in flexible solar cells with low

temperature dye
Low-temperature dye-sensitized flexible solar cells (DSSC) are solar cells that use an
organic dye to absorb light and generate electricity.

this technology can be cheaper, more flexible

--DSSC solar cells have three main layers:

• A photo of anode:

• A layer of dye:

• A cathode:
 These low temperature cells are prone to degradation, which can reduce their
efficiency and useful life. The lifespan of DSSC is usually about 10 years.

The wavelength of flexible low temperature dye solar cells (DSSC) is in the range of 380
to 780 nanometers,

The real efficiency is 15% at 1000 W/m2,

• Benzothiadiazole -based materials for organic solar cells

Benzothiadiazole (BTA) materials for organic solar cells work through a process called “exciplex
charge transfer.” In this process, sunlight excites an organic dye, which then transfers an
electron to a semiconductor. The electron moves through the semiconductor, creating an
electric current.

The energy conversion efficiency of benzothihadiazole (BT) based material for organic solar
cells is around 10-15%.

The typical visible spectrum of BT-based materials is as follows:

Maximum absorption wavelength: 500-600 nm

Absorption bandwidth: 100-200 Nm

Typical values of electrical parameters of benzothiadiazole (BT) based material for organic solar
cells (OSC) are as follows:

Energy conversion efficiency: 10-15%

Short circuit current: 10-20 mA/cm2

Open circuit voltage: 0.7 V

Energy performance: 10-20 MW/cm2

• Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles/graphene composites for

efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.

Graphene (GR) demonstrates excellent photoelectrochemical properties; The addition of

graphene improves the dye loading capacity of photoanodes with improved current density
and faster charge transport.

Studies have shown that optimal loading of Cu and graphene can increase the power
conversion efficiency by 47% more than undoped DSSC (6.66%).
 The typical values of the electrical parameters of the DSSCs are:

Voc: 0.6-0.7 V

ISC: 10-20 mA/cm²

FF: 0.6-0.7

Efficiency: 10-12.5%

Development of lead-free perovskite solar cells:

Opportunities, challenges, and future technologies.
Perovskite solar cells are hampered by the problem of toxicity caused by metallic lead

Lead is toxic to humans, which is why the creation of non-toxic and lead-free solar cells was
born for a sustainable and safe environment.

Energy conversion efficiency has reached 18.8%.

In general there is no advantage but there is an energy efficiency between 15 and 20%.
However, they do not resist high temperatures.

Unovskite solar cells absorb light in a range of ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths.

Enhanced surface morphology and photovoltaic properties of a new class of material copper
silver bismuth iodide solar cell.

The recently discovered bismuth-silver-copper iodide films. is the first study to describe the
optimization of annealing temperature of Cu solar cells. Using a single-step spin-coating technique,
the films were fabricated, in which hot melt droplets were cast onto the preheated substrates. The
trigonal crystal structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and the surface morphology was
observed by scanning electron microscopes of synthesized films.

Challenges of bismuth, copper and silver iodide (BCPI) for solar cells.

• The long-term stability of BCPI solar cells has not yet been demonstrated.

• Improving the surface morphology of BCPI solar cells led to improvements in power conversion
efficiency, thermal stability, and humidity stability.
• The power conversion efficiency of BCPI solar cells with improved surface morphology was 17.5%

Black-phosphorus-based materials for application in solar cells.

• Black phosphorus (BP) materials are materials made up of phosphorus atoms arranged in a
similar structure. to graphite.

• A key challenge for BP solar cells is their long-term stability. BP is a relatively unstable material,
which can cause degradation of solar cells when exposed to light and heat.

• BP solar cells are not yet available on the commercial market. However, there are several
companies that are working to develop and commercialize BP solar cells.

CONCLUSION

Solar cell materials are an active field of research with great potential to improve the efficiency,
durability, and cost of solar cells. Nanotechnology is a promising tool for developing new materials
and manufacturing processes that could revolutionize the field of solar cells.

However, there are still some challenges that must be overcome before solar cell materials can
reach their full potential. One of the main challenges is cost. Solar cell materials are often more
expensive than traditional materials.

By reducing the cost, improving efficiency, and making solar cells easier to install, advances in solar
cell materials could make solar energy a more viable option for homes and businesses.