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Contents To Be Covered:
Definition

Classification Of DistributionSystem

Distribution SystemLosses
Distribution System
“The part of power system which distributes
electrical power for local use is known as
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.”
This system is the electrical system between the
substation fed by the transmission system and
consumer meter.
Distribution line generally consist of
Feeders
Distributers
Service mains
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Distribution

FEEDERS DISTRIBUTORS SERVICE MAINS

Feeder
A Feeder is conductor which connects the
substation to the area where power is to be
distributed .
Feeder are used to feed the electrical power from the
generating station to the substation
No tapings are taken from the feeder
So the current in it remains the same
throughout
Main consideration in the design of feeder is the
Current carrying capacity.
Distributor
A distributer is a conductor fromwhich
tapings are taken from pole mounted
transformer to the consumer
The current through a distributer is not
constant because tapings are taken at various
places along its length
Voltage drop is mainconsideration
Limit of variation is 6% of ratedat
consumer
Service mains
A service mains is a generally a small cable
which connects the distributer to the
consumer ‘s meter.
The connecting links between the distributor
and the consumer terminals.
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 Introduction:
Distribution system is a part of power system,
existing between distribution substations and
consumers.

It is further classified on the basis ofvoltage

➢ Primary distribution system- 11 KV or 6.6 KV or 3.3 KV
➢ Secondary distribution system- 415 V or 230 V
Classification Of Distribution
System:
It can be classified under different considerations as;
1. Type Of Current:
a) AC Distribution System
b) DC Distribution System

2. Type Of Construction:
a) Overhead System
b) Underground System
3. Type Of Service:
a) General Lighting & Power
b) Industrial Power
c) Railway
d) Streetlight etc

4. Number Of Wires:
a) Two Wire
b) Three Wire
c) Four Wire

5. Scheme Of Connection:
a) Radial Distribution System
b) Ring or Loop Distribution System
c) Interconnected Distribution System
Ac distribution
A.c. distribution system is the electrical system
between the step-down substation fed by the
transmission system and the
consumers’ meters. The a.c. distribution
system is classified into
( i) primary distribution system and
( ii) secondary distribution system.
Primary distribution system
voltages somewhat higher than general utilisation and handles large
blocks of electrical energy than the average low-voltage consumer
uses.
Commonly used primary distribution voltage 11KV, 6.6 KV,3.3 KV.
Electric power from the generating station is transmitted at high
voltage to the substation located in or near the city.
At this substation, voltage is stepped down to 11 kV with the help of
step-down transformer.
Power is supplied to various substations for distribution or
to big consumers at this voltage.
This forms the high voltage distribution or primary distribution.
Secondary distribution system.

It is that part of a.c. distribution system which

includes the range of voltages at which the
ultimate consumer utilizes the electrical
energy delivered to him.
The secondary distribution employs
400/230 V, 3-phase, 4-wire system.
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D.C. Distribution
D.c. supply is required for the operation of variable
speed machinery ( i.e., d.c. motors), for electro-
chemical work and for congested areas where
storage battery reserves are necessary.
For this purpose, a.c. power is converted into
d.c. power at the substation by using converting
machinery e.g., mercury arc rectifiers, and motor-
generator sets. The d.c. supply from the substation
may be obtained in the form of
Type of DC distributor
The dc supply from the substation maybe
obtained in form of
( i) 2-wireor
( ii) 3-wire for distribution.
2 wire 3 wire
 Two outer and a middle or neutral wireis
earthed at the s/s.
Voltage between the outer is twice thevoltage
between either outer and neutral wire.
Advantage – available two voltage atthe consumer
terminal.
Loads requiringhigh voltage connected across the
outers.
Lamps and heating circuits requiring lessvoltage are
connected between either outer and neutral.
Method of obtaining 3 wire D.c
system

Two generatormethod.
3-wire D.c.generator.
Balancerset
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Two generator method

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Two generator method

D.c generator G1 and G2 areconnected in series
and the neutral is obtained from the common
point btwn generator
G1 supplies a I1, G2 supplies aI2
Difference of load current on bothside (I1-I2)
flow through the neutral wire.
Disad.:two separate generatorare
required.
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3-wire D.c. generator.

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3-wire D.c. generator.

Consist of a standard 2 wire machinewith one or
two coils of high reactance and low resistance
that connected to opposite points of the
armature winding.
Neutral wire is obtained fromcommon
point.
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Connection schemes of
distribution system
Radialsystem
Ring mainsystem
Interconnectedsystem
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Radial Distribution System:

separate feeders radiate from a single substation and feed the
distributors at one end only.
Only one path is connected between each customer and
substation.
Electrical power flows along a single path.
If interrupted, results in complete loss of power to thecustomer.
Advantages:
Low cost .
Simple planning.
Disadvantages :
The radial system is employed only when power is generated at low
voltage and the substation is located at the centre of the load.
Distributor nearer to feeding end is heavily loa01d,0e2,0d3,.04,05,06,12604
Consumers at far end of feeder would be subjected to serious
voltage fluctuations.
Ring or Loop Distribution System:
It consists of two or more paths between
power sources and the customer.
The loop circuit starts from the substation bus-
bars, makes a loop through the area to be
served, and returns to the substation
Advantages:
Less conductor material is required.
Less voltage fluctuations.
More reliable.
Disadvantages:
It is difficult to design as compared to the

design of radial system. 01,02,03,04,05,06,12604

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Interconnected Distribution System:
It is supplied by a number of feeders.
Radial primary feeders can be tapped off from the
interconnecting tie feeders.
They can also serve directly from the substation.
Advantages:
Increases the reliability of supply
Losses are less
Quality of service is improved.
Disadvantages:
Its initial cost is more.
Difficult in planning, design and operation.
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D.C. Distribution
D.c. supply is required for the operation of variable
speed machinery ( i.e., d.c. motors),
for electro-chemical work and for congested areas where
storage battery reserves are necessary.
For this purpose, a.c. power is converted into d.c. power at
the substation by using converting machinery e.g., mercury
arc rectifiers, rotary converters and motor-generator sets. The
d.c. supply from the substation may be obtained in the form
of
DC Distribution:
Voltage drop along distributor is considered as a main
factor while designing a distributor.
It depends upon the nature of load and also on feeding,
whether it is fed at one or both ends.

According to loading, a distributor can be classified as:

i. Fed at one end.

ii. Fed at both ends. a). With equal voltages.
b). With unequal voltages.
iii. Fed at centre.
Ring mains.
DC Distribution Feed at one end
a) The current in the various sections of the
distributor away from feeding point goes on decreasing. Thus
current in section AC is more than the current in section CD
and current in section CD is more than the current in section
DE.
(b) The voltage across the loads away from the feeding point
goes on decreasing. Thus in Fig. 13.1, the minimum voltage
occurs at the load point E.
(c) In case a fault occurs on any section of the distributor, the
whole distributor will have to be disconnected from the
supply mains. Therefore, continuity of supply is interrupted
Distributor fed at center
 In this type of feeding, the distributor is connected to
the supply mains at both ends and loads are tapped off at
different points along the length of the distributor.
The voltage at the feeding points may or may not be equal.
distributor A B fed at the ends A and B and loads of I1, I2 and
I3 tapped off at points C respectively.
Here, the load voltage goes on decreasing as we move away
from one feeding point say A , reaches minimum value and
then again starts rising and reaches maximum value when we
reach the other feeding point B.
The minimum voltage occurs at some load point and is never
fixed. It is shifted with the variation of load on different
sections of the distributor.
Advantages
(a) If a fault occurs on any feeding point of the
distributor, the continuity of supply is main-tained
from the other feeding point.
(b) In case of fault on any section of the
distributor, the continuity of supply is
maintained from the other feeding point.
(C)The area of X-section required for a doubly
fed distributor is much less than that of a
singly fed distributor.
Ring Distributor
In this type of feeding, the centre of the distributor is
connected to the supply mains as shown in Fig.

It is equivalent to two singly fed distributors, each

distributor having a common feeding point and length
equal to half of the total length