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Relations and Functions Class 12 Notes CBSE Maths Chapter 1 (PDF)

This document provides a summary of key concepts from the Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions in Class 12 Mathematics. It defines relations and the different types of relations including empty, universal, trivial, reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. It also defines functions and the different types of functions including one-to-one, onto and bijective functions. Additionally, it covers composition of functions, invertible functions, binary operations and their properties.

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132 views

Relations and Functions Class 12 Notes CBSE Maths Chapter 1 (PDF)

This document provides a summary of key concepts from the Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions in Class 12 Mathematics. It defines relations and the different types of relations including empty, universal, trivial, reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. It also defines functions and the different types of functions including one-to-one, onto and bijective functions. Additionally, it covers composition of functions, invertible functions, binary operations and their properties.

Uploaded by

ak9119648872
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Revision Notes

Class-12 Mathematics
Chapter 1 – Relations and Functions
Relation
● It defines relationship between two set of values let say from set A to
set B.
● Set A is then called domain and set B is then called codomain.
● If  a, b  R , it shows that a is related to b under the relation R

Types of Relations
1. Empty Relation:
● In this there is no relation between any element of a set.
● It is also known as void relation
● For example: if set A is 2, 4, 6 then an empty relation can be R  x, y
where x  y  11

2. Universal Relation:
● In this each element of a set is related to every element of that set.
● For example: if set A is 2, 4, 6 then a universal relation can be
R  x, y where x  y  0

3. Trivial Relation: Empty relation and universal relation is sometimes


called trivial relation.

4. Reflexive Relation:
● In this each element of set (say) A is related to itself i.e., a relation R in
set A is called reflexive if  a,a  R for every a A .
● For example: if Set A  1, 2,3 then relation
R  1,1,1, 2  ,  2, 2,2,1,3,3 is reflexive since each element of set
A is related to itself.

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5. Symmetric Relation:
● A relation R in set A is called symmetric if  a, b  R and  b,a  R
for every a,bA .
● For example: if Set A  1, 2,3 then relation
R  1, 2  ,  2,1  ,  2,3  ,  3, 2,3,1,1,3 is symmetric.

6. Transitive Relation:
● A relation R in set A is called transitive if  a, b  R and  b,c  R
then  a, c also belongs to R for every a,b,cA .
● For example: if Set A  1, 2,3 then relation
R  1, 2,2,3,1,32,3,3, 2  ,  2, 2 is transitive.

7. Equivalence Relation:
● A relation R on a set A is equivalence if R is reflexive, symmetric and
transitive.
● For example: R   L1,L 2  :line L1 is parallel line L 2  ,
This relation is reflexive because every line is parallel to itself
Symmetric because if L1 parallel to L2 then L2 is also parallel to L1
Transitive because if L1 parallel to L2 and L2 parallel to L3 then L1
is also parallel to L3

Functions
● A function f from a set A to a set B is a rule which associates each
element of set A to a unique element of set B.

● Set A is domain and set B is codomain of the function

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● Range is the set of all possible resulting value given by the function.
For example: x is a function where values of x will be the domain and
2
●
2
value given by x is range.

Types of Function:
1. One-One Function:
● A function f from set A to set B is called one-one function if no two
distinct elements of A have the same image in B.
● Mathematically, a function f from set A to set B if f  x   f  y  implies
that x  y for all x, yA.
● One-one function is also called an injective function.
● For example: If a function f from a set of real number to a set of real
number, then f  x   2x is a one-one function.

2. Onto Function:
● A function f from set A to set B is called onto function if each element
of set B has a preimage in set A or range of function f is equal to the
codomain i.e., set B.
● Onto function is also called surjective function.
● For example: If a function f from a set of natural number to a set of n
Natural number, then f  x   x 1 is onto function.

3. Bijective Function:
● A function f from set A to set B is called bijective function if it is both
one-one function and onto function.
● For example: If a function f from a set of real number to a set of real
number, then f x  2x is one-one function and onto function.

Composition of function and invertible function


● Composition of function: Let f : A  B and g : B  C then the
composite of g and f , written as g f is a function from A to C such
that g f  a   g  f  a   for all a A. (Not in the current syllabus)
● Properties of composition of function: Let f : A  B , g : B  C and
h : C  A then

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a. Composition is associative i.e., h  gf    hg  f
b. If f and g are one-one then g f is also one-one
c. If f and g are onto then g f is also onto
Invertible function: If f is bijective then there is a function f : B  A
1
d.
such that  f 1f   a   a for all a A and  f 1f   b   b for all bB
● f 1 is the inverse of the function f and is always unique.

Binary Operations
● A binary operation are mathematical operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division performed between two
operands.
● A binary operation on a set A is defined as operations performed between
two elements of set A and the result also belongs to set A. Then set A is
called binary composition.
● It is denoted by *
● For example: Binary addition of real numbers is a binary composition
● since on adding two real number the result will always a real number.

Properties of Binary Composition:


● A binary operation * on the set X is commutative, i.e., a * b  b*a , for
every a,bX
● A binary operation * on the set X is associative, i.e.,
a *  b * c  a * b  * c , for every a,b,cX
● There exists identity for the binary operation *: AA  A , i.e.,
a *e  e*a  a for all a,eA
● A binary operation *: AA  A is said to be invertible with respect to
the operation * if there exist an element b in A such that a *b  b*a  e
e is identity element in A then b is the inverse of a and is denoted
by a .
1

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