CHAPTER 4:

PHILIPPINE HISTORY

CHAPTER OUTLINE
Historical Background of Science and
Technology in the Philippines
1. Pre-Spanish Period
2. Spanish Colonial Period
3. American Period and Post-
Commonwealth Era
4. Marcos Era
5. Fifth Republic

“The growth and development of people is the highest calling of a leader”

- John Maxwell

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1. Explain the historical timeline of science and technology in the Philippines;

2. Analyze the development of science and technology in the Philippines; and
3. Synthesize and create their own understanding on the different periods of the history of
science and technology in the Philippines.

Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Pre- Spanish Period

The Philippines has few written information with regards to its society, culture,
and technology before the Spanish arrived. We relied on archaeological findings to
trace the beginning of how the Filipinos lived with the use of science and technology.
These archaeological findings showed that modern man from Asian mainland
first came over land on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about

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48,000
B.C. They settled in different areas across the country and made simple tools and
weapons of stone flakes and later developed new skills like sawing and polishing
stones.
During 3,000 B.C., they learned to produce adzes ornament of seashells and
pottery that prosper for 2,000 years until competition arrived with the Chinese
porcelains. Eventually they’ve learned how use metals as their tools and so-called Iron
Age lasted until the 3rd century B.C to the 11th century A.D. during this time, Filipinos
were involved in ore mining such as copper, gold, bronze, and iron.
Early Filipinos have also engaged
themselves into weaving, shipbuilding, mining,
and faming that led them in creating the finest
products of engineering which is the Banaue
Rice Terraces. Early Spanish chronicles also
noted that early Filipinos build a refined plank-
built warship called caracoa that well suited for
inter-island trade.
Locales from Butuan were trading with
Chinampa (Vietnam) and those from Ma-i
(Mindoro) with China as seen on the Chinese
records that contains several references to the
Philippines. These records indicate that trading
relationship have existed and established
between the Philippines, China, and Vietnam.
Before the Spaniards came, Filipinos were already aware of activities and
practices related to science and technology. They have learned the curative values of
plants and able to extract the medicine out it. They had an alphabet, counting methods,
weights, and measurement system, and the calendar that they based on the period of
the moon.

Spanish Colonial Period

When the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, it has contributed the growth of
science and technology in the country. They have introduced formal education and
founded scientific institution. Parish schools were established where they taught
religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, and music. Natives were taught a more advance
methods in agriculture. Later on, they have established colleges and universities
around the country including the oldest university in Asia, which is the University of
Sto. Tomas.
Medicine was prioritized during the Spanish colonization, especially in the later
years. Spaniards made contributions in the field of engineering by constructing
government establishments, churches, roads, bridges and forts. Biology was
highlighted during this period. Botanists, chemist, and medical scholars all gave
contribution to the field of science.

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 The galleon trade made a big impact in the economic growth of the Philippines.
Spaniards gave priority to the galleon trade sue to its potential to make huge profits.
That is why agriculture and
industrial development were
not given focus and were
neglected during this time.
When Suez Canal was built,
visiting each other countries
for Europeans and Filipinos
was made possible and
probably influenced by the
rapid development of
scientific ideals brought by
the Age of Enlightenment.

American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era

The Americans replaced Spaniards after they ruled the country and the
progress of science and technology has continued under their rule. The establishment
of Bureau of Government laboratories was made in July 1, 1901 by the Philippine
Commission, which served a purpose to study the tropical disease and laboratory
projects on the country, and was later on replaced by the Bureau of Science in 1905
that became the primary research center of the country. While on December 8, 1933,
the National Research Council of the Philippines was established.
It was during the American period when science was inclined towards
agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine, and pharmacy, and not much focus
were given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade policy with
the United States that nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade.
The Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science in 1946. In
1950, there were reports made by the US Economic Survey about the Philippines’
problem with regards to science and technology such a lack of basic information, no
support, minimal budget, and low compensation. During the regimen of Carlos P.
Garcia in the 1958, the Philippine Congress passed the bill entitled “The Science Act
of 1958” which goals is to establish the National Science Development Board.

In the early days of the

American colonial period, the
Philippine Commission sent
teachers from the United States to
the Philippines with the purpose of
establishing an educational system.
Named after the ship that
transported them, the United States
Army Transport Thomas, the
Thomasites expanded to become a
powerful force in the colonial project.
Their work as educators served the
imperial vision of assimilating
Filipinos into American culture and raising a young generation of followers. Among the
subjects taught by Thomasites are English, Agriculture, Geography, Mathematics,

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General Courses, Trade Courses, Housekeeping and Household Arts, Manual
Trading, Mechanical Drawing, Freehand Drawing and Athletics.

Marcos Era
It was only during the Marcos Presidency where science was given importance.
It was clearly stated by the former President in the Philippine Constitution, amended
in 1973, that in term of national development, priority shall be given in the
advancement of science and technology.
In his State of Nation Address, Marcos declared that there is a need for science
in public high school and with the help of Department of Education in partnership from
the National Science Development Board it aims to provide science-teaching
equipment for a period of 4 years.
In 1968, he also recognized that technology was the top reason in economic
development, and gave extra funds to support projects in applied science and science
education. While in 1969, he allotted large amount of war damage funds to private
universities to encourage them to courses that focus on science and technology and
research. In 1970, he emphasized that by upgrading the science curriculum and
teaching equipment is crucial to the science development program.
Furthermore, he declared
Presidential Decree No.49, series
of 1972 as a support for promoting
the scientific research and
invention. Aside from that, one of
his greatest contributions is the
establishment of PAGASA which
function is to give environmental
protection and to utilize scientific
knowledge to ensure the safety of
the nation. He also established the
National Academy of Science and
Technology in 1976 to have scientists whose experts in science and technology.
In 1986, he also established campuses of Philippine Science High School in the
Visayas and Mindanao. It encourages the youth in theses area to choose a career in
science and technology. It also aims to tap the potential students on the said regions.

Fifth Republic
After the term of President Marcos, Corazon Aquino replaced him in the
presidential seat and on her term in 1986, she replaced the National Science and
Technology Authority to Department of Science and Technology (DOST), giving the
science and technology a seat in the government cabinet. It was during the Philippine
Development Plan for the years 1987-1992 where the role of science and technology
in the nature economy was highlighted. In 1990, Sate of Nation Address of President
Corazon Aquino said that science and technology development should be on the top
three priorities of the government to implement the development plan they have made.

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 In 1989, the budget allocation
for science and technology was
increased amounting into 1.054
billion pesos. But due to Asian
financial crisis between the years
1990-1991, it was cut down by 14%
and in 1992, it was increased again
by 50%. She also encouraged
Filipino scientists and inventors to
put back Philippines and second in
Japan when it comes to the field of
science and technology. It was one
on of her goals to make the country
industrialized by the year 2000.
In July 1992, President Fidel V Ramos reported his State of the Nation Address
that there were improvements with regards to science and technology. In his third
SONA in 1994, he reported that there was a significant increase in people who
specialize in the field of science and technology. By the year 1998, it was an estimated
that the Philippines had 3,000competent scientists and engineers.
It was during the 5th Republic where the government provided 3,500
scholarships for students who are interested in taking up courses related to science
and technology. Schools became modernized and updated by having additional high-
tech equipment. It was also during this time when science and technology personnel
were given priority by the government by approving the Republic Act No. 8439 in 1997
which entitled “Magna Carta for science and technology Personnel”. Its purpose is
to give incentives and rewards to people who made an impact and influential in the
field of Science and Technology.
In 1998, during former
President Joseph Estrada’s term,
the Internet age was pushed for
the advancement of schools and
industry. Then it was under the
term of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
when science and technology
reached its golden age.
In 2014, during the time of
President Benigno Aquino,
numerous laws and projects
related to science were made to
push technology forward to
increase the economic level of the country like R.A 9367 or the “biofuels” act that
promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the country. He also
approved the establishment of the Department of Information and Communications
Technology (DICT). DICT is mandated to be the primary policy, planning, coordinating,
implementing, and administrative entity of the Philippine Executive Branch of the
government that will plan, develop, and promote the national ICT development
agenda. Moreover, it was also during the time of Aquino that the K-12 Curriculum was
established. This change in the curriculum includes six years of primary education,
four years of Junior High School, and two years of Senior High School to provide
sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and
prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills development, employment,

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 and entrepreneurship. The K-12 system aims to improve Filipino students'
mathematical, scientific, and linguistic competence.
Lastly, former President
Rodrigo R. Duterte has also
contributed several for the nation’s
progress to innovation as the 16th
and current president of the
Philippines. Duterte approved the
Balik Scientist Program (R.A.
11035). This act would give more
incentive to returning Filipino
experts, scientists, inventors, and
engineers who would share
their expertise in the country.
He also approved an act for the establishment of Philippine Space Agency (PHILSA)
which now governs the country’s space development and utilization policy.
Accordingly, the establishment of the PHILSA will and can encourage Filipino space
scientists abroad to return back to the country, as well as trying to inspire young
Filipinos to shift from careers or professions related to space. Duterte is also famous
for his Build Build Build Program. The program aims to provide livable, sustainable,
and resilient communities through an integrated water resources management
program, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation, infrastructure support
for marginalized sectors, and the construction of bike lanes/facilities and pedestrian
infrastructure. This program also includes a traffic-decongestion strategy that aims to
construct high-quality highways/expressways, by-passes/diversion roads, flyovers,
interchanges, and underpasses, as well as widen national roads and bridges.

Suggested Readings

Moistero, A.P. (2006). Science, technology and society. Manila: Educational

Publishing House

Scribd. (2010). History of science and technology in the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/doc/36969608/4-7-B- History -of-Science-and-
Technology-in-the-Philippines

Scribd.(2009). Science, technology and society. Retrieved from https://

www.scribd.com/doc/23367406/LECTURE-NOTES-ON INTRODUCTION-
TO-SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGY-AND-SOCEITY

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