SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE

COLLEGE

MODULE 1
Subject:

RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED STATISTICS

(CRIM7-CR1RMAS)

AISAT COLLEGE – DASMARIÑAS, INC.

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 Unit INTRODUCTION TO THESIS WRITING
Module RESEARCH METHODS
CRIM7- RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED Page |2
Units: 3.0
CR1RMAS STATISTICS

INFORMATION SHEET PR-1.1.1

“RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED STATISTICS”

CONDUCTING AND WRITING A THESIS STUDY

What is a Thesis?

By definition, a thesis is a form of dissertation or scholastic work embodying results of

original research that proves or disproves a proposition or a specific view of a problem and its
solution. It is an academic requirement for a bachelor's, a master's or a doctorate degree in the
University. When referring to the document, a thesis is the manuscript that provides a complete
and systematic account of the results of a research study of a student. A thesis is usually an
individual undertaking, but the University has allowed group thesis made up of 2-3 students
depending on the following criteria:

1.Difficulty of the problem;

2.Scope or coverage of the study in terms of study area; and
3.Expenses that will be entailed in the conduct of the study.

It is the faculty of the department or college who decides on the matter after meeting with the
students concerned.

The main purpose why the thesis is made as a final academic requirement is to ensure that the
student is able to develop a specialized knowledge or degree of expertise on a particular area or subject
within his/her field or discipline, deepen or increase his/her learning beyond what is in the coursework
of the program or degree, enhance his research capability particularly his skills on data gathering,
analysis, and interpretation, and improve his/her communication skills such as writing and oral
presentation.

The six credit units of thesis work is designed for the student to be able to demonstrate his/her
ability to do an independent research study. The most important ability that need to be developed are
his ability to identify research problems or research gaps from existing research studies, present a new
proposition or solution, search literatures to support his propositions or solutions, choose a research
design and a research methodology, and conduct the research study. After gathering the results, he
applies his skills in analyzing and interpreting the results and implications of his study and make valid
conclusions. The thesis also helps the student develop the sense of responsibility to ensure that the
results of his/her study are credible or has enough scientific basis to support his conclusions. The whole
process is an academic exercise of using the scientific method of investigation and the values of honesty
and responsibility.

SUBJECT TEACHER: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

MODULE 1st – 3rd
PRELIMS
3 Meeting MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL, RCRIM. MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Director
 Unit INTRODUCTION TO THESIS WRITING
Module RESEARCH METHODS
CRIM7- RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED Page |3
Units: 3.0
CR1RMAS STATISTICS

Preparing to Write a Thesis Proposal

Before a thesis study is conducted, students are required to write and submit a study
proposal or outline which must be presented in an oral defense and approved by a panel of
evaluators. In preparing to a proposal, the student needs to identify a thesis problem from the
research agenda of the department or college originating from the broader research agenda set by the
University. It is very important that the problem of interest must be within the research agenda of the
University. Funding for students' thesis is available for studies that the University Research Center
deemed very relevant and important. For undergraduate students, they need to prepare the
following:

1. A topic or research problem that merits further investigation and falls within the research
thrusts of the department, college and/or the University;
2. A thesis adviser who is an expert or well versed on the topic or field and must come from the
list of faculty members of the department or college;
3. A technical critic who may also be a faculty member of the department or college or a technical
staff such as a research assistant, research aide, laboratory technician, project in-charge, or field
technician in the University but whose expertise falls within the topic of interest.

For graduate students, the following are the requirements of the Graduate School:
1. A topic or research problem that merits further investigation and falls within the research
thrusts of the department, college and/or the University and
2. An Advisory Committee composed of three members for the Master's degree and four for the
Doctorate degree coming from the faculty members of the Graduate School;

Students can choose from among the faculty members of the department or colleges. However, the
chairman of the department may need to assign the advisers and technical critics of the students to manage
the load of the faculty members and staff only faculty members can be a thesis adviser. Non-teaching
personnel can be requested or designated as technical critic-if his/her field of expertise or capability is relevant
to the proposed study.

Writing the Thesis Proposal

After having identified a thesis problem to work on, the student can now come up with the
following initial outputs:

1. A working title of the study;

2. Statement of the problem;
3. Clear and attainable objectives;

SUBJECT TEACHER: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

MODULE 1st – 3rd
PRELIMS
3 Meeting MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL, RCRIM. MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Director
 Unit INTRODUCTION TO THESIS WRITING
Module RESEARCH METHODS
CRIM7- RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED Page |4
Units: 3.0
CR1RMAS STATISTICS

4. Scope and limitation of the study; and

5. Time and place of the study.

During these initial works, the most important task of the student is to explore available
literatures from different sources. He or She should start building a good collection of related literatures
that can be used for his/her Review of Related Literature (RRL).

The RRL is very important in writing a study proposal. The adviser needs to check the
literatures compiled by the student and must recommend more if necessary. There is no prescribed
number of related literatures that must be presented because the adequacy of the literatures depends
on the nature of the study. Pioneering studies may have few literatures available compared to studies
with well-established information base. As a rule of thumb; a thesis study should have as many as 20 or
more literatures in its RRL to ensure its soundness and credibility, and these must be literatures
published in the last five years. However, older literatures may be allowed if very few publications can
be found on the topic under study. Both local and international sources must be thoroughly explored.

Parts of a Thesis Proposal

In order to standardize the format of all thesis proposals in the University, a general format is
prescribed for all types of research proposals. The following are the minimum contents of a study
proposal or outline:
A. Preliminary Pages
1. Cover or Title Page
2. Approval Sheet
B. Body of the Proposal
1. INTRODUCTION
- Introductory paragraphs as background of the study
a. Statement of the Problem
b. Objectives of the Study
c. Hypothesis (if applicable)
d. Theoretical or Conceptual Framework of the Study (if applicable)
e. Significance of the Study
f. Time and Place of the Study
g. Scope and Limitation of the Study
h. Definition of Terms

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

3. METHODOLOGY
4. REFERENCES (APA 7TH EDITION)
C. Appendices
Appendix 1. Research instruments (i.e. survey questionnaires)
Appendix 2. Sample data sheets
Appendix 3. Request letter(s) (if there is any)
SUBJECT TEACHER: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:
MODULE 1st – 3rd
PRELIMS
3 Meeting MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL, RCRIM. MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Director
 Unit INTRODUCTION TO THESIS WRITING
Module RESEARCH METHODS
CRIM7- RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED Page |5
Units: 3.0
CR1RMAS STATISTICS

Appendix 4. Timetable of activities

Appendix 5. Budgetary requirements of the study (for studies seeking funding assistance from
the University)

Description of the General Content of a Thesis Proposal

For the general content of each part of the study proposal or outline, the following
guidelines should be followed:
A. Preliminary Pages
1. Cover or Title Page - The cover or title page should contain the following:
a. Proposed study title written in inverted pyramid on top of the page, all in uppercase, single
space, and in boldface; a Scientific names. in the title should be italicized;
b. Submission statement found 10 to 12 single spaces away from. the thesis title written in
paragraph heading style and in single space;
c. Degree statement written 10 single spaces away from the submission statement in paragraph
heading style also in single space;
d. Author 's or authors' name(s) in uppercase and in boldface and should be found 10 to 12 single
spaces away from the degree statement. If there is more than one author, their names should
be arranged in alphabetical order based on their surnames and written in single space;
e. Month and year of expected completion written on a single, space below the author 's name.
and in paragraph heading style.

No page number should appear on the cover or title page. Examples are given in Appendix 1 and 2.

B. Body of the Proposal

1. INTRODUCTION – The introductory part of the proposal or outline is very important. It must
immediately catch the interest and attention of the reader. There is no prescribed length for the
introduction but it must be concise and complete. For the first page of the introduction the
following is the prescribed format:

1. Study title written in inverted pyramid single space on top of the page, in uppercase, and
boldface; Scientific names in the title should be italicized;
2. Author 's or authors name (s) should be written as first name, middle initial, and surname
three single spaces below the title in boldface. For proposals with two or more authors,
names of authors should be arranged in alphabetical order following their surnames and
written in single space.
3. Manuscript ID should be written three single spaces below the author's name between two
marker lines 1.5 in size stating the nature of the proposal and in single space.
Example:

An undergraduate thesis outline submitted to the faculty of the Department of Forestry and Environmental
Science, College of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment, and Natural Resources, Cavite State University,
Indang, Cavite in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Environmental Science with Contribution No._________. Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Noel A.

SUBJECT TEACHER: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

MODULE 1st – 3rd
PRELIMS
3 Meeting MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL, RCRIM. MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Director
 Unit INTRODUCTION TO THESIS WRITING
Module RESEARCH METHODS
CRIM7- RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED Page |6
Units: 3.0
CR1RMAS STATISTICS

Sedigo.
4. The word “INTRODUCTION" is written at the center three single spaces below the
manuscript ID.
5. The first sentence of the introductory paragraph should start after three single spaces.

The general content of the introductory part of a proposal has been prescribed by the University as
follows:
a. Introductory paragraphs as background of the study – These are the opening statements of the
introduction that should provide important background information about the problem to be
investigated. This can be about the study area, a new plant or animal species, a new
phenomenon or process that will be tested or introduced. This part does not have a paragraph
heading.
b. Statement of the Problem written boldface as "Statement of the Problem" as paragraph
heading on the left side of the page two spaces after the background of the study. This should
be containing the description of the problem or problems that will be investigated in the
SUBJECT TEACHER: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:
MODULE 1st – 3rd
PRELIMS
3 Meeting MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL, RCRIM. MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Director
 Unit INTRODUCTION TO THESIS WRITING
Module RESEARCH METHODS
CRIM7- RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED Page |7
Units: 3.0
CR1RMAS STATISTICS

proposal. This can be written as declarative statements in paragraph form or as questions that
need to be answered.
c. Objectives of the Study – This should be written as "Objectives of the Study" a paragraph
heading in bold face two spaces after the statement of the problem. The proposal should have a
general objective and specific objectives written in the future tense.
d. Significance of the Study – This is written as Significance of the Study" a paragraph heading in
bold space two spaces after the objectives of the study. The significance of the study is stated in
paragraph form and should convince the panel of evaluators or readers of the importance and
usefulness of the results of the study to the concerned stakeholders.
e. Time and Place of the Study – This is written as "Time and Place of the Study" a paragraph
heading in bold face two spaces after the significance of the study. The time and place of the
study is written in paragraph form stating the month and year the study will start and end and
the place or places where the study will be conducted. Time of the study starts on the day when
the proposal is approved and the researcher starts preparing the experiment or instruments for
data gathering up to the day when the researcher is ready to present the results for final
defense. Place or places of the study is or are where the study will be conducted.
f. Scope and Limitation of the Study – This is written as "Scope and Limitation of the Study" a
paragraph heading in bold face two spaces after the time and place of the study. Scope refers to
what will be covered by the investigation or experimentation such as extent of the study area,
parameters to be tested or measured, sampling techniques or tools that will be used, focus and
depth of the investigation, analysis, and the statistical tools that will be used to make
generalizations. Limitation means limits to area coverage, sampling strategy or sample size,
sensitivity and accuracy of instruments, availability of facilities or equipment, interpretation of
data, statistical analysis applicable, and monetary considerations. Some limitations can be
restrictions due to the political, social, cultural or ethical considerations of the study.
g. Definition of Terms – This is written as "Definition of Terms" a paragraph heading two spaces
after the scope and limitations of the study. Definition of terms that will be written in this
section can be operational definition" or "general definition" or both. Operational definition
means how the term is used in the study. General definition is the meaning of the term as
written in general references like a dictionary. Definitions are written in sentence format. All
terms are arranged in alphabetical order like a dictionary and the term being defined in
boldface.
h. Theoretical or Conceptual Framework of the Study - This part of the introduction is required for
social researches and is written as "Theoretical or Conceptual Framework of the Study". Some
experimental studies may require a theoretical framework or a conceptual framework. Others
may require both or none at all. This section is presented in a discussion format with a
supporting schematic diagram or model presented as a figure.
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE – This is written as a separate chapter of the proposal with the
chapter title at the top and center of the beginning page in bold face. The text starts after three
single spaces below the chapter title. An introductory statement opens the RRL with a general
description of what literatures are found in relation to the problem being investigated.
SUBJECT TEACHER: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:
MODULE 1st – 3rd
PRELIMS
3 Meeting MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL, RCRIM. MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Director
 Unit INTRODUCTION TO THESIS WRITING
Module RESEARCH METHODS
CRIM7- RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED Page |8
Units: 3.0
CR1RMAS STATISTICS

The RRL should include books, journals, magazines, papers presented in scientific conferences or
symposia, local studies, and foreign studies that will help build the credibility of the proposal, soundness
or reliability of the methods used, and relevance of the study being proposed. These literatures should
be those published in the last five years. Older literatures may be allowed depending on the topic under
study. Internet sources are allowed but only those with complete and reliable URL addresses.

The APA (7th ed.) format in writing in-text citations and bibliographic information should be
followed. Outlining the content of the RRL or the use of paragraph headings is very important for
organization. The RRL of a proposal is just the beginning of the many literatures that the researcher
would need. Additional literatures will be subsequently added when the results and discussions of the
study will be written in the final manuscript. Synthesis of the information being cited is required at the
end of the chapter. The number of citations cannot be strictly prescribed but a good RRL would have at
least 20 or more citations of literatures published in the last five years. Older publications are accepted
depending on the nature of the study.

3. METHODOLOGY - The methodology is the most important part of the proposal. A detailed
methodology is required for all proposed studies and should be written in the future tense. The
chapter title “METHODOLOGY" should be written at the center of the page and an introductory
statement is written after three single spaces below the title stating the content of this chapter.

For EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES and similar studies, the methodology should contain the following:
a. Materials This is written as "Materials" a paragraph heading after the introductory statement.
This should be a listing of all the materials needed for the study, quantity required, and a
description of their use in the experiment or design.
b. Methods -This is written as "Methods" a paragraph heading two spaces after the materials. This
is the step-by-step procedure of how the study will be conducted. This should include the
following:

Experimental design. This is the design that will be adapted for the study. There are several
experimental designs to choose from for field and laboratory experiments. Some examples are
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) for field experiments and Completely Randomized
Design (CRD) for laboratory experiments.

Experimental treatments. This refers to the various treatments that will be tested in the study.
Most common examples are those used in fertilizer trials such as the following:
T, - No Urea application
T,- 30kg of Urea
T,- 60kg of Urea
T,- 90kg of Urea

Experimental Lay-out. This is an illustration accompanied by a discussion of how the

experimental units and treatments will be laid out in the field or laboratory following a specific
experimental design.

SUBJECT TEACHER: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

MODULE 1st – 3rd
PRELIMS
3 Meeting MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL, RCRIM. MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Director
 Unit INTRODUCTION TO THESIS WRITING
Module RESEARCH METHODS
CRIM7- RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED Page |9
Units: 3.0
CR1RMAS STATISTICS

Data to be gathered. This is a complete enumeration of the parameters that will be measured,
how it will be measured, units of measure that will be used, instruments that will be used, and how
frequent will be the measurements. For plant experiments for example the common data that will
be measured are plant height (cm), number of leaves, leaf area (cm²), fresh weight (g), dry weight
(g), and yield (kg/ha).

Analysis and statistical treatment of data – This refers to the statistical techniques and
procedures in analyzing the data such as averages, means, percentages, Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA), and many others. There is å need to consult a statistician for this part of the proposal.

Ethical considerations (if applicable) - This refers to the need to comply with the University
guidelines pertaining to researches involving the use of human subjects/participants (clinical and
social/behavioral), animals, pathogenic organisms, genetically modified organisms (GMOS),
hazardous chemicals and those employing the tools of genetic engineering. All of these research
activities should go through proper review procedure by the duly constituted Ethics Review Board
(ERB), Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), Chemical Safety Committee (CSC) or
Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) as duly mandated.

For SOCIAL RESEARCHES and similar studies, the following should be written in the methodology after
the opening paragraph:

Research design - This is written as a paragraph heading. This is a description of the Design of the
research that will be adopted for the study. There are various research designs used in social researches
such as descriptive research, historical research, experimental, and others. The reason for its use must
be stated or explained.

Participants of the study - This refers to the individuals or groups of individuals, communities,
organizations, agencies, and/or institutions that will be involved as subjects in the study utilized as
respondents of a survey or participants in a social experiment or subject being observed.

Sampling technique - This refers to the technique that will be employed in order to determine the
number of participants of the study or number of test units/materials or samples from a given
population. The formula and computations should be shown in the proposal.

Data to be gathered -This is a listing of the different parameters information that will be gathered or
including the technique, instrument or mathematical formula or equation needed to get the correct
data and the units of measure that will be used. There should be a description of the research
instrument that will be used in gathering the data. Research instruments can be an interview schedule,
questionnaire, checklists and others. Research tools include recording devices such as a camera, video,
voice recorder and the like.

Statistical treatment of data - This refers to the statistical technique that will be used in analyzing
quantitative or qualitative data for proper interpretation and presentation. Most common examples are
T-tests, Chi-square tests, and correlation analysis. Treatment of data may use percentages, averages,
SUBJECT TEACHER: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:
MODULE 1st – 3rd
PRELIMS
3 Meeting MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL, RCRIM. MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Director
 Unit INTRODUCTION TO THESIS WRITING
Module RESEARCH METHODS
CRIM7- RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED P a g e | 10
Units: 3.0
CR1RMAS STATISTICS

means, ranges, coefficients, and the like. Statistical analysis that will be used should be described
properly and the reason for its use. Data may be presented in tables or graphs whichever is deemed
appropriate.

Ethical considerations (if applicable) - This refers to the need to comply with the University guidelines
pertaining to research involving the use of human subjects/participants pathogenic modified organisms
(GMOS), (clinical and social/behavioral), animals, organisms, genetically hazardous chemicals and those
employing the tools of genetic engineering. All of these research activities should go through proper
review procedure by the duly constituted Ethics Review Board (ERB), Institutional Animal Care and Use
Committee (IACUC), Chemical Safety Committee (CSC) or Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) as duly
mandated.

REFERENCES - The reference section of the proposal should be written using the APA (7th ed.) format.
The chapter title should be written at the top of the page and centered as “REFERENCES". Entries should
be arranged in alphabetical order based on the surnames of authors. Bibliographic information for each
source should be written in single space and double space between sources. All literature sources cited
in the RRL and other materials

References:
- Caltino, RCrim., MSCJ, Thesis Writing MODULE, CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY – BACOOR CITY,
CAMPUS

SUBJECT TEACHER: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

MODULE 1st – 3rd
PRELIMS
3 Meeting MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL, RCRIM. MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Director
 Unit INTRODUCTION TO THESIS WRITING
Module RESEARCH METHODS
CRIM7- RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED P a g e | 11
Units: 3.0
CR1RMAS STATISTICS

SELF-CHECK MD-9.1.1

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

___________1. It is a connector at the back of a computer or other device.

___________2.A computer circuit board installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a
network.
___________3.A device that allows a given computer to share data.
___________4. An input device that read text or illustration printed on paper, translated the
information into a form that a computer that can use.
___________5.The least expensive and most popular network media.

SUBJECT TEACHER: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

MODULE 1st – 3rd
PRELIMS
3 Meeting MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL, RCRIM. MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Director
 Unit INTRODUCTION TO THESIS WRITING
Module RESEARCH METHODS
CRIM7- RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED P a g e | 12
Units: 3.0
CR1RMAS STATISTICS

SELF-CHECK ANSWER KEY MD-9.1.1

1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .

SUBJECT TEACHER: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

MODULE 1st – 3rd
PRELIMS
3 Meeting MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL, RCRIM. MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Director