1) DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix at the replication fork and using DNA polymerase to build new strands in the 5' to 3' direction, with the leading strand being continuous and the lagging strand existing as fragments.
2) Transcription is the process by which a gene is used as a template to produce mRNA, which is then processed and spliced before translation.
3) Translation involves mRNA binding to ribosomes and using tRNA to add amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain according to mRNA codons until a stop codon is reached and the protein is released.
1) DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix at the replication fork and using DNA polymerase to build new strands in the 5' to 3' direction, with the leading strand being continuous and the lagging strand existing as fragments.
2) Transcription is the process by which a gene is used as a template to produce mRNA, which is then processed and spliced before translation.
3) Translation involves mRNA binding to ribosomes and using tRNA to add amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain according to mRNA codons until a stop codon is reached and the protein is released.
1) DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix at the replication fork and using DNA polymerase to build new strands in the 5' to 3' direction, with the leading strand being continuous and the lagging strand existing as fragments.
2) Transcription is the process by which a gene is used as a template to produce mRNA, which is then processed and spliced before translation.
3) Translation involves mRNA binding to ribosomes and using tRNA to add amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain according to mRNA codons until a stop codon is reached and the protein is released.
1) DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix at the replication fork and using DNA polymerase to build new strands in the 5' to 3' direction, with the leading strand being continuous and the lagging strand existing as fragments.
2) Transcription is the process by which a gene is used as a template to produce mRNA, which is then processed and spliced before translation.
3) Translation involves mRNA binding to ribosomes and using tRNA to add amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain according to mRNA codons until a stop codon is reached and the protein is released.
GENETICS 01 • Molecular Structure of DNA, RNA, and Proteins • Francis Crick and James Watson - structure of DNA was first determined in 1950s. - based on the X-ray crystallographic data of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. - Using Franklin's X-ray crystallography and their idea of the Chargaff's rule, they were able to determine the double helix structure of the DNA. 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID DNA - is one type of nucleic acid made up of nucleotides
Composed of: Deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar) Phosphate group Nitrogenous bases 2 TYPES of NITROGENOUS BASES in DNA:
• Pyrimidines - are single-ringed
• Purines - are double-
ringed • Antiparallelism
- the strands are oriented in opposite
directions. • Chargaff’s Rule - the double-helix DNA strand is expected to have the same purines and pyrimidine ratios. RNA Composed of: Ribose (5-carbon sugar) Phosphate group Nitrogenous bases 5 Carbon Sugar • Types of RNA
1 2 3 Messenger RNA Transter RNA Ribosomal RNA (mRNA) (tRNA) (rRNA) - carry protein information from - serves as a link (or adaptor) - ensures the proper the DNA in a cell's nucleus to between the messenger RNA alignment of the mRNA and the cell's cytoplasm, where the (mRNA) molecule and the the ribosomes during protein protein-making machinery growing chain of amino acids synthesis and catalyzes the reads the mRNA sequence and that make up a protein. formation of the peptide translates each three-base bonds between two aligned codon into its corresponding amino acids during protein amino acid in a growing protein synthesis. chain. Comparison DNA RNA Nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine. Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine Cytosine Base pairs Adenine Thymine Adenine Uracil Guanine Cytosine Guanine Cytosine Structure Double Helix Single-stranded Function Contains the Convert the information instructions needed for stored in DNA into an organism to develop, proteins survive and reproduce.
Length Longer Shorter
Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Location in the cell Nucleus, Mitochondria Cytoplasm 02 • DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation RNA• PROTEINS DNA Replication 1. The two strand is separated by the enzyme Helicase and results in the formation of the Replication Fork 2. Primase makes small pieces of RNA bases called a Primer. 3. DNA Polymerase binds to the primer and will make the new strand of DNA. 4. DNA Polymerase add DNA bases in one direction from 5’ to 3’ end. 5. One of the new strand of DNA, the Leading Strand, is made continuously.
6. The DNA Polymerase adding bases one by
one in the 5’ to 3’ direction. 7. The other strand, the Lagging Strand, runs in opposite direction. 8. DNA make this strand in a series of small chunks called Okazaki Fragment. 9. Each fragment start with an RNA Primer. 10. DNA polymerase adds a short row of DNA bases in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
11. The process is repeated until a new DNA
has been made. 12. Exonuclease removes all the RNA Primers from both strand of DNA. 13. DNA Polymerase fills in the gaps that are left behind with DNA 14. DNA Ligase seals up the fragments in both strands to form a continuous double strand. TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION Transcription Transcription - DNA in the gene is used as a template to make messenger RNA strand with the help of the enzyme RNA Polymerase.
3 Processes: 1. Initiation •During initiation, the promoter region of the gene function as a recognition site for RNA polymerase to bind.
• Binding makes the DNA double helix to unwind and open.
2. Elongation • RNA Polymerase slides along the template DNA strand. • As complementary bases pair up, the RNA polymerase links nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing RNA molecule. 3. Termination • Once RNA polymerase reaches the termination portion of the gene, the mRNA transcript is complete and the RNA polymerase, the DNA strand and the mRNA transcript disassociate from each other. mRNA Regions: o Exons- code for protein. o Introns – non-coding regions.
DNA Splicing: - The introns are removed and a 5’ cap and 3’ poly A tail are added. • Spliceosome – enzyme that is used to make a mature mRNA. DNA Splicing Translation INITIATION How is the information in the mature mRNA strand translated into a protein?
The nitrogenous bases
are grouped into three letter codes called codons. • The genetic code includes 64 codons. • Most codons code for specific amino acids. 4 Special Codons:
• AUG – start codon.
• UGA, UAA, UAG – stop codon. Steps: 1. mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit upstream of the start codon.
Each amino acid is brought to
the ribosome by a specific transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule. 2. Complementary base pairing occurs between the codon of the mRNA and the anticodon of the tRNA. 3. After the initiator tRNA molecule binds to the start codon, the large ribosomal subunit binds to form the translation complex and initiation is complete. 3 regions of the Large Ribosomal Subunit:
• E site • P site • A site ELONGATION 4. Individual amino acids are brought to the mRNA strand by a transfer RNA molecule through complementary base pairing of the codons and anticodons. 5. A charged tRNA molecule binds to the A site and a peptide bond forms between its amino acid and the one attached to the tRNA molecule at the P site. 6. The complex slides down one codon to the right where the now uncharged tRNA molecule exits from the E site and the A site is open to accept the next tRNA molecule. TERMINATION 7. Elongation will continue until a stop codon will reached. 8. A release factor binds to the A site at a stop codon and the polypeptide is released from the tRNA in the P site.
