Lesson 4 : TYPES OF MEDIA

Print media - in the simplest terms, the definition of print media is basically any type of
printed material that provides people with information through the use of words and/or
photos. according to inc.com, the two most common types of print media are
newspapers and magazines, but print media also includes outdoor billboards,
brochures, newsletters, and books. basically, it’ s any printed material under the sun
that contains valuable information about a specific product, event, or even person.

- today, print media is used all over the world to convey messages and
reach a global audience. through the years, print media has evolved to include
entertainment and advertising, instead of only conveying news. it has also transformed
the way people perceive products and services from various industries, making it an
effective advertising technique.

What are the difference form of print media?

1. news paper

2. magazines

3. direct mail

4. outdoor advertising

5. books

6. yellow pages

What are the advantages of print media?

it can be targeted

it creates engagement

it can be kept

Broadcast media - is the inclusion of different mediums that are used for
communicating, transmitting, and broadcasting to the public or masses. it uses a wide
range of audio-visual materials as well as electronic or electro-magnetic mediums to
share news, information, entertainment, ads, etc with the target audiences or general
public.

Types of broadcast media

1. radio production

▪ spot announcement ▪ sponsored programs

2. broadcast television

3. advertising films

4. slides

5. video advertising
New media is any media—from newspaper articles and blogs to.

Music and podcasts—that are delivered digitally. according to PCMag, new media
refers to the "forms of communicating in the digital world, which is primarily online via
the Internet." the term encompasses all content accessed through computers, smart
phones and tablets. example of new media

▪ blogs

▪ mobile apps

▪ social media networks

▪ streaming services

▪ virtual and augmented reality

▪ website

LESSON 5 : MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES

Types of Information Sources

Generally, there are three basic types of information sources in research including
primary, secondary, and tertiary.

Primary Sources:

Primary sources of information are firsthand accounts of research or an event including

original scholarly research

results, raw data, testimony, speeches, historic objects or other evidence that provides
unique and original information about a person or an event. These sources were
created at the time which the observation or event

occurred but can also be created later by an eyewitness. Primary sources allow
researchers direct access to original ideas, events, and data. Some examples of
primary sources include published original scholarly research articles, original creative
works, and eyewitness accounts of contemporaneous events.

Secondary Sources:

Secondary sources analyze, synthesize, evaluate, and interpret primary sources (or
other secondary sources).

Secondary sources are created after an event has occurred and are written by
someone who did not experience or observe the event first hand. Some examples of
secondary sources include articles that interpret original scholarly research results and
critiques of original creative works. Secondary sources are not evidence, but
rather comment on and discuss previous evidence.
 Tertiary Sources:

Tertiary sources of information provide broad overviews or condensed narratives of

topics. They analyze and summarize the information in primary and secondary sources
in order to provide background on a idea, event, or topic. Tertiary resources often
provide data in a convenient form and provide context of the topic for a frame of
reference. Some examples of tertiary sources include textbooks, dictionaries,
encyclopedias, and almanacs.

Formats of Information Sources

Sources in particular formats simply cannot exist until there has been enough
time for people to create them. The result is that the sources that are created toward
the end of the information lifecycle may come to very different conclusions about the
event than did those sources created early on.

Sometimes the information presented in the later formats is more valid and
reliable than what is in those produced earlier.

Where to find Information Sources

Ryan, E. (2023, May 31). How to Find Sources | Scholarly Articles, Books, Etc.. Scribbr.
Retrieved October 2, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/working-with- sources/finding-
sources/

It’s important to know how to find relevant sources when writing a research
paper,

literature review, or systematic review.

The types of sources you need will depend on the stage you are at in the
research process, but all sources that you use should be credible, up to date, and
relevant to your research topic.

There are three main places to look for sources to use in your research:

Research databases

Your institution’s library

Other online resources

Research Data Base

- You can search for scholarly sources online using databases and search engines
like Google Scholar. These provide a range of search functions that can help you
to find the most relevant sources.
- If you are searching for a specific article or book, include the title or the author’s
name. Alternatively, if you’re just looking for sources related to your research
problem, you can search using keywords. In this case, it’s important to have a
clear understanding of the scope of your project and of the most relevant
keywords.
- Databases can be general (interdisciplinary) or subject-specific.
- You can use subject-specific databases to ensure that the results are relevant to
your field.
- When using a general database or search engine, you can still filter results by
selecting specific subjects or disciplines

Research databases by academic discipline

Interdisciplinary

• JSTOR

• Oxford Academic

• Microsoft Academic

• Cornell University Library

• SAGE Publishing

• Taylor and Francis Online

• Academic Journals

• OAIster

• Directory of Open Access Journals

• Wiley Online Library

Science & mathematics

• OMICS International

• American Association for the Advancement of Science

• Public Library of Science

• Medline

• PubMed

• Inspec

• Springer Publications

• American Mathematical Society

Social sciences & humanities

• Project Muse

• American Comparative Literature Association

• PhilPapers

Tip

Your institution’s library may have access to a range of academic databases and
journals that are behind paywalls. Consult the library’s website to see if they have
memberships with any journals relevant to your research.

Google Scholar

- To get started, you might also try Google Scholar, an academic search engine
that can help you find relevant books and articles. Its “Cited by” function lets you
see the number of times a source has been cited. This can tell you something
about a source’s credibility and importance to the field.
- Example: Google Scholar “Cited by” function

Boolean Operations

• Boolean operators can also help to narrow or expand your search.

• Boolean operators are words and symbols like AND, OR, and NOT that you can
use to include or exclude keywords to refine your results. For example, a search
for “Nietzsche NOT nihilism” will provide results that include the word “Nietzsche”
but exclude results that contain the word “nihilism.”
• Many databases and search engines have an advanced search function that
allows you to refine results in a similar way without typing the Boolean operators
manually
• Example: Project Muse advanced search
Library Resources

You can find helpful print sources in your institution’s library. These include:

• Journal articles Books Encyclopedias

• Newspapers and magazines
• Make sure that the sources you consult are appropriate to your research.

You can find these sources using your institution’s library database. This will allow you to
explore the library’s catalog and to search relevant keywords.You can refine your
results using Boolean operators.

Once you have found a relevant print source in the library:

• Consider what books are beside it. This can be a great way to find related
sources, especially when you’ve found a secondary or tertiary source instead of
a primary source.
• Consult the index and bibliography to find the bibliographic information of other
relevant sources.

Tip

Many libraries have an inter-library loan system that allows you to request specific books
that the library does not stock. Consult a librarian if you are looking for a specific book
that’s not available from your institution’s library.

Other Online Sources

You can consult popular online sources to learn more about your topic. These include:

- Websites
- Crowdsourced encyclopedias like Wikipedia
- Blogs

You can find these sources using search engines. To refine your search, use Boolean
operators in combination with relevant keywords.

However, exercise caution when using online sources. Consider what kinds of sources
are appropriate for your research and make sure the sites are credible.

Look for sites with trusted domain extensions:

URLs that end with .edu are educational resources.

URLs that end with .gov are government-related resources.

DOIs often indicate that an article is published in a peer-reviewed, scientific

article.

Other sites can still be used, but you should evaluate them carefully and consider
alternatives.
Other Interesting Articles

If you want to know more about ChatGPT, AI tools, citation, and plagiarism, make

sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

ChatGPT IEEE style

ChatGPT vs human editor AMA style
ChatGPT citations Paraphrasing
Is ChatGPT trustworthy? Quoting
Using ChatGPT for your studies Plagiarism
What is ChatGPT? Types of plagiarism
Citation Self-plagiarism
APA Style Avoiding plagiarism
MLA style Academic integrity
Chicago style Consequences of plagiarism

Common knowledge

Ryan, E. (2023, May 31). How to Find Sources | Scholarly Articles, Books, Etc.. Scribbr.
Retrieved October 2, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/working-with- sources/finding-
sources/

Evaluating Information and Media

Content - Can you confirm the accuracy of the information against other sources? Can
you find similar content elsewhere?

Reliability - Is the source of the information reliable? Is the person who is posting the
content an expert in the area? Check out their user profile to find some background
information on the author. Does this person or organization have expertise in the area.
Does this person, organization or root web address of their account appear in
Wikipedia? Wikipedia can be a useful starting point in finding background information
on a person or organization.

Location - where is the person sharing the information located? Is the person in the
actual place they are tweeting about.

Context - Does this person usually tweet/post information about this issue. Have look
through their past posts.

Network - who follows this person? Looking at a person's followers may help confirm
their credibility as a source.

Images - Examine any images posted. It is possible sometimes to find the original
context of an image by using sites such as tin eye or google images to do a reverse
image search.

Age of Account - How long has the social media account been in operation?
 Lesson 6 : Codes and Convection
Symbolic Codes - Symbolic codes are social in nature. What this means is that these
codes live outside the media product themselves, but would be understood in similar
ways in the ‘real life’ of the audience. For instance, if you saw somebody receive a red
rose in a film, you would assume there is a romantic relationship between the two
characters. If you gave somebody a red rose in real life, you might be hoping the same.
Symbolic codes in media include setting, mise en scene, acting and colour.

Setting - is the time and place of the narrative. When discussing setting, you can
describe the setting of the whole story or just a specific scene. A setting can be as big
as the outback or space, or as small as a specific room. Setting can even be a created
atmosphere or frame of mind.

Mise en Scene -is a French term that means ‘everything within the frame’. In media
terms it has become to mean the description of all the objects within a frame of the
media product and how they have been arranged. Ananalysis of mise en scene
includes:

▪ Set Design

▪ Costume

▪ Props

▪ Staging and Composition

Acting - Actors portray characters in media products and contribute to character

development, creating tension or advancing the narrative. The actor portrays a
character through:

▪ Facial expression

▪ Body Language

▪ Vocal qualities

▪ Movement

Colour - Colour has highly cultural and strong connotations. When studying the use of
colour in a media product the different aspects to be looking at are:

▪ Dominant colour

▪ Contrasting foils

▪ Colour symbolism

Technical Codes - Technical codes are codes that are specific to a media form and do
not live outside of them. For instance, our understanding of different camera shots and
their connotations make sense when we look and films and photographs, but mean
nothing to us outside of those forms. Technical codes in media include Camerawork,
Editing, Audio and Lighting.
Camerawork - Camerawork refers to how the camera is operated, positioned and
moved for specific effects.

Aspects of camerawork include:

▪ Positioning

▪ Movement

▪ Framing

▪ Exposure

▪ Lens choice

Editing - Editing is the process of choosing, manipulating and arranging images and
sound. Editing is generally done for four different reasons:

▪ Graphic edits

▪ Rhythmic edits

▪ Spacial edits

▪ Temporal edits

Audio - Audio is the expressive or naturalistic use of sound. Audio can be diegetic or
non diegetic. The three aspects of audio are:

▪ Dialogue

▪ Sound Effects

▪ Music

Lighting - Lighting is the manipulation of natural or artificial light to selectively highlight

specific elements of the scene. Elements of lighting include:

▪ Quality

▪ Direction

▪ Source

▪ Colour

Written Codes - Written codes are the formal written language used in a media
product. Just like technical and symbolic codes, written codes can be used to
advance a narrative, communicate information about a character or issues and
themes in the media product.

- Written codes include printed language which is text you can see within
the frame and how it is presented, and also spoken language, which includes dialogue
and song lyrics.
Conventions - Conventions are accepted ways of using media codes. Conventions are
closely connected to the audience expectations of a media product. Different types of
conventions include form conventions, story conventions and genre conventions.

Form Conventions - Form conventions are the certain ways we expect types of media’s
codes to be arranged. For instance an audience expects to have a title of the film at
the beginning, and then credits at the end. Newspapers will have a masthead, the
most important news on the front page and sports news on the back page. Video
games usually start with a tutorial to explain the mechanics of how the game works.

- Another example would be continuity editing. Most video forms

follow a set of editing rules and techniques called continuity editing which allows for the
audience to easily understand what is going on in a scene and who is talking to who.

Story Conventions - Story conventions are common narrative structures and

understandings that are common in story telling media products. Examples of story
conventions include:

▪ Narrative structures

▪ Cause and effect

▪ Character construction

▪ Point of View

Genre Conventions - Genre conventions point to the common use of tropes,

characters, settings or themes in a particular type of medium. Genre conventions are
closely linked with audience expectations. Genre conventions can be formal or
thematic.

Denotation Vs. Connotation

Connotation - Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a
word.

Denotation - Denotation is the strict dictionary meaning of a word.

 Lesson 7 : Legal, Ethical, and Social Issues in Media Information
Literacy
OBJECTIVES

Discuss the different issues in Media and Information Literacy.

Understanding the different legal issues, the types of Plagiarism and types of Intellectual
Property.

Create an Essay writing that promote the properly use of getting information in internet
to avoid the plagiarism.

Legal Issues
Hacking - a practice of modifying or altering computers software /hardware to
accomplish a goal that is not of the creator's original objective.

Phishing - attempt to obtain sensitive information by disguising as a trustworthy entity in

electronic communication.

Illegal downloading - obtaining files that you do not have the right to use from the
internet.

Digital piracy - practice of illegally copying & selling digital music, video, computer
software, etc. Optical media act of 2003.

Identity theft - deliberate of someone else's identity, to gain a financial advantage in

other person's name, and perhaps to the others are disadvantages loss.

Cyber sex - virtual sex encounter in which two people/more (connected remotely via
internet) send each other sexually explicit contents or sexually explicit acts.

Cyber defamation - unprivileged false statement of facts which tends to harm the
reputation of a person/company. Libel law.

Ethical Issues
PLAGIARISM

An act or instance of using or closely imitating The language and thoughts of another
author Without authorization.

i) to use the words or ideas of another person as if they were your own words or idea.

ii) to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own: use (another's
production) without crediting the source.

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM

1. Sources Not Cited

2. Sources Cited

SOURCES NOT CITED

Ghost Writer - the writer turns in another's work, word for word as his/her own.

Photocopy - the writer copies significant portions of texts traight from a single source,
without alteration.
Potluck paper - the writer copies from several different sources, tweaking the sentences
to make them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing.

Poor disguise - the writer as altered the paper's appearance slightly by changing key
words and phrases.

Labor of laziness - the writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other
sources and make it all fit together.

Self-stealer - the writer "Borrows" generously from his/her previous work.

SOURCES CITED (but still plagiarized)

Forgotten footnote - the writer mentioned author's name for a source, but neglects to
include specific information on the location of the material referenced.

Misinformer - the writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it
impossible to find them.

Too perfect paraphrase - the writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in
quotation marks on the text that has been copied word by word or to close it.

Resourceful citer - the writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using
quotations.

Perfect crime - the writer properly quotes & cites sources in some places, but goes on
paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation.

COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT

- A legal device that gives the creator for a literary Artistic, musical or other
creative work the sole right to publish & sell that work. Violation of copyright.

• INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY(IP) protected by law.

- Refers to the creation of mind such as inventions, literary And artistic works,
designs and symbols, name and images used in commerce.

TYPES OF IP

• PATENT
• TRADEMARKS
• COPYRIGHT

COPYRIGHT – is the exclusive legal right of an IP owner to reproduce, sell, distribute a

material that he/she has created.

PATENT - is a govern license given to the industrial processes and inventions that
gives its creator an exclusive right to use, sell and manufacture IPs.

TRADEMARK – is a name, word, slogan, symbol, among others, that identifies a

product or organization.
 Societal Issues

DIGITAL DIVIDE

- It pertains to the gap between the younger & older generation in terms of
technological use. (HERRING, 2008)

INTERNET/COMPUTER ADDICTION

- The revolutionary growth of the internet past decades created a huge impact
on the communication & interpersonal behavior of every human being (SATO,
2006)
- Internet changed the people how to interact. Even indiscretion is now practiced
online. Traditional Bullying became cyberbullying /intimidation, oppression,
harassment and discrimination done via information & communication
technology (ICT). (BELSEY, 2004)

CYBER CRIME

- Aside from cyberbullying, other illegal happens within the internet. These acts
include hacking, cybersex, child pornography, identity theft, online libel, illegal
access to data, online piracy, cybersquatting and other computer offenses.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10175

An act defining cybercrime, providing for the prevention, investigation, suppression and
the imposition of penalties therefor and for other purposes.

Article III. Bill of Rights

1987 Constitution

Sec. 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the
press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government
for redress of grievances.