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Crystal Structure Lecture Notes 3

This document provides an overview of Bragg's analysis of x-ray crystallography. It describes how x-rays directed at a crystalline solid are diffracted by the regularly spaced lattice of atoms. Bragg's law states that constructive interference occurs when the path difference between reflected beams is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength. Measuring the diffraction patterns provides information about the atomic spacing within the crystal. Relevant books, web links, and videos are also listed for further reading on the topic of x-ray crystallography and Bragg diffraction.

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18 views5 pages

Crystal Structure Lecture Notes 3

This document provides an overview of Bragg's analysis of x-ray crystallography. It describes how x-rays directed at a crystalline solid are diffracted by the regularly spaced lattice of atoms. Bragg's law states that constructive interference occurs when the path difference between reflected beams is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength. Measuring the diffraction patterns provides information about the atomic spacing within the crystal. Relevant books, web links, and videos are also listed for further reading on the topic of x-ray crystallography and Bragg diffraction.

Uploaded by

Practical Piyangshu YT
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© © All Rights Reserved
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This topic is mapped with CO3 of the course

Bragg’s Analysis:

Figure 1 WH Bragg and WL Bragg [1]

A technique in which a beam of x-rays is directed against a crystal, the atoms of


which, because of their lattice arrangement, reflect the ray in the same way as a
series of plane surfaces. If the wavelength of the x-rays is known, the
measurements of the diffraction patterns formed by the reflected radiations
provide a means of calculating the distances between the atomic planes.

Fig.2 diagram for Braggs diffraction[1]


Bragg diffraction. Two beams with identical wavelength and phase approach a
crystalline solid and are scattered off two different atoms within it. The lower
beam traverses an extra length of 2dsinθ. Constructive interference occurs when
this length is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength of the radiation.

Bragg diffraction occurs when radiation, with a wavelength comparable to atomic


spacings , is scattered in a fashion by the atoms of a crystalline system, and
undergoes constructive interference. For a crystalline solid, the waves are
scattered from lattice planes separated by the interplanar distance d. When the
scattered waves interfere constructively, they remain in phase since the difference
between the path lengths of the two waves is equal to an integer multiple of the
wavelength. The path difference between two waves undergoing interference is
given by 2dsin θ, where θ is the angle and note that this differs from the
convention in Snell's law where θ is measured from the surface normal). The
effect of the constructive or destructive interference intensifies because of the
cumulative effect of reflection in successive planes (h, k, l) of the crystalline
lattice (as described by Miller notation This leads to Bragg's law, which describes
the condition on θ for the constructive interference to be at its strongest.

where n is a positive integer and λ is the wavelength of the incident wave. Note
that moving particles, including electrons , protons and neutrons have an
associated wavelength called de-Broglie wavelength. A diffraction pattern is
obtained by measuring the intensity of scattered waves as a function of scattering
angle. Very strong intensities known as Bragg peaks are obtained in the
diffraction pattern at the points where the scattering angles satisfy Bragg
condition. As mentioned in the introduction, this condition is a special case of the
more general Laue equations and the Laue equations can be shown to reduce to
the Bragg condition under additional assumptions.

The phenomena of Bragg diffraction by a crystal lattice shares similar


characteristics with that of thin film interference, which has an identical condition
in the limit where the refractive indices of the surrounding medium (e.g. air) and
the interfering medium (e.g. oil) are equal.

Equation of Bragg’s Law:


DERIVATION OF BRAGG’S LAW

Bragg considered to be made up of parallel planes of atoms . Incident waves are


reflected from parallel planes of atoms in the crystal , with each plane reflecting
only a very small fraction of the radiation.

Capture.JPG

Fig.3 diagram for Braggs diffraction[1]


BC =d sin𝜃

AB= d sin𝜃

AB+BC= 2 d sin𝜃

nλ = 2 d sin𝜃

Constructive interference of the radiation from successive planes occurs

when the path difference is an integral number of wavelengths. This is the


Bragg Law.

Relevant Books for this topic

https://thecrystalhealingshop.com/collections/free-downloads-and-ebooks

https://www.amazon.com/Crystal-Structure-Determination-Werner-
Massa/dp/3540206442

https://www.amazon.com/Crystal-Structure-Determination-Werner-
Massa/dp/3642058418

Relevant Web links for this topic

http://web.pdx.edu/~pmoeck/phy381/Topic5a-XRD.pdf

https://web.iit.edu/sites/web/files/departments/academic-affairs/academic-
resource-center/pdfs/Crystal_Structures.pdf

https://www.mah.se/upload/_upload/Crystal%20structures.pdf

http://srjcstaff.santarosa.edu/~yataiiya/E45/CRYSTALS%20-%20Copy.pdf

Relevant Videos for this topic

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/113/104/113104014/

https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/75283/3-091-fall-
2004/contents/video-lectures/lecture-18/index.htm

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