20 1 Sample Stress

the shearing stress on the glued joint P = 600 N. (b) Generalize the procedure of part (a) to show that
the shearing stress on a plane inclined at angle θ to a transverse section of area A is 𝜏 = P sin 2θ/2A.

Figure P-120

121. A rectangular piece of wood, 50 mm by 100 mm in cross section, is used as a

compression block as shown in Fig. P-121. Determine the maximum axial force P which can be safely
applied to the block if the compressive stress in the wood is limited to 20MN/m² and the shearing
stress parallel to the rain s limited to 5 MN/m². The grain makes an angle of 20° with the horizontal,
as shown. (Hint: Use the results of Problem 120.)
Ans. P = 77.8kN

Figure P-121

1-5 BEARING STRESS

Bearing stress differs from compressive stress in that the latter is the internal stress caused by a
compressive force whereas the former is a contact pressure between separate bodies. Some examples
of bearing stress are the soil pressure beneath piers and the forces on bearing plates. We now consider
the contact pressures between an axle and its bearing, or between a rivet or bolt and the contact
surface of the plate against which it pushes.
1-5 Bearing Stress 21

Projected area of
rivet hole

Figure 1-11. Exaggerated bearing deformation of upper plate

Pb = Ab 𝜎b = (td) 𝜎b

In Fig. 1-11, the result of an excessive bearing stress is to cause yielding of the plate of the
rivet, or both. The intensity with which the rivet bears against the rivet hole is not constant, but
actually varies from zero at the edges of the hole to a maximum directly in back of the rivet. The
difficulty inherent in a variable stress distribution is avoided by the common practice of assuming the
bearing stress 𝜎b to be uniformly distributed over a reduced area which is the projected area of the
rivet hole. Then the bearing load is express by

Pb = Ab 𝜎b = (td) 𝜎b

The result is analogous to that for a cylinder subjected to a uniform internal pressure (see the
next article, especially Fig. 1-14). There, as we shall see, the net force is equal to the uniform pressure
multiplied by the projected area.

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM

122. Figure 1-12 shows a W460 X 97 beam riveted to a W610 X girder by two 100 X 90 X 10-
mm angles with 19-mm-diameter

W610 X 125 girder,

Web = 11.9 mm
W460 X 97 beam, web = 11.4 mm
Figure 1-12. Strength of beam and girder connection.
22 1 Simple Stress

rivets. (Refer to Appendix B for the properties of structural sections.) For the shop-driven rivets that
the angles to the beam, assume 𝜏 = 80 MPa and 𝜎b = 170 MPa. For the field-driven rivets (riveted on
the job), assume 𝜏 = 170 MPa and 𝜎b = 140 MPa. The wed of the girder is 11.9 mm thick, and the web
of the beam is 11.4 mm thick. Determine the allowable and reaction.
Solution: At the girder, the shearing resistance is that of 8 field-driven rivets in single shear; hence we
have
π
[P = A𝜏] P = 8 ( /4) (19 X 10-3) 2(70 X 106) = 159 kN

The bearing resistance at the girder depends on the minimum thickness of the connection,
which in this case is the 10-mm thickness of the clip angle. We obtain for 8 field-driven rivets in
bearing:

[ P = A𝜎 ]
b P = 8 (19 X 10-3) (10 X 10-3) (140 X 106)

= 213 kN
At the beam, there are 4 shop-driven rivets in double shear, giving a total of 8 single-shear.
With an allowable shearing stress of 80 MPa, this makes the shear resistance greater here than at the
girder.
The bearing resistance at the beam depends on the web thickness of the beam. Since this is
smaller than the combined thickness of the two clip angles, for the 4 rivets in bearing, we obtain

[ P = A𝜎 ]
b P = 4 (19 X 10-3) (11.4 X 10-3) (170 X 106)

= 147 kN
The safe beam reaction is the smallest of the above values, that is, 147 kN; it is limited by the
bearing of the shop-driven rivets against the W460 X 97 beam.

PROBLEMS

123. In Fig. 1-11, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates which are each 100 mm
wide. (a) If the allowable stresses are 140 MN/m² for bearing in the plate material and 80 MN/ m² for
shearing of the rivet, determine the maximum thickness of each plate. (b) Under the conditions
specified in part Ans. (a) 8.98 mm; (b)35.0
MN/m²
124. The lap joint shown in Fig. P -124 its fastened by three 20-mm-diameter rivets.
Assuming that P = 50 kN, determine (a) the shearing stress in each rivet, (b) the bearing stress in each
plate, and (c) the maximum average tensile stress in each plate. Assume that the applied load P is
distributed equally among the three rivets.
1-5 Shearing Stress 23

Figures P-124 and P-125.

125. For the lap joint in Problem 124, determine the maximum safe load P which may be
applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 60 MPa, the bearing stress in the plates to 100
MPa, and the average tensile stress in the plate to 140 MPa. Ans. 56.5
kN
126. In the clevis shown in Fig. 1-10b, on page 17, determine the minimum bolt diameter and
the minimum thickness of each yoke that will support loa P = 55 kN without exceeding a shearing
stress of 70 MPa and a bearing stress of 140 MPa.
127. A 22.2-mm-diameter bolt having a diameter at the root of the threads of 18.6 mm is used
to fasten two timbes as shown in Fig. P-127. The nut is tightened to cause a tensile load in the bolt of
34 kN. Determine (a) the shearing stress in the head of the bolt, (b) the shearing stress in the threads,
and (c) the outside diameter of the washers if their inside diameter is 28 m and the bearing stress is
limited to 6 MPa.

Figure P-127.
24 1 Simple Stress

128. Figure P-128 shows a roof truss and the detail of the riveted connection at joint B. Using
allowable stress of 𝜏 = 70 MPa and 𝜎b = 140 MPa, how many 19-mm-diameter rivets’ are required to
fasten member BC to gusset plate? Member BE? What is the largest average tensile or compressive
stress in BC and BE?
Ans. For Bc, 7 rivets; for BE, 5
rivets
129. Repeat Problem 128 if the rivets diameter is 22 mm and all other data remain unchanged.

Figures P-126 and P-129.

1-6 THIN-WALLED CYLINDERS

A cylinder tank carrying a gas or fluid under a pressure of p N/m 2 is subjected to tensile forces which
resist the bursting forces developed across longitudinal and transverse section. Consider first a typical
longitudinal section A-A through the pressure-loaded cylinder in Fig. 1-13a. A free-body diagram of
the half-cylinder isolated by the cutting plane A-A is shown in Fig, 1-13b

Figure 1-12. Analysis determination of bursting force F.