“Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 42 ‘Testing and Maintenance of Transformers TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS: When transformers are manufactured in a Industry as per a particular design, testing is required to determine, whether the performance of the transformer is as per the designed datajor not» If not how much Variations are there in the actual values and the designed values and whether it is within the permissible limits as specified by ISI or not. If the variations in the results, such as efficiency, regulation, iron losses, copper losses, ino load eurrent etc. are not within the permissible limits, the reason cither for higher Values or lower values should be investigated and the manufacturing process should be modified accordingly. From testing we can also determine, the quality of work-man-ship, quality of material used etc. A thorough testing in all respect is also required when a new design or modified design of the transformer is used for manufacturing it, to check all results and to sce whether the assembled transformer will ful-fill the designed conditions or not. Hence, every transformer manufactured in a industry is required to undergo certain tests. “The tests to be conducted on transformers can be classified as follows - as per IST 2026-1981. {@) Routine tests after manufactured YT ype tests (@©/Supplementary tests @) Special tests. (a) The routine tests are those tests, which are conducted on each and every transformer manufactured in a industry. They are as enlisted below. Polarity test Phasing out test (In case of 3 of transformer) Voltage ratio D.C. resistance Magnetising current and core loss Measurement of impedance, voltage, short circuit impedance and copper loss. Gi) Measurement of insulation resistance (ili) H. V. Test. (b) Type tests are those tests which are carried out on only few pieces. manufactured Fh alot of HS SM deSIE, It means that 100 transformers are manufactured of the same design then type tests will be condueted only oil 1 or 2 transformers out of 1,000. They are as follows : @) Temperature rise test Giip Impulse test In addition :4ii, iv, v, Gi(@iid tests in routine tests,Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 43. Testing and Maintenance of Transformers (©) Supplementary tests are those tests which are conducted on the transformers when additional information is required in respect of a particular transformer, either by the manufacturer or by the purchaser. The supplementary tests can be as enlisted below : (i) Efficieney test (ii) Back to back test. (d) Special tests are the tests required to be performed on transformers used for specified purposes only, And these tests are conducted only when the results of Such tests are demanded by the pufehasé?. They can classified as follows : (@) Test to determine noise level of a transformer. (Measurement of harmonics present in transformer e:m.fs. (i) Measurement of zero-phase sequence impedance of the three phase transformer, 4.1.4 Routine Tests 4.4.1.4 Polarity Test ‘The termn polarity usually refers to the positive and negative terminals of a battery or D.C. supply. In A.C. system, the terminals which will be either at positive potential or negative potential at the same time are termed as same Polarity terminals. a =i}? r VW W) =i|+ +hy= Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2 Consider two batteries each of 2 volts e.m.f. and connected as shown in Fig. 4.1. The Voltmeter will read zero i.e. different of e.m.f. of two batteries. Instead if the batteries are connected as in Fig. 4.2 the voltmeter will read 4 volts. The first type of connection is termed as subtractive polarity while the second one is termed as additive polarity. In A.C. also the same terms are used but with reference to the instantaneous values of Voltages in two different circuits. In this case, the primary and secondary windings of transformer. A simple test on single phase transformer can be conducted as follows. Let a 16 transformer having voltage rating 230 V/115 V be connected to single phase supply. The primary terminals being marked by letters A; and As, let the secondary terminals be marked arbitarily by letters a, and ay. Let terminals Aja, be shorted by a low resistance loop as shown in Fig, 4.3, and the voltmeter be connected across terminals Apa. If the reading of the voltmeter is equal to difference of supply voltage and secondary emf. then the polarity marking is termed as subtractive polarity marking. In stead if the i‘Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines a4 ‘Testing and Maintenance of Transformers ‘Testing & Mintenanee tage plus secondary em.f. the marking of respect to a TLV. voltmeter reads voltage equal to supply volt process or the term polarity on secondary em.f the marking of polarity on secondary is termed as additive. sevcase of transformers, subtractive polarity marking is preferred because if by chance any two adjacent terminals ie. Arai or Aate get shorted the voltage available across windings will be less than supply voltage hence it will not cause any harm to the insulation of transformer windings. “amother method of marking polarity is as shown in Fig. 44. In this case also secondary terminals are marked arbitaily with respect to primary terminals. ‘The primary and secondary terminals are connected in series as shown in Fig, 4.4 If voltage V1 across primary is les than supply voltage, the polarity marking is correct or subtractive. i 2, ° 1 16 Ab. Ac. Y t. @ otk a 2, Fig. 43 Fig. 44 For carrying © in case of subtractive polarity marking at any instant the direction of induced ems windings except in both primary and secondary will be the same i.e, either from Aa to At and aptoa or Ay resistance wire Is te Ap and a to 0 It also means that both windings are wound on the core in the same supply is connec rection and their starting and finishing ends are marked by same suffixes. connected as sho» Polarity marking in case of single phase transformers is required for connecting two through that pris or more transformers in parallel. While in case of 3 phase transformers polarity marking transformer core jn required transformer grouping by opening the s and secondary of each phase winding is necessary for connecting it such as stat/star, delta/star etc. ‘As per ISS 2026-1962 the terminal marking of three phase and single phase windings and if transformer should be as shown in Fig, 4.5 and 4.6 respectively. primary phase vw nyieeabiel ie i. deflection. Li | a previous case. connected, and If in this case bed Tet NABC Fig. 4.5 4.4.1.2 Phasing Out Test 1. Phasing Out TestTesting & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 45 Testing and Maintenance of Transformers Tespect to a H.V. winding of the same phase is not carried out during manufacturing Process or the terminal marking disappears during process of fixing transformer in the tank. a Fig. 4.7 For carrying out above test a circuit as shown in Fig. 4.7 is used. GHURHIS test, alll windings except one on primary side and one on secondary side are shorted with a low Tesistance wire Toop: Across the primary winding left unshorted a low voltage D.C. supply is connected and across the secondary winding left un-shorted a voltmeter is connected as shown in Fig. 4.7. The low D.C. voltage, causes D.C. dirrent to flow through that primary winding which will cause steady flux to be established, ig the {ransformer core. If the current flowing through the winding is brought to zero suddenly by opening the switch in the circuit it will change the flux-linking with both the Primary and secondary windings, which will result into induced e.m.fs (momentary) in the windings and if the voltmeter happens to be connected across the secondary of the Primary phase winding to which the D.C. supply is connected, the voltmeter will indicate deflection. {tin this case the voltmeter gives deflection then that secondary winding corresponds to the primary winding phase to which D.C. supply is connected for determining secondaries of remaining two phases. The D.C. supply is connected to other phase winding on primary side and a voltmeter is connected across one of the secondary phase _Windings. Other primary and secondary windings being shorted as before if the voltmeter ives deflection when the D.C. current is broken; it will represent the secondary winding ‘of the second phase to which the D.C. is connected. ‘The remaining primary and secondary windings are corresponding to the third phase.ee ee ‘eating & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 46 ‘Testing and Maintenance of Transformers ‘esting & Maintenances The ratio pig current through | er equal voltage = at Writing equs aa if 2. Phasing Out Test (11) : then, where, R is the = to 1.0 ohm with: (B) Medium Res Fig. 48 Medium res ‘This testis carried out to find out the correspond HV. and L-V. phase winding. ‘Wheatstone brig In the above test we need D.C. voltage for conducting the test lenis imietied iota) ACC. voltage is applied to one of the H.V. or L.V. windings, here to H.V winding. And the voltages across all the three L.V. phase windings are measured. The winding across ’ i which voltage is much more compared with other two windings, represents the secondary of winding to which supply is connected. ‘The reason being that flux Te value. Hence, the effect on ind em.fs. (A) Measurement of D.C. Resistance Very lowe values of resistance are measured accurately with Kel ri Ivin double bridge. equations for also and Combinins Re Fig. 4.9 Ituses four terminals resistor for low resistance arms. Fig, 4.9 shows the arrangement ‘econd set of ratio arms is p and to point c in such a way that it will eliminate the ‘between known resistance R and standard of Kelvin double bridge. The first ratio arm is P and Q. Si 4g, Itis used to connect the galvanometer effect of connecting lead of resistance t resistance S.2868 his ent Testing & Maintonance of Electrical Machines ar. “Testing and Maintenance of Transformers The ratio p/q is made equal to P/Q. Under this balanced condition, there will be no current through the galvanometer, which means that voltage drop between a and d, is ‘equal voltage drop between ‘ame’ ‘Writing equations for these voltages and equating them, we get, If PIQ= pig P ‘then, zig s where, R is the resistance to be measured. It can measure resistance from 0.1 micro - ohm to 1.0 ohm with accuracy of nearly 0.05 %, (B) Medium Resistance : Medium resistance values can be very accurately measured with the help of a Wheatstone bridge, 4 ZL RR aly P. Ss Lp Fig. 4.10 It has four resistive arms, together with a source and a galvanometer. The current through the galvanometer depends on the potential difference between point ¢ and d. The bridge is in a balanced condition when the current through galvanometer is zero, Writing equations for this condition, LP = ER i) also = peo fii) and h-k me -.-iil) Combining (i), (ii), (ii) Pe Re P+QR+S from which QR = PS ‘ cats or R=S9 where, S is resistance from standard resistance box and P and Q are the known values of ratio arms.‘Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 4a Testing and Maintenance of Transformers. Testing & Maintenance (©) Measurement of D.C. Resistance : "The meaning of D.C. resistance i that resistance measured between two terminals of "transformer winding when D.C. current is made to flow through it, I's value will change Net mnie omnnng DO se ig wee an better results for moderate and high values of resistances. e circuit which gives diagram for the test is represented in Fig. 4.11. Very accurate results can be obtained in case of low resistances using Wheatstone-bridge or Kelvin-bridge method. @ With & primary and sea transformer unde In this test. under test secondaries ==) voltmeter is © Resistance T that the vol transformer. Jn some cases, the test temperature will not be the same at which the resistance value (a With is determined during design. Hence, the same is required to be converted to the desired temperature value. In case of copper conductors it can be determined using the following relation, 234.5 + HC Rt, = Rt) ————— 234.5-+17C Rty = Resistance at 3C Rty = Resistance at {jC ty = Temperature at which resistance is required ty = Temperature at the time of testing 4.1.1.dWeltage Ratio Test () With the help of a voltmeter If low voltage rating transformers such as 440/220 or 230/115 volts are to be tested, ofa precisiontype voltmeter the primary and secondary voltages are messed wits potential ¢: connected * the Same Voltmeter and the voliage ratio is calculated mali OF Seeondary YOIIBBE 1 | primary voltage. voltage app eo aer, it ‘Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 49 ‘Testing and Maintenance of Transformers 3 Ay a Tali te 2 |B t Ay a Fig. 4.12 (i) With the help of a standard transformer : A standard transformer of the same primary and secondary voltage ratings is used for determining the voltage ratio of the transformer under test. In this test, the primary windings of both the standard transformer and the transformer SiideFltestSlate connected in parallel across the bus-bars as shown in Fig. 4.12. The secondaries are connected in phase-opposition i.c. terminals asa are shorted and a Woltmeter is connecied across ajs\) If the reading of the voltmeter is zero it will indicate that the voltage ratio of transformer under-test is the same as that of the standard transformer. (ii) With the help of ratio-meter : ilk ¢ 1.9 Bus-bars re Fig. 4.13 In this method, the primary of transformer under test and the ratio-meters are connected to single phase supply as shown in Fig. 4.13. The ratio meter is essentially a potential divider on which tapings are provided so that voltage across tapings and the voltage applied to the ratio-meter bears a constant ratio. By suitably adjusting the voltage re ee ——— —‘Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 410 ‘Testing and Maintenance of Transformers Testing & Maintonan ratio of the ratio-meter, the current flowing through the ammeter is made zero, which in circuit of t= indicates that secondary voltage of ratio-meter and transformer under test are equal in is equal to the magnitude but act in opposite direction. Their primary voltages being equal, voltage ratio umber of tur of the transformer under test is equal to voltage ratio of ratio-meter. total HLV. tur Gv) By turn-testing method : Voltage ratio of very high voltage rating transformers L.V tums the » + ean not be carried out by methods described above. A simplified circuit to find out the Measuremse voltage ratio in case of such transformers, as shown in Fig. 4.14 is used. ‘manufactured s In this method, the total number of H.V. tums and total number of L.V. tums are there any chess measured with the help of above circuit from which voltage ratio can be determined as Can it be con > SBE Where, va Secondary voltagelphase and Vi = Primary voltage/phase, Na = eee a HI ‘Secondary turns/phase and Ni = Primary tumsiphase ae a : gAc. : Top yoke Tn this « Uniformaly frequency. A= soiiaied (V) Galvanometer ce test = wit U Type electromagnet 7 Fig. 4.14 Tf, In this test, aU" shaped electro-magnet with a liftable yoke is used. There are number of coils of equal tums with equal spacing placed on this electromagnet, and connected to low voltage A.C. supply from a single phase transformer as shown in Fig. 4.14. When a ‘Then, low voltage A.C. is applied to these coils they produce a uniform alternating flux density ue in the core of electro-magnet. On one limb of this electro-magnet is placed a standard coil having taps varying from one to desired numbers, the grouping of these taps can be arranged in such a way that desired numbers of tums can be connected from standard oil. At the top of standard coil, a coil whose tums are to be tested is placed and the yoke links the core. The connections of the standard coil turns and coil under test are made in such a way that their e.m.f, will act in opposition. As there is uniform flux density in the core equal number of tums will have equal induced emm.f. By adjusting number of tums of standard coil the two e.m.fS. are made equal. In this case, the gelvanometer connectedTesting & aintonance of Electrical Machines Ait ‘Testing and Maintenance of Transformers in circuit of two coils will read zero. Then the number of tums used from standard coil is equal to the number of turns of doi! under test. If a H.V. winding have six coils then number of tums of all these six coils is measured in this fashion. The sum of all will give total H.V. tums. L.V. tums can also be measured in a similar manner. Knowing H.V. and L.V tums the voltage ratio can be determined. Measurement of voltage ratio of a transformer is required for whether the manufactured transformer is having the same voltage ratio as that was designed or not. Is there any change in its value and if there is any change in its value, due to what reasons ? Can it be corrected or not ? It is also essential when two or more transformers are required to be connected in parallel for load-sharing purposes. 4.1.1.4 Test for Determination of Magnetising Current and Core Losses The simplest form of conducting this test is as shown in. Fig. 4.15. : — 14a Tak Fig. 4.15 In this test, generally the L.V. winding is connected to it's rated voltage at rated frequency. As the H.V. voltage may not be available in the laboratory for testing purpose. This test can be carried out on transformers complete with windings and fitted in tank with oil) For normal or low flux densities the reading of the wattmeter (low p) will represent : (i) Core losses of transformer, (ii) L.V. copper loss at no load which is ‘€GLiGIBLe (iii) Dielectric loss very low for low voltages as it depends upon voltage. ‘Neglecting other losses which are very small the wattmeter reading represents core na losses. = If, ‘Wo = Wattmeter reading on no load Za Sy ki Ip = Ammeter reading Ve . a Vo = Rated voltage applied in O.C. test. 2 4 Then, a =I, the component of no load current supplying core y tosses Wo = Vo To cost il ar asd, = Wy, © AJQE=e) = 1 magaesing curent ootSlbs wich WEBines iS desired flux in the transformer core. - When higher values of flux densities are used the saturation effect may cause in hannonic e.m.f8. or the voltage epplied to the transformer may consists of harmonic he em.fs.; the eddy current loss which is a function of wave form of flux density depends ns upon induced e.m.fs. The reading of wattmeter used in Fig. 4.15 will not give correct ed —_value of core-loss under this condition. Luz Tsing, Roe W/ ta Iw = Od, Re =Testing & aintenanceof Electrical Machines a2 Testing and Mantenance of Transformers “Testing & intr For obtaining more accurate reading of core-losses under such a condition a rectifier wire, a watts type voltmeter measuring average value of voltage, but dial recording r.m.s. value end a Fig. 4.17. Th voltmeter measuring root-means-square voltage are connected as shown in Fig. 4.16. required for < © the laboratory vat a Fig. 4.16 if ‘Wo = Reading of wattmeter at rated voltage V2 Reading of rectifier type voltmeter V2 = rms. voltage recording voltmeter * ‘Then the corrected core loss can be calculated as follows : Wo We = 3+ KP; wheres’ * W. = Corrected value of core loss os ‘Wo = Wattmeter (low pf) reading at rated r.m.s. voltage h - Vay i «-() if P; and P; are the constants whose value for flux densities used in transformers are as follows : p, = Hysteresis loss 1 = "Total iron loss p, = Esdy-cument loss > i 2 = “Total iron loss ).5 for oriented steel laminations. Pi = 0.3 for non-oriented steel laminations. ‘Phe aim of the test is to determine the percentage variation of the magnetising current. No load current and core losses from the designed values and to see whether they are within the permissible limits as specified by ISS. 4.1.4.5 Impedance and Copper Loss In this test, the equivalent impedance, the equivalent resistance and the equivalent reactance of the transformer referred to the measuring side can be determined. At the same time if full load current is circulated through the transformer windings the full-load copper loss can also be determined. In this test, transformer H.V. winding is (Generally) connected to variable voltage supply source and the L.V. winding is short-circuited by thick low resistance (negligible) circuited L.V_en “Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 413 “Testing and Maintenance of Transformers Wire, a wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter being connected on HLV. side as shown in Fig, 4.17. The reason for connecting voltage to H.V. side in this test is that, the voltage required for conducting the test is nearly 5% of rated voltage which will be available in the laboratory, but the current required for L.V. is much more in comparison to full-load ELV. current, which may not be available or may cause disturbance to the distribution system at the time of testing, The readings of the wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter are recorded. Generally, current flowing through H.V. Winding is adjusted to its full-load Value. At this time the reading of the wattmeter indicates full-load copper-loss. Iron losses being negligible. The voltage applied under this condition say Vy. is called as impedance voltage or impedance voltage drop as this voltage is utilised in a drop across the impedance of the transformer windings, and no voltage is available across the short- circuited L.V. winding. 1 rs a Fig. 4.17 If = full load current of H.V. windings W.: represents full load copper loss at test temperature and V.. represents impedance voltage at test temperature, We at 75°C (full toad Cu loss at 75°C) Variac i<—Thick low resistance . link 234.5 +75 234.5 + Test temperature in °C = WX Equivalent impedance at test temperature say Z, = xe Wy Equivalent resistance at test temperature say Ry = e Equivalent reactant say X) = Va a Equivalent resistance at a full-load working temperature of 75°C can be calculated as 234.5 +75 Ri at 75°C = Rj at test t nperature X Fy i wn ze. Vse/a5, where, 4 = test temperature. = Za Hence, equivalent impedance at working temperature of 75°C. Zy at 75°C = fiat CP +X? x Wsc= Tse Roy ot Ro = Mise a) = Tse“Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines ant ‘Testing and Maintenance of Transformers ‘And the Impedance voltage at working temperature of 75°C = Zyat 75°C X les where, [es refers as full-load current of primary windings (or HV. in this case). ‘Test is mainly performed to determine how much variation is there in the designed value of copper losses, impedance voltage and whether it is within the permissible limits as specified by ISS or not. The results of this test can also be used for determining efficiency of transformer by loss summation method and regulation. 4.1.4.6 Insulation nsulation resistance depends upon the winding temperature. Its value reduces by 50% if the winding temperature increased by 10 to 15°C. The value of insulation resistance is measure of determining moisture absorbed by windings, insufficient insulation between windings or effect of atmospheric pollution on windings etc. There is no hard and fast rule giving insulation resistance values for transformer winding but a generalised rule may be followed as 2 MQ (two mega ohms) per kV. “The insulation resistance test is carried out with meggers of suitable voltage ratings as specified in the table below. The test should be conducted immediately after the heat run test on the transformer. The insulation resistance is measured between transformer windings and core, between transformer windings, between core and core clamping bolts, etc. During the test the handle of the megger should be moved at a constant speed Gihenwise it will give misleading results) In case of very high voltage and KVA’ rating ‘transformers a motor driven megger is used to obtain correct results.“However a high value of insulation resistance does not mean high value of dielectric strength. For example, if there is a small air gap in between windings it will show high insulation resistance, but will puncture (break down) when few kilo volts arc applied across the windings. Insulation which has i mechanically will show high insulation resistance but will fail at a very low voltage applied across it. Voltage of Winding Min, Insulation ‘Voltage of Megger Resistance in Mega- Ohms 400 Volt 2 500V_ 11kVv 50 1000 V 33 kV 150 2500 V 132 kV 500 2500 V 441417 High Voltage Tests C flash Test) The insulation resistance me docs not give clear idea about the Strength of insulation, that is whether it will withstand the high voltages developed in the “network due to switching surges etc. or not. For determining this high voltage tests are conducted as per IS 2026-1981 on the transformers. Testing & Wsiton ‘The hi @ Power Gi) Indve @ Power fre this test 2 spe transformer The 7 connection breaker is high curr In this = frequency of conducts It is then ina reduced tS415 ___Testing and tlaintonance of Transformers Fig. 418 In this test, the test voltage at power frequency is applied to each winding and earth separately while the remaining windings and core are connected to earth. For conducting this test a specially design testing transformer is used. The connection diagram of such a transformer is shown in Fig, 4.18 The variable high voltage can be obtained with the help of variac. A similar connection can be used for carrying out the test on a three phase transformer. A circuit breaker is provided in the circuit if there takes place a break-down of ir high current w in the circuit. Voltage 16 kV‘Testing & Maintonance of Electrical Machines 416 “Testing and Maintenance of Transformers (i Induced over-voltage withstand test : ‘The aim of the test is to test the insulation between turns, insulation between coils and terminals. In this test, a voltage equal to twice the rated voltage of any one winding ic. either HLV. or LV. (preferably L.V.) is applied. It will cause high voltage to be induced in the other winding. To avoid the excessive magnetising or no load current the voltage is applied from a separate alternator so that frequency of the test voltage ean be adjusted to twice the normal frequency. 60 x Twice rated frequency Duration of test in sec. = "Test fequency For induce type transformers the test voltage is equal to twice the highest system voltage + 1000 volts; subjected to a minimum of 2000 volts. For example, in case of a 11 KV transformer the highest system voltage is 12 KV, therefore the test voltage will be 122+ 1=25 KV. This test is also called as flash test. Non-destructive D.C. High Voltage Test : . ie Polarisation method : This method can reveal probability of faults much before the point of break-down. In this test, the insulation resistance between winding and core, between windings etc. is measured with the help of 2500 V, or 5000 V motor-driven megger which will develop constant voltage. The readings of meager are taken from start, after 15 seconds and after 60 seconds. For good insulation Value of 60 seconds reading should be more than for 15 seconds. The ratio ot is called the polarisation index. It should correspond with the values of manufacturer's test figures. The test results reflects on the condition of insulation, the degree of residual humidity, surface pollution and soundness of insulation. . Step-voltage method : In this test, D.C. voltage in steps of 1 kV or 2 kV is applied hetween winding and earth. The voltage can be raised upto test value, The step voltages are maintained for a small time interval and the current flowing through the circuit is recorded, Then a graph is plotted between calculated value of resistance and applied test voltage if the nature of the graph is rising upwards it indicates that the insulation is good. Testing & 4.1.2 Suppler 4.1.2.1 Regut (a) The res: Approximas where, I x regulation is res lense a ie. + sign for la ~ sign for le 44.2.2 Efficie Generally case of large E for testing, the a indirect medTesting _Testing end Maintenance of Transformers 4.1.2 Supplementary Test 4.1.2. 4 @) ing fi ations Approximate voltage dro alent reactance . 5 ive = %VE%Vs + sign for lagging pf. load. n for les @ an a The value can be accurately determined subtracting from no load power the small PR loss taking place in LY. winding, Gi) Direct load loss : i y : The stray load loss includes : (a) Eddy current losses in It can be taken as 7% of fall-load loss. Hence, the efficiency of desired load and p.f. can be calculated as follows ___kVAx xed losses + id loss + Stray load loss oad loss and stray loss will change depending upon the k A loading of theTe peicnereameanad ATG a a 4.1.2.8 Baskito Backmethoty voltage fla The connections shown ig. 4.19 is used for determining efficiency of transformers will be recorded t under test, by loss summation method. through the wind Fig. 4.19 The current coil of wattmeter W2 is also introduced in series with primary windings, as shown in Fig. 4.19. The pressure coil of the wattmeter W2 is connected across secondary of auxiliary transformer. ‘Wattmeter W; is introduced in the circuit in such a way that it will record power drawn from main Bus. In the secondary circuit of transformers A and B is connected to a switch S. ‘And the voltmeter V is connected to a change over switch having positions land 2. “When the rated voltage is applied to the primary windings of transformers A and B, they will draw there no load current from main bus. Hence, wattmeter ‘Wt will read iron- losses of both the transformers. If change over switch is put to position 1 and voltmeter reading is zero, the secondary windings will be connected in phase ‘opposition or back to ‘back when switch S is closed. The resultant voltage acting in the secondary circuit under this condition is zero and no current will circulate through them. By introducing voltage in secondary of auxiliary transformer C, current is made to circulate through primary windings as indicated by ammeter for developing equal amp. tums on secondary side current will also flow through secondary Winding. By adjusting auxiliary transformer auxiliary bus en ‘szansformer will Knowing irc caleulated as : at any desi losses correspond The drawback = loss current act 2 heating effect in « This drawbes bus to the auxiliz 4.1.3 Type Test The type t 1, Temps 2. Impulse 4.4.3.4 Tem) The aim of loaded to its fuNS — - Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 419 ‘Testing and Maintenance of Transformers voltage full-load current is made to circulate through primary and secondary windings as will be recorded by ammeter connected in primary circuit. As full-load current is flowing through the windings, full-load copper losses will take place, which will be supplied by auxiliary bus and recorded by wattmeter W2. Hence, full-load copper-loss of each transformer will be W,/2 Knowing iron loss and copper loss of each transformer its efficiency can be calculated as ‘ Output at full Joad That full load = ww Output at £1. + b+? 11 at any desired load condition can be calculated by changing the output and copper losses corresponding to that load condition. The drawback of this system is that in one transformer the magnetising current and Joss current act is phase, while in other they act in phase opposition resulting in more heating effect in one as compare to other. This drawback isd®ver-come by applying low frequency voltage from the auxiliary bus to the auxiliary transformer C, 4.4.3 Type Test The type tests conducted on transformers can be classified as follows : 1. Temperature rise test 2. Impulse test. 4.13.4 (iti) By back to back test using one transformer with suitable tapping on secondary. (iv) By open delta connection on three phase Delta/Delta former. (CRE ee eae (vi) Direct loading method, These tests will be discussed in detail one by one.i ‘Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 420 Testing and Maintenance of Transformers Testing & Maintenance ( Equivalent S.C. Test : (ill) Back to Ba ‘This test is carried out on power frequency transformers. THiS/HStis) Similar towneyy ‘short-circuit test of transformer. the only difference is that in this test, the short-circuit ——— fewer ND er crpcair once of Heh capacity power ee ene thermometer used for recording winding temperatures. The supply is then switched off. The winding resistance is measured accurately at once, then from the initial value of resistance and final value of resistance the rise in temperature Aq can be calculated from The circuit 4 Toe me 234.5 +t identical transfex Rt = Rt x 2 Esa should have suis where, t; = Ambient temperature primaries of A am by changing ie F secondary win Rtz = Resistance at iC eae achiev ty = Final temperature of windings Rt; = Resistance at tC determined as =x w ans (A) (iv) Open Delta 14Ac, | This method 4 3 oO balance three Berens Fig. 4.20 Under this co (ii) By Back to Back Method : circulating curs (hetesnestotsieniesnsiomes Teylajconesetin Wades | Mls shown in Fig. 4.20 fred in this test, As the primary 2 | connecting se | voltage applied diagram as sho from main-bus, iron losses at normal flux density are taking place in the transformer, At the same time with the help of auxiliary transformer full-load current is made to flow through the primary and secondary windings. Hence, full load Cu-losses are taking place in the transformer windings. Hence, a condition just similar to full-load working condition is established, if steady-state temperature is achieved, which can be determined as explained in previous test. The supply of both mains and auxiliary is switehed off measuring resistance values as before the temperature rise can be calculated.cuit mer ill igh hen K as. tage At flow lace king, ined | off “Testing & Maintonance of Electrical Machines 421 “Testing and Maintenance of Transformers (i) Back to Back Test with one Transformer having Tappings on ‘Secondary : Bus-bar Transformer B Fig. 4.21 The circuit diagram for this test is represented in Fig. 4.21. This test also needs two identical transformers say A and B. Out of that at least one transformers secondary should have suitable tapings. In Fig. 4.21 tappings are shown on transformer B, When Primaries of A and B are connected to rated voltage and secondaries in phase opposition, by changing the taps on transformer B full load current can be circulated through secondary windings, which will cause full load current to flow through primary also. After achieving constant steady-state temperature the rise in temperature can be determined as explained in next point, (iv) Open Delta Method : This method is applicable in case of a Delta/Delta connected transformer. When a balance three phase voltage is applied to the primary winding of a Delta/Delta transformer, it will induced balance three phase voltage in the deita connected secondary. Under this condition the resultant voltage acting in the closed delta is zero. Hence, no circulating current will flow in the circuit, To make the current to circulate in the secondary as well as primary the circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 4.22 is used. A small voltage is introduced in the secondary by connecting secondary of auxiliary transformer in series as shown in Fig. 4.22. The voltage applied to the primary of auxiliary transformer is adjusted in such a way that full- load current circulates through three phase transformer secondary as recorded by ammeter A. It will cause full-load current to circulate through transformer primary also. Hence, a condition similar to fall-load working condition is developed i.e. Iron losses at normal flux density drawn from main and full-load copper-losses drawn from auxiliary bus. This condition is maintained till final steady-state temperature is developed. The temperature rise can be determined in a similar manner by resistance measurement tests, as explained in (i).‘Testing and Neintonance of Transforiers Testing & Hal . Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines. 422 ae pian busbar place by connec — transformer C, th cireulate throug indicated by amm oA eee ‘ill final steady = | and immediately 4 zesistance/phase = i Tal as explained in (@ ‘main bus. Genes heating in both = Gi) Equivale “anliany transformer | Fig. 4.22 (vi) Back to Back test on three Phase Star/Star Connected Transformer : Main-bus Auxitary —S bus 5. This testis = Fig. 4.23, se by back to back method in case of three phase connected transformers A and B For measuring temperature ri: star/star connected transformers, two identical star/star dary so that the resultant voltage on secondary are connected in phase opposition on secon side will be zero when no voltage is introduced from auxiliary transformer C. Primary ‘windings, of transformer A and B are connected to three phase main bus which supplies vated voltage to the primary windings. Henee, no load losses at normal flux density take:SRA2 oS ‘Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 423 “Testing and Maintenance of Transformers Place by connecting variable supply from auxiliary bus to primary of auxiliary transformer C, the current equal to full load current of transformer A and B is made to Circulate through primary and secondary of transformers A and B, which will be indicated by ammeter connected say on secondary circuit. This condition is maintained till final steady state temperature condition is reached. ‘The supply is then switched off and immediately the winding resistances/phases are measured. From the i tial value of resistance/phase and final value of resistance/phase the temperature rise can be ¢alculated as explained in (i). The voltage from the auxiliary bus may not be at the y of main bus. Generally if possible low frequency is used to reduce the effect of unequal heating in both transformers as explained in (j). (vi) Equivalent 0.C. Test : mn ~o 6 as High frequency il supply —* Fig. 4.24 This test is applicable to high frequency transformers only. In case of high frequency ‘transformers, the iron losses are such more in comparison to fall-load copper loss. Hence, in this test a variable high trequency voltage is applied to the L.V. winding of the transformer as shown in Fig. 4.24. The voltage is adjusted to that value at which wattmeter reads full load copper loss plus iron loss at normal voltage. This condition is maintained till final steady state temperature is reached and temperature rise is calculated from resistance values as explained in (i) above. (vii) Direct Loading Method : This method is suitable only in case of small transformers, as it will be possible to load small transformers upto full load and heating effect can be determined. But as the size of the transformer increases, the loading arrangement may not be available, due to non availability of high power supply, problem of heat dissipation etc. The more important point is the loss of energy during such tests. Hence, direct loading methods are not preferred in comparison to indirect methods of temperature rise. ay EW Fig. 4.25 In this test, rated voltage at rated frequency is applied to the transformer primary winding and a load is connected on secondary side as shown in Fig, 4,25, The load isexplained in (i). 44.3.2 (mpulserTest are given in table below. ‘Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 4u4 adjusted in such a way that ammeter on secondary records full-load current at this time primary current also will be full load current as neglecting no load amp. turns of primary, ‘and amp. tums of secondary are equal. This condition is maintained till final steady state temperature is reached. The load is then removed, supply disconnected and winding resistances measured immediately. From initial resistance i.e. résistance at ambient temperature and resistance at full-load condition, the temperature rise is calculated as Testing and Maintenance of Transformers “The standard test voltages to be HLV. voltage in kV. Impulse Voltage 1/50 wave Peak Value 3.3 kV 16 kV + 6.6 kV 22 kV 11 kV 28 kV 33 kV 70 kV 66 kV 140 kV 110 kV 230 kV 132 kV 275 kV 220 kV 460 kV As per wave is obtained with a impulse generator. 1. One fill wave, 2. Two chopped waves, 3. Two fill waves. For carrying out impulse test a impulse generator is used which will develop 2026-1962 a 1/5 WAVElts shape and how the shape of the ‘The impulse test is carried out in the following sequence, by application of : “esting & Maintonanc 1. One full electrical equipz very steep-wave withstand the ve lightening surge voltage for diffe 2. Two-cho any damage to interval of time chopped wave is to zero suddenly after zero. The 2 rod-gap the volt application of ti severe stresses o font. For obtainin Fig, 4.26 is used the potential o= wave-shape appl 3. Two-ful also withstand & two 1/50 compl damage to the im For knowing damage to the Fig. 4.26 mayb will record the the insulation cerors Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 435 Testing and Maintenance of Transformers me 1. One full-wave : The meaning of this is that(oHte\full{1/50 Wwavelistapplied to[the) wry, leGtriGal[equipitient|(transformer) under test. In the application of this wave which has a ate Very Steep-wave front it is seen that whether the insulation of the transformer will ing _ Withstand the very high rate of rise of voltage, to which it will be subjected at the time of ent lightening surges or rod-gap discharge at the time of lightenings. The maximum value of vas Voltage for different voltage ratings is given in table. 2. Two-chopped waves aa aT, say damage to insulition. Then two chopped waves ete applied within a very short n to arly in Fig. 4.28 the chopping is carried out at a point ges. after zero. The aim of application of a chopped wave is that at the time of puncturing of ito tod-gap the voltage suddenly falls to zero. Hence, a similar situation can be obtained by onal application of this wave, And also the rate of fall of potential being very high it will cause ulse Severe stresses on the insulation in comparison to high rate of rise of potential on wave for | front. The For obtaining chopped wave a rod-gap arrangement as shown by dotted lines in srge Fig. 4.26 is used. The distance between the two rods is arranged in such a way that when the potential on the wave tail reaches a predetermined value it punctures and we get the wave-shape applied across the equipment as shown in Fig. 4.28, 3._ Two-full-waves obe jut_as a precautionary measure and For knowing whether the equipment has withstand the test or not, or is there any damage to the insulation during the test. A potential divider arrangement as shown in Fig. 4.26 may be used; the low voltage from this can be applied to the C.R.O. tube which will record the wave shape applied to the equipment and also if there is any damage to the insulation or weakening of insulation during the test the same can be determined from the photographs of waves shapes obtained from C.R.O. tube. ‘The permissible temperature rise limits for oil immersed transformers are as follows i. Windings 35°C velop 2. Windings 60°C when forced oil circulated pulse 3. Tank top oil or core 50°C with conservator fthe | 4, Tank top oil or core + 45°C without conservator. 4.1.3.3 Simple Impulse Wave Generator ‘The simplest basic circuit used for developing a 1/50 wave and its application to the electrical equipment under test, is shown in Fig. 4.26. The 1/50 wave is represented in Fig. 4.27. The meaning of the 1/50 wave is that, one represents the time in micro-seconds to reach the wave to its peak or maximum value and fifty represents the time in micro- seconds to reach half of peak value on its tail.‘esting & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 426 ‘eating ond Msintanance of Transformers First we will see how a 1/50 wave is obtained from the circuit represented in Fig, 4.26. The impulse generator consists of a step up transformer, the primary of which is connected to a single phase Auto-transformer as shown in figure, a provision of C.B. is made for tripping of supply if the insulation fails. The secondary output of step-up transformer is connected to rectifier which converts A.C. into D.C. the rectified voltage is then applied to the plates of a capacitor C, so that it will get charged to the voltage of rectifier, through resistance Rj. The resistance R; serves the purpose of delaying the charging of capacitor C i.e. the capacitor may take 10 to 20 seconds for getting fully- charged. If the switch S is then closed one plate of capacitor is connected to earth and supply will get short-circuited through Ri. If R; is not there the short-circuit current ‘would have been tremendous, hence R, also serves the purpose of reducing short-circuit current at the time switch S is closed. The charge on another plate of capacitor C will ~ cause a potential difference across the electrical equipment and earth. The value of ~ inductance L in the circuit is so designed that it will not allow the voltage to reach to its ‘maximum value, suddenly or it decides about the shape of the wave on its front or we can say due to inductance L in the circuit the voltage reaches to its peak value in one micro- second. [he voltage will then start falling as the charge or current will find its path ‘a through resistance Ro. The value of the resistance Ro is so designed that the voltage will a) reach to its 50% value on the wave tail portion in 50 micro-seconds. cB. So) ime woes bie chopped wave Fig. 427 Fig. 4.28 _ In this way a desired 1/50 wave can be obtained with a simple circuit shown in Fig. 426. Such a circuit is only suitable for voltages upto 25000 volts only. For developing higher voltages a ladder network comprising a series capacitors, resistances and spark gaps is arranged. Testing & Mainionan As per IS If with a air gap 0! voltage become ‘transformer haw 4,2 ROUTINE Routine pre require opening inspection. It = conservator or & of oil from tank between windis transformer oil 4 In addition s Tightening of ms should ber replaced. Oil quality, an All thesein — Se ee a DE ‘Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines az ‘Testing and Maintenance of Transformers As per IS 1876, when two spheres of 25 cm diameter at 20°C and 760 mm pressure with a air gap of one cm will break down at 31.7 KV. If the gap is 5 cms, the break-down voltage becomes 137 KV and for a gap of 15 cm it is 314 kV. Hence, if a testing transformer having a designed value of air gap between its spheres is used the air gap will Puncture (break-down) at its designed value and the voltage will be applied to the electrical equipment under test. 4.2 ROUTINE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE Routine preventive maintenance is that type of maintenance work which does fot require opening of transformer tank cover for inspection. It mainly includes visual inspection. It may consists of checking of fitments, checking of oil level’ in the conservator or tank cooling system fastenings. Operation of control circuits, any leakage of oil from tank, bushing, conservator ctc. Measurement of insulation resistance values, between windings, between winding and core. Measurement of break-down voltage of ‘transformer oil Analysis of Gas sample obtained from Buchhotz relay. In addition to the above following mechanical maintenance can also be carried out, Tightening of nut-bolts, any layers of dust and oily-skum on the surface of bushings etc. should be removed. If the colour of the silica gel changes to pink from blue it should be replaced. Oil level is brought upto required mark by adding transformer oil of good quality, and good dielectric strength, and if required it should be filtered. All these repairs should be carried out at fixed interval of time, if they are so carried ‘ut major faults will not develop i.e. routine maintenance, reduces development of major faults. During periodic maintenance following tests are carried out on transformers oil (7) CRHCKIG EES, (ii) Dielectric test, iii) ABidityEe, (iv) Moisture containment. 4.2.1 Factors Affecting Life of the Transformer Following are the factors on which the life of the transformer depends : LAUTSmperatike : Mostly the life of the transformer depends upon its working ‘temperature. Ifthe working temperature exceeds by 1°C, the life of the ‘HRaLSTORHER IS Reduced byInearlyl10%llHence, it should be observed that its working temperature should not exceed above the fixed limit. 2.@0MOIS#HF® : If there is present, moisture in the transformer Oil) if/ Will eomelin contact. with transformer windings and will be absorbed by insulation, which reduces insulation strength of conductor, at the same time the dielectric strength of conductor insulation and oil also reduces due to presence of moisture. For avoiding this effect no free passage for air should be provided in transformer tank, it should find its path through breather only and the silica gel should be replaced from time to time, ' | }“Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 428 “Testing and Maintenance of Transformers 3. Oxygen : If precaution is not taken at the time of oil filling, to remove all air from tank, their may remain small air bubbles in the windings and also may be present in transformer oil. ‘The oxygen from air is responsible for forming sludge when it comes in contact with oil. This sludge blocks the passage of free circulation of oil, increasing the temperature of transformer oil and windings. 4, Solid impurities : If solid impurities are present in the tank at the time of oil filling, it will reduce the dielectric strength of transformer oil. For this reason before filling of oil the tank should be clean. And also the transformer oil should be filtered after a very short period of opéfation so that impurities can be removed. 5. Varnishes : Vamishes having property of entering in reaction with transformer oil form the sludge at very fast rate. Hence, use of such varnishes should be avoided. 6, (GIRCKHESSTGT WiRAIAG The slackness of winding may be(@Uet alternate eating and cooling of coils, electro-magnetic forces, between the coils, defective construction of coils. .At short circuit condition the coils may get displaced due to electro-static forces. It is therefore necessary to lift the core and windings and remove any slackness by tightening tie rods etc. In all other cases instructions given by manufacturer should be followed. Vk Tests Before Commissioning a Transformer ‘The tests to be carried out on a transformer before connecting it to supply, depends ‘upon the kVA rating, voltage rating and also the facilities available at the site at the time f switching on) Also it may depend upon the conditions laid down by the purchaser. The tests are carried out as per ISS 1886-1967. Generally the following tests can be carried out at site : B. A over all inspection of the control and relay panels, cable junction boxes is carried out and observed if any connection is left open. 2. Tests on relays such as over current, earth fault, reverse power etc. is carried out for their operation. Voltage ratio with equal tappings on all phases can be checked. 4 Measurement of carth resistance and necessary steps for bringing it within suitable value. 3. Tests carried out on Buchholz relay for its contact operation. 6. Test can be carried out, on cooling fans, cooling water pumps about their direction of rotation, speed and troubles in starting etc. 7. Ifon loading tap changing arrangement is there its operation can be checked with the indication of tap number on panel and buzzer etc. at the time of change. Testing & tcintenan 8. Ifregui 9. Insulass HY. = protects 10. Oil ing 11. If news supply 12. Transia checked 1 13. Operatis 14. If possi supply 42.3 Details Trans&Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 429 ‘Testing end Maintenance of Transformers. 8. Ifrequired phasing out test is carried out, ® Insulation measurement with megger between H.V. and between LV. and core, ELV. and core ete. at the same time on C.T. and P.T, used in measurement and protection systems. (GO. Oil in, conservator should be upto the indication mark bn glass plate. 11. If neutral earthing switch is provided it should be closed before switching on supply, 12, Transformer can then be loaded and the meters both on H.V. and L.V. sides be checked for their readings on all the phases. It should be equal for same loading 13. Operaticn of on load tap changing arrangement can then be checked. 14. If possible transformers above 1000 kVA rating should be connected to variable supply and the voltage then be increased to rated value gradually. ‘Transformer Plate Provided by the Manufacturer Manufacturers Name and Address . Made in India FLV... | (PPO OPCOOHAR ...... |_ Volts at no load _| L.V. hee eee HEV Ses testae | seeeeeeeee HY, | “Amperes Lv. EYKea Testing & Naintenance of Electrical Hachines $84 Maintenance Schedule of Distribution Transformer 2s per ISS 10028 - 1981 438 “Testing and Maintenance of Transformers, ‘ccmmencement of work. He should not smoke while working, and if there is conservator ete, fitted to the tank the oil should be taken out from conservator before opening tank. ‘Maintenance schedule upto 1000 KVA Transformers Inspected Inspection Notes ‘Action required Inspection ‘Amps. voltage and Temp. Check against rated figures Start fans if necessary Dehydrating Breather ‘Check that air passage is clear, check colour of active agent silica gel is pink, the old may be used by treatment Oil level in transformer ‘Check transformer oil level TE low, top up with dry oil check may leaks Bushings Examine for eracks and dirt deposits Clean and replace ‘No conservator Cheek for moisture under cover Improve ventilation, check oil Oilin transformer ‘Check for dielectric steength and water content, check for Take suitable action to restore quality of oil Earth resistance acidity and sludge” ‘Take suitable actions if earth resistance is high. Relays, alarms, their circuits ete. ‘Examine relay and alarm contacts, their operation, fuses etc. check relay accuracy etc Clean the components and replace contacts and fuses if necessary. Change the setting if necessary. ‘Non conservator transformers Tnternal inspection above core Filter oil regard of condition. ‘3 Yearly or After intemal fault ‘Overall inspection, lifting of core and coils ‘Wash by hosing down with clean dry oil Testing & Maintonans WALPARALL When looki generators sup; becomes more ‘transformer by: the present one parallel. Tn most pos by several small the following a2 (a) Several s if one of () The unis the load, and incre (c) Out of = @) Addition with they © Cost of 4.4.1 Condit —7‘Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 499 ‘Testing and Maintenance of Transformers \4& PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS When looking transformers from their secondary side, transformers are just similar to m generators supplying electrical energy. When the load connected on a transformer becomes more than its fall-load capacity either it is necessary to replace the present te transformer by higher rating transformer or connect another transformer in parallel with 7% the present one, so that total load can be shared by both the transformers operating in or parallel. In most power systems it is necessary or atleast desirable that the power is supplied by several small units connected in parallel rather than by a single large unit because of the following advantages (@) if one of small units is disabled the entir | (©) The units may be connected in service and taken out of service to correspond with This keeps the units loaded to their rated fall-load capacity connected transformers is shown in Fig. 4.37. Primary bus een La ng 4 pp ay 1,(A) OL i “ ‘Secondary bus ig. 4.37 For connecting two or more single phase transformers in parallel for load sharing purpose following conditions must be fulfilled F @ : The formers to be connected in YR When the primaries of such two transformers are connected in parallel the current circulating through their secondary windings on no load should be zero.“Testing & Maintenance of Electrical Machines 440 ‘Testing and Maintonance of Transformers 5 sintenance If this condition is not full The meaning segular divergenc s=y angular diver windings causing: fowever with a very small change in the secondary voltages the two transformers can be connected in parallel. Generally thre ae. The % impedance is the % impedance drop Gon 7, i: of transformer on full-load with respect to its rated voltage i.e. z x 100, Group II : 180 where I is full-load current of transformer, Z is its equivalent ohmic Group IIT: 30 GRUB npedece, Vis is rated tcminal volege REREAD: | Grovp 1V: 30 Generally, tw heir kVA rating, The arallel. But tran ‘0 transformers operating in parallel will also share the load in proportional 9 Vector group to their kVA rating if their ohmic impedances are inversely proportional to jing that tre their kVA ratings. i.e. If ohmic impedance of 100 kVA transformers is one | “=zilar manner ‘ohm, then the ohmic impedance of a 50 kVA transformer must be two ohms, _"°!0r group IV There is more latitude in this condition, meaning that if the % impedances “=nsformer of vas are not equal, but differ slightly, they can be connected in parallel, the effect | Parallel with ances will be, that, the two transformers will not share the load in proportion to However, their kVA capacity. a The high v connected in winding terminal reactance"stoyresistanceyshouldwbevequal, If it is equal then the two transformers operating in parallel will share the load at the same p-f. as that of the load. If this condition is not fulfilled the two transformers will share load at different power factors (© Same polarity : This is the condition which must be totally fulfilled at the time of _ connecting transformers in parallel. If same polarities are not connected together, then it will result into short circuit on secondary side or application of twice the e.m£. in the intemal circuit of windings, whose impedance is very small, the effect will be that very large circulating current will flow through the secondary as well as primary windings damaging the insulation. At the same time the resultant voltage across the secondary bus will be zero and the transformers will not share any load from secondary bus. er mou For 3% Transformers in addition to above : feansformer (a)Same phase sequence and zero relative phase displacement + This is the connections c: condition to be fulfilled in addition to above conditions a, b, c in case of three phase ~30°, while = transformers, ie, their maximum positive voltages must be identical, otherwise during the | “Presented cycle each pair of phases will be short circuited. Z. as represen other type of Depending upox | four vector grown is having 180° = ee at eyto 1ces Tect nto e is age two that ware eof nit the e4 bus ase ‘Testing & Maintenance ot Electrical Machines 4a Testing and Maintenance of Transformers The meaning of zero relative phase displacement is that their should not be any angular divergence between the secondary voltages connected to the same bus. If their is any angular divergence between relative phases it will cause circulating current through windings causing a’heating effect of transformer windings. Generally three transformers are divided into four vector groups : Group I : Zero phase displacement (Yyo, Ddo, Dzo) Group II : 180 phase displacement (¥'y6, Dd6, Dz6) Group IM: 30 lag phase displacement (Dyl, Ydl, Yz1) Group IV : 30 lead phase displacement (Dyl1, Yé11, Yzi1) Generally, two or more transformers of the same vector group can be connected in Parallel. But transformers of vector group I can be connected in parallel with transformers of vector group HI by reversing connection of secondary winding of any one transformer, meaning that transformer of vector group II is converted in vector group I or Tinto Il. Ina similar manner transformers of vector group III can be connected in parallel with that of Vector group IV by changing its connection i.e. converting it into vector group IV or tansformer of vector group TV is converted into rector groups III for connecting it in parallel with another transformers of vector ITI. However, the transformers from vector group I and II can not be connected in parallel with transformers of vector group III and IV or otherwise. 4.4.2 Transformer Winding Connections ‘The high voltage and iow voltage winding terminals of a three phase transformer are connected in star, delta or zig-zag manner to a three phase system. When the primary winding terminals are connected in delta and the secondary winding terminals are connected in star, it is said that transformer (or A -Y) similarly star-delta (Y-A), star-star (YY), delta-delta (A~A), delta-zig zag (A-z), (Y-z) etc. can be obtained. There is a Gefinite time phase relationship between the terminal voltages of the high voltage side and low voltage side, depending upon the type of connection used, It depends upon the manner in which the windings are connected. If windings are connected in Y-Y, A-A or A-Z as represented in 11, 1, 1s, the phase displacement is zero. The phase displacement for other type of connections is shown by diagram in the winding connections table, Depending upon the phase displacement the transformer connections are divided into ‘our vector groups. The vector groups I is having zero phase displacement vector group II is having 180° phase displacement, transformers of vector group I can be changed to vector group II by reversing the connections of its secondary winding. Similarly transformer of vector group II can be converted to vector group I by reversing connections of its secondary winding. Vector group III is having a phase difference of ~ 30°, while group IV will have a phase difference of + 30°. The connection of which are represented in the table. Vector group III can be converted to vector group IV or vector IV can be converted to vector group III by 0 reversing the secondary connections of 0 HasTesting & Maintenance of Eleticl Machines 4 Testing and Maintenance of Transformers ‘Testing & Maintnence 2 Yy6 G 180° It | (a) Zero Phase —30° Phase +30° Phase 180° Phase 22 i Displacement Displacement Displacement Displacement Dd6 I Fig. 4.38 180° ‘The phase difference between the high voltage and low voltage windings for different types of connections can be represented by comparing it with the hour hand of a clock, when the hour hand of clock is at 1 O' clock position it is considered zero displacement . 23 When it is at 11 O' clock position it is considered zero displacement is + 30° pz || ° (anticlockwise is positive), When the hand is at the 1 O'clock position the displacement is Fos = 30° and at 6 O'clock position it is 180° as shown in Fig. 4.38. 4.4.3 Three Phase Transformer Winding Connections soe a1 Now Symbol : i Dyl ‘Windings and Terminals EME. Vector Diagram ~30° and | Phase Angle Ww S 8 ° oa a Yai Yyo A ge a N a b, -30° ‘Oh B Be Be yl th | é & & : By oo be 2 A Aa a, Rk x 2 |, ot 3 3 a pe 8 Br be b of i\a five Be |. © =30° | & cy & @ Ge 8, & b & ° 13 Fi Re 41 Dzo iS Dyil | & ¢ +30" |