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NUMBER THEORY

FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

Factors –is a whole number that divides exactly into another whole number.
Ex . What are the factors of 12
6 x 2 = 12
1 x 12 = 12
4 x 3 = 12
Remember that you can write your numbers in order you like for multiplication.
2 x 6 = 12
12 x 1 = 12
3 x 4 = 12
The full list of factors of 12 is 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.
Note: Don’t forget to include 1 and the number itself in your list.
A factor of a number is also a divisor of that number. Likewise, a divisor of a number is also a factor of that
number.

Multiples – number can be made by multiplying the number by any whole number.
Ex. Multiples of 10 Multiples of 2
1 x 10 = 10 1x2=2
2 x 10 = 20 2x2=4
3 x 10 = 30 3x2=6
4 x 10 = 40 4x2=8
5 x 10 = 50 5 x 2 = 10
The first five multiples of 10 are 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50
The first five multiples of 2 are 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10
Note: When you do multiplication, you can write the numbers in any order and get the same answer.

Factors and Multiples are sort of opposite. If one number is a factor another, then the other number is a multiple of it.
Remember multiples is the result of a multiplication and the factor is not.

Exercise
1. Is 7 a factor of 14?
2. Is 6 a factor of 20?
3. Circle the numbers that are factors of 28.
2 6 14 3 7 1
4. Circle the numbers that are factors of 36.
5 6 7 8 9 36
5. Seven has only two factors, what are they?
6. Write the list of factors of 20.
7. Write the list of factors of 25.
8. Write down the next multiples of 6 after 18.
9. Circle the numbers below that are multiples of 13.
21 50 7 35 68 71
10. Write the first 5 multiples of 13.
11. Write the first 7 multiples of 6.
12. What is the 11th multiples of 7.

True or False
1. 4 is a factor of 12, 20, and 40.
2. Nine is not a factor of 64.
3. 8 is amultiple of 2.
4. 12 is a multiple of 8.
5. The next multiple of 4 after 20 is 26.
6. 30 is a multiples of 6 and 10.
7. The multiples of 80 include 100 and 180.
8. 4000 is a multiple of 100 and 1000.
9. 24 is multiples of 4, 6, 8 and 12.
10. 18, 24 and 30 are multiples of 3.

DIVISIBILITY RULE

A number is divisible by:

2 - if the last digit is an even number
3 - if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3
4 - if the lasts two digits can be divided by 4 or if the number ends with two zeros.
5 - if the last digits is 5 or 0
6 - if the number can be divided by 2 and 3
8 - if the last three digits can be divided by 8
9 - if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9
10 - if the last digit is 0
All whole numbers are divisible by 1

Exercise
Write Yesif the number is divisible by the given number. Write No if it is not divisible by the given number.
1. 210 2. 432 3. 632
by 2 ______ by 2 ______ by 2 ______
by 3 ______ by 5 ______ by 4 ______
by 4 ______ by 6 ______ by 5 ______
by 9 ______ by 8 ______ by 6 ______

4. 146 5. 810 6. 2685

by 2 ______ by 2 ______ by 2 ______
by 3 ______ by 3 ______ by 5 ______
by 5 ______ by 5 ______ by 6 ______
by 10 _____ by 10 _____ by 9 ______

PRIME AND COMPOSITE

Prime Number – is a natural number that can be divided, without leaving any reminder, by only itself and one. A prime
number has only two factors, itself and one.
Ex. 5 can be divided, without a remainder only by 5 and 1. 5 has exactly two natural number factors, 5 and 1.
5 is a prime number.

Composite Number – is a natural number that can be divided, without leaving any remainder, by a natural number other
itself and one.
Ex. 6 = 1 x 6 and 2 x 3
6 can be divided by 2 and 3, so 6 is composite.

Even Numbers – the multiples of 2

Odd Numbers – natural numbers that are not multiples of 2

Exercise
Classify each number as prime or composite.
1. 6 ______ 2. 18 ______ 3. 41 ______ 4. 20 ______
5. 39 ______ 6. 14 ______ 7. 21 ______ 8. 23 ______

9. 4 ______ 10. 32 _____ 11. 17 ______ 12. 92 ______

Prime Factorization

Prime Factorization – is finding which prime numbers you need to multiply together to get the original number.
A. Continous Division Method
1. Prime Factorization of 120
120 ÷ 2 = 60
60 ÷ 2 = 30
30 ÷ 2 = 15
15 ÷ 3 = 5
5 ÷ 5 = 1
120 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 5
B. Factor Tree Method
1. 120

10 x 12

2 x 5 4 x 3
 2 x 2
2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 120
Exercise
Find the prime factorization of the following numbers.
1. 48 ______________________
2. 96 ______________________
3. 92 ______________________
4. 56 ______________________
5. 97 ______________________
6. 235 _____________________
7. 410 _____________________
8. 36 ______________________
9. 84 ______________________
10. 99 ______________________

Greatest Common Factor

Greatest Common Factor ( GCF ) of two numbers is the largest factors shared by both.
Ex. What is the GCF of 44 and 66?
Factors of 44: 1 x 44 4 x 11 2 x 22
Factors of 66: 1 x 66 2 x 33 3 x 22 6 x 11
The Greatest Common Factors of 44 and 66 is 22
A. Listing Method
B. Prime Factorization Method

Exercise
Find the greatest common factor of each set of numbers.
1. 40 and 80 2. 84 and 8
3. 40 and 12 4. 36 and 52
5. 96 and 60

Least Common Multiple

Least Common Multiple ( LCM ) – of two numbers is the smallest number that is a multiple of both.
Ex. What is the LCM of 3 and 4?
Multiples of 3: 3 6 9 12 15 18...
Multiples of 4: 4 8 12 16 20...
The LCM of 3 and 4 is 12
A. Listing Method
B. Prime Factorization Method

Exercise
Find the LCM of the Given pairs of numbers.
1. 12 and 4
2. 55 and 11
3. 8 and 9
4. 50 and 4
5. 21 and 7

FRACTION
Ordering Fraction When the Denominators are Different
Ex. Order the fraction 2/3, 3/5, 7/10 from greatest to least
The LCD of the fraction is 30.
2/3 = 20/30 3/5 = 18/30 7/10 = 21/30
Therefore, the order should be 7/10, 2/3, 3/5
Ordering Fraction When the Denominators are Different but Numerators are the Same
To order fraction with different denominators but the same numerators, remember that the greater the
denominator,the lesser the value.
Ex. Order the fractions 5/7, 5/3, 5/6 from lest to greatest
The order should be 5/7, 5/6, 5/3

Exercise
Arrange the fraction from least to greatest.
1. 2/7, 2/13, 2/3, 2/9, 2/11
2. 2/17, 8/17, 5/17, 3/17
3. 5/8, 3/4, 5/2, 2/5
4. 2/9, 5/6, 2/3, 3/4
5. 5/2, 5/7, 5/6, 5/12

Addition and Subtraction of Fraction

1. There are eight pieces of pizza. Justin ate five-eighths of the pizza for dinner. He ate one-fourth of the pizza for a
bedtime snack. How much of the pizza has he eaten in all?
2. There were five cups of strawberries in a large bowl on the table. After school, James ate half of them. How
many cups of strawberries were left in the bowl?
3. Jennifer cut ten and three-fourths yards of material. Of those, three and one-sixth yards were yellow and one
and two-thirds yards were red. How much material was not yellow or red?
4. Irene bought 7 3/8 m of cloth. Molly bought 1/2 m less than Irene.
a. How many metres of cloth did Molly buy?
b. How many metres of cloth did they buy altogether?
5. Harold prepared 4 3/7 litres of drinks for a party. Dan also prepared drinks and he prepared 1 1/2 litres less than
Harold. What is the total volume of drinks that Harold and Dan prepared altogether?
6. 20 1/3 litres of drinks were prepared for a school basketball match. The players drank 9 1/2 litres during the first
half of the game. In the second half, the players drank 1 3/5 less than in the first half. What is the volume of
drinks left at the end?
7. Henry has 7 3/5 metres of rope, and Sam has a rope that is 1 1/6 metres shorter than Henry’s. What is the total
length of rope that Henry and Sam have altogether?
8. Kevin had seven gallons of water in the refrigerator. Of those, two and one-fourth gallons were spring water and
one and one-fourth gallons were filtered water. How many gallons of water were not spring or filtered?
9. Savannah made ten cups of snack mix for the pool party. She used one and a half cups of mixed nuts, one and
two-thirds cups of pretzel sticks, and crispy cereal to make the snack mix. How many cups of crispy cereal did
she use?
10. Ryan collected 3 2/5 kg of mangoes and 5 2/3 kg of guavas from his orchard. His son also collected some fruits,
and his son’s collection was 1 3/4 kg less than the total weight of the fruits that Ryan collected. Find the total
mass of all the fruits that Ryan and his son collected altogether.

Multiplication and Division of Fractions

Division
1. 28/36 ÷ 60/64 6. 12/24 ÷ 60/64
2. 8/36 ÷ 46/5 7. 16/56 ÷ 30/12
3. 28/30 ÷ 36 /18 8. 18/24 ÷ 7/12
4. 44/35 ÷ 50/16 9. 72/12 ÷ 9/36
5. 5/43 ÷ 60/80 10. 23/39 ÷ 27/34
Multiplication
1. 2/3 x 1/2 6. 2/4 x 4/6
2. 3/9 x 1/8 7. 2/6 x 3/7
3. 6/11 x 3/9 8. 8/9 x 2/4
4. 7/8 x 5/9 9. 1/2 x 4/7
5. 5/8 x 5/7 10. 3/5 x 8/10

1. Marco has forty notebooks. Three – fifths of them are for school. How many of the notebooks are for school?
2. At the geologist convention, 1/4 of the people are pupils, 1/4 are professors, and 1/6 are industry
representatives. The rest are employees of the convention center. If there are 348 people at the convention,
how many are employees of the center?
3. Dennis has 2 1/2 kilos of grapes. He gave his sister half of them. How many kilos did he have left?
4. Amoving van carried 3 5/7 tons of furniture to a new home and unloaded ¼ of it in 2 hours. How many tons of
furniture were unloaded in 2 hours?
5. A recipe calls for 4 1/2 cups of flour. The recipe is to be tripled. How much flour shoud be used?
6. There were 3000 houses found in Barangay Malinis. During a recent typhoon, 2/3 of these houses were washed
away by the flood. How many houses were washed away?
7. A board 27 1/2 feet long is to be cut into 5 pieces. How long will each piece be?
8. A piece of wood 5 1/2 feet long is tobe cut into 1 1/2 feet each piece. How many 1 1/2 pices can be made from
the 5 1/2 feet piece of wood?
9. Diana drove 43 1/2 kilometers in 3 days. How many kilometers did she travel each day?
10. Cora has 10 liters of cooking oil. She placed 1/3 L of oil in each plastic bag for sale. How many plastic bags did
she fill with coking oil?
11. A volleyball team practiced for 4 1/2 hours. After each half hour, the player rested. How many times did the
players rest?
12. Alfed worked ½ day at a time. Altogether, he worked 5 1/2 days. How many half days did he work?