Advanced Digital Systems Tutorial Sheet 1 Solution S.

Nasser, 2022/2023

Tutorial Sheet 1 Solution

Signals And Classification of Signals

1. Find the Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval for the signal f(t) = 1 + sinc300πt.

Solution:
Frequency, ωm = 300π
2πfm = 300π
2fm = 300 Hz
Nyquist rate, Fs = 2fm = 300 Hz
Nyquist interval, T = 12fm=1300 = 3.3 msec.

2. The sampling frequency of a signal is Fs = 2000 samples per second. Find its Nyquist
interval.

Solution:
Explanation: Given Fs = 2000 samples per second
Nyquist interval, T = 1Fs=12000 = 0.5 msec.

3. Determine the Nyquist rate of the signal x(t) = 1 + cos(2000πt) + sin(4000πt).

Solution:
Highest frequency component in 1 is zero
Highest frequency component in cos(2000πt) is ωm1 = 2000π
Highest frequency component in sin(4000πt) is ωm2 = 4000π
So the maximum frequency component in x(t) is ωm = 4000π [highest of 0, 2000π, 4000π]
∴ 2πfm = 4000π
2fm = 4000
Nyquist rate, Fs = 2fm = 4000 Hz

4. Find the Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval for the signal
1
𝑥(𝑡) = cos(4000𝜋𝑡) cos(1000𝜋𝑡)
2𝜋
Solution:
The above equation may be expressed as:
1 1
𝑥(𝑡) = ( (cos(4000𝜋 + 1000𝜋)𝑡) + cos⁡(4000𝜋 − 1000𝜋)𝑡)⁡)⁡)⁡⁡
2𝜋 2
1
𝑥(𝑡) = (cos(5000𝜋𝑡) + cos(3000𝜋𝑡))⁡
4𝜋
The highest frequency component in this signal is:
5000𝜋
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 2500⁡𝐻𝑧
2𝜋
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Advanced Digital Systems Tutorial Sheet 1 Solution S. Nasser, 2022/2023

∴ 𝑁𝑦𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑡⁡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 2𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2(2500) = 5000⁡𝐻𝑧

1
𝑁𝑦𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑡⁡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 = = 2𝑥10−4 𝑠𝑒𝑐
5000

5. Let x[n] be a signal with x[n] = 0 for n < -2 and n > 4. For each signal given below, determine
the values of n for which it is guaranteed to be zero.
a) 𝑥[𝑛 − 3]
b) 𝑥[𝑛 + 4]
c) 𝑥[−𝑛]
d) 𝑥[−𝑛 − 2]

Solution:
a) 𝑛 < 1⁡and 𝑛 > 7
b) 𝑛 < ⁡ −6 and 𝑛 > 0
c) 𝑛 < −4 and 𝑛 > 2
d) 𝑛 < −6 and 𝑛 > 0

6. A discrete-time signal 𝑥[𝑛] is shown below. Sketch and label each of the following signals.
a) 𝑥[𝑛 − 2]
b) 𝑥[2𝑛]
c) 𝑥[−𝑛]
d) 𝑥[−𝑛 + 2]

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Advanced Digital Systems Tutorial Sheet 1 Solution S. Nasser, 2022/2023

Solution:

7. Given the continuous-time signal specified by

1 − |𝑡| −1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1}
𝑥(𝑡) = {
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Determine the resultant discrete-time sequence obtained by uniform sampling of x(t) with
a sampling interval of (a) 0.25 s, (b) 0.5 s, and (c) 1.0 s.

Solution:
It is easier to take the graphical approach for this problem. The signal x(t) is plotted in
figure 1 (a) below. Figures 1(b) to (d) give plots of the resultant sampled sequences
obtained for the three specified sampling intervals.
a) 𝑇𝑆 = 0.25⁡𝑠. From figure 1 (b), we obtain:

b) 𝑇𝑆 = 0.5⁡𝑠. From figure 1 (c), we obtain:

c) 𝑇𝑠 = 1⁡𝑠. From figure 1(d), we obtain:

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Advanced Digital Systems Tutorial Sheet 1 Solution S. Nasser, 2022/2023

Figure 1

8. Using the discrete-time signals 𝑥1 [𝑛] and 𝑥2 [𝑛] shown below, represent each of the
following signals by a graph and by a sequence of numbers.

a) 𝑦1 [𝑛] = 𝑥1 [𝑛] + 𝑥2 [𝑛]

b) 𝑦2 [𝑛] = 2𝑥1 [𝑛]
c) 𝑦3 [𝑛] = 𝑥1 [𝑛]𝑥2 [𝑛]

Solution:
a) 𝑦1 [𝑛] is sketched in figure 2(a). From figure 2(a), we obtain:

b) 𝑦2 [𝑛] I sketched in figure 2(b). From figure 2(b), we obtain:

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Advanced Digital Systems Tutorial Sheet 1 Solution S. Nasser, 2022/2023

c) 𝑦3 [𝑛] is sketched in figure 2(c). From figure 2(c), we obtain:

Figure 2

9. * Determine the values of 𝑃𝑥 and 𝐸𝑥 for each of the following signals:

1 𝑛
a) 𝑥3 [𝑛] = (2) 𝑢[𝑛]
𝜋 𝜋
b) 𝑥4 [𝑛] = 𝑒 𝑗(2𝑛+ 8 )
Solution:
4
a) 𝑃∞ = 0, 𝐸∞ = 3
b) 𝑃∞ = 1, 𝐸∞ = ∞

10. * Determine whether the following signals are energy signals, power signals, or neither.
a) 𝑥[𝑛] = (−0.5)𝑛 𝑢[𝑛]
b) 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛]
c) 𝑥[𝑛] = 2𝑒 𝑗3𝑛

Solution:
a) 𝐸 = ∑∞ 𝑛=−∞|𝑥[𝑛]|
2
∞ 1 4
=∑ 0.25𝑛 = = <∞
𝑛=0 1 − 0.25⁡ 3
Thus, x[n] is an energy signal

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Advanced Digital Systems Tutorial Sheet 1 Solution S. Nasser, 2022/2023

b)

𝑁
1
𝑃 = lim ∑ |𝑥[𝑛]|2
𝑁→∞ 2𝑁 + 1
𝑛=−𝑁
𝑁
1 1 1
= lim ∑ 12 = lim (𝑁 + 1) = < ∞
𝑁→∞ 2𝑁 + 1 𝑁→∞ 2𝑁 + 1 2
𝑛=0
Thus, 𝑥[𝑛] is a power signal.
c) Since |𝑥[𝑛]| = |2𝑒 𝑗3𝑛 | = 2
𝑁
1
𝑃 = lim ∑ |𝑥[𝑛]|2
𝑁→∞ 2𝑁 + 1
𝑛=−𝑁
𝑁
1 1
= lim ∑ 22 = lim 4(2𝑁 + 1) = 4 < ∞
𝑁→∞ 2𝑁 + 1 𝑁→∞ 2𝑁 + 1
𝑛=−𝑁
Thus, 𝑥[𝑛] is a power signal

11. Find the even and odd components of 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑗𝑡 .

Solution:
Let 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) and 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡) be the even and odd components of 𝑒 𝑗𝑡 , respectively
𝑒 𝑗𝑡 = 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡)
1
𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) = (𝑒 𝑗𝑡⁡ + 𝑒 −𝑗𝑡⁡ ) = cos(𝑡)
2
1
𝑥𝑜 (𝑡) = (𝑒 𝑗𝑡⁡ − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑡 ) = 𝑗 sin(𝑡)
2

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Advanced Digital Systems Tutorial Sheet 1 Solution S. Nasser, 2022/2023

12. Show that the product of two even signals or of two odd signals is an even signal and that
the product of an even and an odd signal is an odd signal.

Solution:

13. Show that the complex exponential sequence

𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑒 𝑗Ω𝑜 𝑛
Ω
Is periodic only if 2𝜋𝑜 is a rational number.

Solution:
By the definition of periodicity, 𝑥[𝑛] will be periodic if:
𝑒 𝑗Ω𝑜 (𝑛+𝑁) = 𝑒 𝑗Ω𝑜 𝑛 𝑒 𝑗Ω𝑜 𝑁 = 𝑒 𝑗Ω𝑜 𝑛
Or
𝑒 𝑗Ω𝑜 𝑁 = 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(1)
Equation (1) holds only if:
Ω𝑜 𝑁 = 𝑚2𝜋⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡𝑚 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒⁡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Or
Ω𝑜 𝑚
= = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙⁡𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
2𝜋 𝑁
Thus, 𝑥[𝑛] is periodic only if Ω𝑜 /2𝜋 is a rational number

14. Let 𝑥1 [𝑛] and 𝑥2 [𝑛] be periodic sequences with fundamental periods 𝑁1 ⁡and 𝑁2 ,
respectively. Under what conditions is the sum 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑥1 [𝑛] + 𝑥2 [𝑛] periodic, and what is
the fundamental period of x[n] if it is periodic?

Solution:
Since 𝑥1 [𝑛] and 𝑥2 [𝑛] are periodic with fundamental periods N, and N2, respectively, we
have:

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Thus,

For 𝑥[𝑛] to be periodic with period N, one needs:

Thus, we must have:

𝑚𝑁1 = 𝑘𝑁2 = 𝑁⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(1)
Since we can always find integers m and k to satisfy Eq. (1), it follows that the sum of two
periodic sequences is also periodic, and its fundamental period is the least common
multiple of 𝑁1 and 𝑁2 .

15. Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. If a signal is periodic,
determine its fundamental period.
𝜋
𝑗( )𝑛
a) 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑒 4
1
b) 𝑥[𝑛] = cos (4 𝑛)
𝜋 𝜋
c) 𝑥[𝑛] = cos ( 3 𝑛) + sin (4 𝑛)
𝜋
d) 𝑥[𝑛] = cos2 ( 8 𝑛)

Solution:
𝜋
𝑗( )𝑛 𝜋
a) 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑒 4 = 𝑒 𝑗Ω𝑜 𝑛 → Ω𝑜 = 4
Since Ω𝑜 /2𝜋=1/8 is a rational number, 𝑥[𝑛] is periodic and the fundamental period is 𝑁𝑜 =
8.
1 1
b) 𝑥[𝑛] = cos 4 𝑛 = cos Ω𝑜 𝑛 → ⁡ Ω𝑜 = 4
Ω
Since 2𝜋𝑜 = 1/8𝜋 is not a rational number, 𝑥[𝑛] is nonperiodic
𝜋 𝜋
c) 𝑥[𝑛] = cos 3 𝑛 + sin 4 𝑛 = 𝑥1 [𝑛] + 𝑥2 [𝑛]
Where
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥1 [𝑛] = cos 𝑛 = cos Ω1 𝑛 → Ω1 =
3 3
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥2 [𝑛] = sin 𝑛 = sin Ω2 𝑛 → ⁡ Ω2 =
4 4
Ω 1
Since 2𝜋1 = 6 (= rational number), 𝑥1 [𝑛] is periodic with fundamental period 𝑁1 = 6, and
Ω 1
since 2𝜋2 = 8 ⁡(= rational number), 𝑥2 [𝑛] is periodic with fundamental period 𝑁2 = 8. Thus,
fundamental period is the least common multiple of 6 and 8, that is, 𝑁𝑜 = 24.

16. A discrete-time signal x[n] is shown. Sketch and label each of the following signals:
a) 𝑥[𝑛]𝑢[1 − 𝑛]
b) 𝑥[𝑛]{𝑢[𝑛 + 2] − 𝑢[𝑛]}⁡
c) 𝑥[𝑛]𝛿[𝑛 − 1]

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Solution:
a)
1 𝑛≤1
𝑢[1 − 𝑛] = { }
0 𝑛>1
And 𝑥[𝑛]𝑢[1 − 𝑛] is sketched in figure 3(a)
b)
1 −2 ≤ 𝑛 < 0
𝑢[𝑛 + 2] − 𝑢[𝑛] = { }
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
And 𝑥[𝑛]{𝑢[𝑛 + 2] − 𝑢[𝑛]} is sketched in figure 3(b)
c)

1 𝑛=1
𝑥[𝑛]𝛿[𝑛 − 1] = 𝑥[1]𝛿[𝑛 − 1] = 𝛿[𝑛 − 1] = { }
0 𝑛≠1
Sketched in figure 3(c)

Figure 3

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17. Express the sequences shown in terms of unit step functions.

Solution:
a) 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛] − 𝑢[𝑛 − (𝑁 + 1)]
b) 𝑥[𝑛] = −𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]
c) 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛 + 2] − 𝑢[𝑛 − 4]

18. Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic:

a) 𝑥2 [𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛] + 𝑢[−𝑛]
b) 𝑥3 [𝑛] = ∑∞
𝑘=−∞{𝛿[𝑛 − 4𝑘] − 𝛿[𝑛 − 1 − 4𝑘]}

Solution:
a) No
b) Yes

19. Determine the fundamental period of the signal:

𝑛 𝑛
𝑥[𝑛] = 1 + 𝑒 𝑗4𝜋(𝑇) − 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋( 5 )

Solution:
35

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