A Case Study on Environmental Science and Engineering for Puerto Princesa

City, Palawan

Submitted by:
Group 3
Cardinez, Angelique Nicole B .

Submitted to:
Engr. Bonifacio B. Magtibay, PhD

Date Submitted: October 7,2023

Executive Summary

In an era marked by increasing global environmental concerns and the synergy of

environmental science and engineering has emerged as a potent force for positive
change. This case study embarks on a journey through the realms of environmental
science and engineering, exploring their pivotal roles in addressing complex
challenges that span ecosystems, communities, and industries. As we delve into this
case study, we uncover the interdisciplinary nature of these fields, how they intersect
and complement each other, and how they are harnessed to formulate innovative
solutions for a spectrum of environmental issues. From safeguarding biodiversity to
mitigating pollution, adapting to climate change, and advancing sustainable practices,
we delve into the real-world applications that showcase the transformative potential of
environmental science and engineering in the pursuit of a healthier, more resilient,
and sustainable planet. In this study, we will explore a range of case examples,
revealing the profound impact that the combination of these disciplines can have on
our shared environment and the quality of life for present and future generations.

This case study underscores the importance of addressing environmental challenges in

Puerto Princesa City through a holistic approach that combines environmental science
and engineering. Implementing these proposed solutions will not only protect the
natural beauty and biodiversity of Palawan but also contribute to the city's long-term
sustainability and resilience in the face of environmental threats.
Acknowledgemnts

I want to express my genuine appreciation and thanks to everyone who has been there
to support and guide me throughout this research expedition.

Above all, I'd like to convey my profound gratitude to our subject instructor, Engr.
Bonifacio Magtibay, for his invaluable guidance and constructive feedback
throughout this process. His expertise and mentorship have played a pivotal role in
shaping the course of this project.

I extend my deep thanks to my family and friends for their unwavering

encouragement, understanding, and support during the demanding phases of my
academic pursuits. Their steadfast belief in me has served as a wellspring of
motivation and resilience.

I'm indebted to my colleagues and research collaborators who have been essential in
providing aid, resources, and stimulating discussions that have greatly improved the
quality of this work.

This journey has been both arduous and rewarding, and it would have been an
insurmountable task without the collective support and encouragement of these
individuals and organizations. I am truly grateful for your role in this endeavor.
Table of Contents

Cover Page..........................................................................................................................1
Executive Summary............................................................................................................2
Acknowledgement...............................................................................................................3
Table of Contents................................................................................................................4
Background Information.....................................................................................................5
Population.......................................................................................................................5
Economy.........................................................................................................................5
Environmental Problem...................................................................................................6
Objective.............................................................................................................................8
Description of plants, animals, ecosystems ........................................................................9
Status of environmental pollution …………………………………………………12
Air/Noise Pollution……………………………………………………………..12
Water/Wastewater Pollution……………………………………………………12
Soil/Solid Wastes Pollution…………………………………………………….13
Major activities causing environmental pollution with impact on human health……14
Key agencies involved in environment and health concerns………………………15
Efforts by the government in addressing pollution problems……………………..17
Gap analysis on government actions…………………………………………………20
Recommendations……………………………………………………………………21
Summary of problems and solutions……………………………………..…………..24
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………25
References……………………………………………………………………………26
Background Information

Puerto Princesa City is located on the

island of Palawan, which is part of the
Philippines. It is situated 306 nautical
miles southwest of Manila, 205 nautical
miles from Panay and about 250 nautical
miles from Zamboanga. The city serves
as the capital of the province of Palawan.
It coversa total land area of 253,982
hectares, making it one of the largest
cities in terms of land area in the
Philippines (City Government of Puerto
Princesa, n.d.). The city is characterized by its stunning natural landscapes, including
lush forests, limestone karst formations, underground rivers, and a picturesque
coastline.

Population
It has a population size of 210,508 as of 2007 census. The residents of Puerto
Princesa, known as Palaweños, comprise a diverse community, including indigenous
groups, Filipinos, and immigrants. Certain areas around Puerto Princesa are inhabited
by indigenous peoples, including the Tagbanua and Batak tribes (City Government of
Puerto Princesa, n.d.). These indigenous communities have distinct cultural heritages
and maintain traditional practices, which are protected and upheld by local and
national authorities. Efforts are made to ensure the rights and livelihoods of
indigenous people are preserved while promoting cultural diversity and inclusivity
within the city. This cultural diversity contributes to a rich tapestry of traditions and
customs that are celebrated and respected.

Economy
The economy of Puerto Princesa City is primarily driven by tourism and agriculture.
The city is known for its beautiful beaches, clear waters, and numerous natural
attractions, including the Puerto Princesa Underground River, which is a UNESCO
World Heritage Site and one of the New7Wonders of Nature. Tourism-related
businesses such as hotels, restaurants, and tour operators play a significant role in the
local economy. Agriculture also contributes to the city's income, with rice, coconut,
and fishing being important agricultural activities. The city is renowned for its natural
beauty and is a popular tourist destination. Some of its notable attractions include the
Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Honda Bay for island hopping,
Baker's Hill, and the Mitra Ranch (Simon, 2023). The city also offers opportunities
for snorkeling, diving, and exploring caves and waterfalls. The city is home to various
cultural groups, including indigenous communities. The mix of cultures and traditions
adds to the cultural richness of Puerto Princesa. Moreover, Puerto Princesa City and
its surroundings are home to diverse ecosystems and wildlife.

Environmental Problem
However, the island region of Palawan, nicknamed the country's "last ecological
frontier," has long been plagued by environmental problems (Miranda, 2022). The
current state of the 'exceptional natural phenomena,' which include the subterranean
river and the karst terrain, is good, and the trend is stable overall, despite the dangers
the site faces, notably increased visitors. According to Palawan News (2022), the
site's biodiversity values are under threat as a result of the impacts of increased
tourism and visitation, illegal activities such as poaching and logging, land clearing
and development, and an expanding local population, all of which are gradually
eroding the integrity of the habitats and the biodiversity they support within and
around the site. Additionally, healthcare in Puerto Princesa, like in many parts of the
Philippines, faces challenges related to access to quality medical services, especially
in remote areas. In Puerto Princesa, several health problems are intertwined with
environmental issues, impacting the well-being of its residents. Air pollution, often
stemming from vehicular emissions and industrial activities, leads to respiratory
problems like asthma and bronchitis. Contaminated water sources due to inadequate
sewage systems and improper waste disposal contribute to waterborne diseases,
including diarrhea and cholera. Stagnant water bodies and poor waste management
create breeding grounds for disease-carrying vectors such as mosquitoes, heightening
the risk of dengue fever and malaria. Soil and water pollution from industrial
activities can compromise food safety, resulting in foodborne illnesses. Rising
temperatures and heatwaves, driven by climate change, increase the risk of heat-
related illnesses, while environmental degradation can bring humans into closer
contact with wildlife, potentially spreading zoonotic diseases. Disasters like typhoons
and landslides pose injury risks, and their aftermath disrupts healthcare and sanitation
access, exacerbating health problems.The city has hospitals and clinics, but healthcare
infrastructure can be limited in rural regions of Palawan. According to Formoso
(2018), the lack of hospital facilities and obstetricians in rural parts of Palawan to
manage delivery and maternal health care are the leading causes of the high maternal
mortality rate (MMR) among Palawan's tribes. Moreover, the WHO has voiced worry
over an apparent increase in malaria cases in the city and other parts of Palawan
province (Reynoso, 2023). Efforts are ongoing to improve healthcare access, quality,
and facilities, with a focus on preventive care and public health programs. In
summary, Puerto Princesa is a remarkable city on Palawan Island, celebrated for its
natural beauty, dedication to environmental conservation, diverse economy, and
culturally rich community. While healthcare access and economic development are
ongoing priorities, the city's government and residents are committed to preserving
their environment, celebrating cultural diversity, and respecting the heritage of
indigenous people.
Objective

This case study aims to provide an overview of the environmental and governance
situation in Puerto Princesa City. It aims to identify the primary activities responsible
for environmental issues that impact both ecosystems and human well-being.
Furthermore, the study aims to propose necessary steps to bridge the gaps in
environmental health and management.

Specifically, the study seeks to address the following:

 To determine factors that affects the degradation of the environment in the area
and the challenges in healthcare

 To discuss the vulnerability of the city in climate-related hazards such as

flooding, storm surges, and landslides

 To assess the effectiveness of policy implementations and community

engagement strategies

 To develop initiatives to preserve the city’s diverse ecosystems and strengthen the
healthcare infrastructure and services
Description of plants, animals, ecosystems

Puerto Princesa, located on the island of Palawan in the Philippines, is a region

blessed with incredible biodiversity and stunning natural landscapes. Here's a
description of some of the plants, animals, and ecosystems you can find in the area:

Mangrove Forests: Puerto Princesa

is home to extensive mangrove
forests along its coastlines.
Mangroves serve as vital coastal
protectors, offering a natural defense
against erosion and storm damage.
They host diverse wildlife, acting as
critical habitats for numerous
species. These ecosystems also play
a key role in mitigating climate
change by sequestering carbon and
improving water quality by filtering pollutants. Mangroves support fisheries, provide
resources for local communities, and hold cultural significance. Furthermore, they
offer opportunities for tourism, research, and education.

Coral Reefs: The waters around Puerto Princesa

are rich in coral reefs, making it a popular
destination for snorkeling and diving. You can find
a wide variety of colorful coral species and marine
life, including fish, sea turtles, and more. Coral
reefs are vital marine ecosystems with diverse
biodiversity, serving as protective barriers against
coastal erosion and storms. They support fisheries,
providing food security and livelihoods, while also
attracting tourism and recreational activities.
Additionally, coral reefs help mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon and
offer pharmaceutical and scientific research opportunities.

Coconut Palms: Coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) are

abundant and widely cultivated in Puerto Princesa and
throughout the Philippines, providing coconuts for
food and various products.Coconut palms serve as a
vital resource in tropical regions, offering a diverse
range of benefits. They provide food in the form of
coconut meat, water, and oil, supporting both nutrition
and livelihoods. The coconut industry generates
economic opportunities through copra production and
coconut oil extraction. Additionally, coconuts have
traditional and medicinal uses, and their wood is
utilized for construction and crafts. These palms
contribute to coastal stability, biodiversity, and cultural significance, making them an
integral part of many tropical ecosystems and societies.
 Pitcher Plants: Some areas around Puerto Princesa are
known for their unique carnivorous pitcher plants, such as
Nepenthes attenboroughii. Nepenthes attenboroughii, or
Attenborough's pitcher plant, is a carnivorous plant native
to the Philippines. It plays a crucial role in its ecosystem
by capturing and digesting insects and small creatures,
aiding in nutrient acquisition in nutrient-poor soils. As a
predator, it helps control insect populations, indirectly
influencing the balance of species in its habitat. Its rarity
and critically endangered status underscore the importance
of conserving both the plant and its unique montane forest
habitat. Scientists also study it for insights into
carnivorous plant behavior and tropical biodiversity.

Palawan Peacock-Pheasant: This striking

bird, endemic to Palawan, is known for its
iridescent plumage and is considered a
symbol of the region's wildlife. The Palawan
peacock-pheasant, native to Palawan,
Philippines, serves as a biodiversity indicator
for its forest habitat. As an endemic species,
its presence reflects the health of the
ecosystem. These birds play a crucial role in
seed dispersal, helping with forest
regeneration, and contribute to ecological
balance by controlling insect populations.
Additionally, they have cultural and ecotourism significance, drawing tourists and
conservation attention. Conservation efforts to protect these birds also benefit the
broader Palawan ecosystem, making them a focal point for preservation initiatives.

Palawan Bearcat (Binturong): This unique-

looking mammal is not a cat but rather related
to civets. It is known for its distinct odor and
prehensile tail, and it's often found in the
forests of Puerto Princesa. The Palawan
bearcat, or binturong, plays a vital role in its
native Palawan habitat. It contributes to forest
health by dispersing seeds from the fruits it
consumes and helps control insect
populations. Its presence can indicate the
ecological well-being of Palawan's forests, making it important for biodiversity
conservation. Additionally, binturongs have cultural significance and are a draw for
ecotourism. However, they face threats from habitat loss and hunting, underscoring
the need for conservation efforts to protect both these unique animals and their
habitats.

Marine Turtles: Various species of sea turtles, such as green sea turtles and
hawksbill turtles, nest on the beaches of Puerto Princesa. Marine turtles, or sea turtles,
serve critical roles in marine ecosystems. They control jellyfish populations, fertilize
beach sands while nesting, and
contribute nutrients to coastal
environments. Sea turtles also aid in
maintaining the health of coral reefs by
grazing on seagrass and algae. Their
genetic diversity enhances population
resilience, and they attract tourists,
supporting local economies. These
charismatic creatures are cultural
symbols and indicators of marine
ecosystem health. Despite their significance, sea turtles are threatened by habitat loss,
pollution, bycatch, and climate change, emphasizing the need for conservation
measures to protect these essential marine species.

Underground River: The Puerto Princesa

Subterranean River National Park is home
to one of the New Seven Wonders of
Nature, the Puerto Princesa Underground
River. This river flows through a limestone
cave and is surrounded by lush vegetation.
In Puerto Princesa, Palawan, underground
water serves as a lifeline, providing
freshwater for drinking, agriculture, and
tourism. It sustains local ecosystems,
including wetlands and streams, supporting biodiversity. Vital for agriculture, it
enables crop cultivation and contributes to food security. The region's stunning
underground rivers and caves are major tourist attractions, boosting the local
economy. Additionally, underground water helps moderate temperatures and can
mitigate the impact of droughts.
Status of environmental pollution (air, water, soil, noise, solid wastes,
wastewater)

Air and Noise Pollution

Puerto Princesa, the capital of Palawan, has its share of air and noise pollution issues,
mostly due to the badly maintained two- and three-wheeler passenger tricycles that
plied its streets. In this metropolis, they are the "king of the road," as opposed to other
cities in the Philippines, where the jeepney reigns supreme.

However, these big sidecars are highly unstable and, when combined with outdated
and badly maintained engines, result in tricycles that are typically not roadworthy. As
a result, they need more effort to operate and produce more noise than their
competitors, reaching 90-97 decibels. According to research, chronic exposure to
noise levels at or over 80 dB can result in deafness. They are also significant
pollutants. Approximately 94% of these bikes and tricycles are powered by poorly
maintained two-stroke engines that release small particulate matter, endangering
public health. Lubricants are used excessively due to a lack of information and the
misconception that they boost fuel economy. Because of high fuel prices, gasoline is
also contaminated with kerosene. Due to the low fuel efficiency of two-stroke
engines, the incompletely burnt gasoline and lubricant are discharged into the air as
minute oil droplets, increasing visible smoke and particle emissions (ASIAN
DEVELOPMENT BANK, 2008).

Water/Wastewater Pollution

According to a recent study on marine plastics pollution conducted by scientists and

researchers based at Western Philippines University (WPU), Puerto Princesa City
beaches are "heavily contaminated" by plastic trash, and their classification according
to accepted international guidelines is "dirty to extremely dirty."

“75% of Puerto Princesa beaches are classified as 'dirty and extremely dirty.” Bacosa
remarked in Laririt (2020). He also reported that nylon fishing lines and abandoned
fishing accessories accounted for 47 percent of the plastic rubbish found on the city's
least populous western shore. Plastic wrappers and other food packaging, on the other
hand, predominated in waste on the eastern shore, where urban areas are prominent.

"We can see widespread disposal of fishing lines, and it is not shocking that almost 50
percent of plastic waste are fishing lines, while 5 percent have been determined to be
styrofoams used for fishing," he stated, referring to the west coast.

According to the globally accepted Clean Coast Index (CCI), even the coastline
region of Sabang Beach in Barangay Cabayugan is deemed polluted.

"The northern part of the west coast is dirty to filthy." Only in the south can we
discover cleaner regions, and these are not residential areas. Plastic bags and bottles
account for around 6%, whereas nylon accounts for 47%, according to Bacosa.

Moreover, according to Sajorne et al., there is the presence of microplastics in beach

sediment in 71% of the test locations in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan. The east coast
of the city has a larger concentration of MP than the west coast. The most common
MP shapes were fiber, fragment, film, and filament. The polymers discovered by
ATR-FTIR research were mostly polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene
(PP).

Soil/Solid Wastes Pollution

Palawan is well-known for its beautiful beaches, sparkling seas, and lush green
forests. However, the growing amount of waste left on the streets has been a
significant source of worry for local officials, the expat population, and locals alike.
Although the city has enacted numerous trash management rules, the situation is far
from ideal.

Because the city's population has grown, appropriate solid waste management from
residences, commercial, industrial, and other institutions appears to be an ongoing
concern not only for solid waste managers, but also for the community and the
general public (Talabucon, 2023).

Moreover, with its current rubbish dump in Barangay Santa Lourdes, the city of
Puerto Princesa is in a bind. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) recently issued a cease-and-desist order (CDO) to the sanitary landfill's
leachate treatment plant (LTP), which is responsible for processing the liquid
collected from beneath the garbage dump before it is released outside, where it can no
longer cause harm. Actual research in Santa Lourdes and adjoining Barangay
Tagburos have revealed that leachate causes mercury poisoning. The current scenario
is also not as if the Sta. Lourdes sanitary landfill has yet to detonate. It already had,
since the Department of Health warned more than two years ago about the ongoing
mercury poisoning in Santa Lourdes, which was caused principally by a past mining
activity and aided by seepage from the dumpsite (Palawan News, 2019).
Major activities causing environmental pollution with impact on human health

Vehicle Emissions

According to Yue-Lang Feng cited in ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (2008), a

majority of people are not aware that there are so many contaminants in the black
smoke from tricycles. The very tiny particulates in the smoke absorb sulfur dioxide
and other volatile organic chemicals that go into the respiratory system. Day by day,
those pollutants build up in the lungs and, ultimately, damage our health. It might
cause asthma; it might cause respiratory disorders.

Wastewater Discharge

Based from Reynoso (2023), the mayor of Puerto Princesa stated that an estimated
25,000 Puerto Princesa Bay inhabitants dump household and animal garbage straight
into coastal seas. It was stated that human and animal waste include hazardous
compounds that pollute water. Pollution depletes oxygen levels and disrupts the
delicate biological balance required for the bay's marine life to thrive.

According to Formoso & Badilla (2023), the coastline is still polluted with high
amounts of fecal coliform. According to an interagency assessment received by
Palawan News earlier this week, fecal coliform pollution surrounding the bay, which
was identified as a key source of concern as early as 2015, continues unabated. The
random release of septic waste, largely human and animal excrement, into the bay has
been blamed for this form of water contamination. According to a report from the
DOH's regional office in MIMAROPA, 567 people got diarrhea in 2022. According
to the intergovernmental report, 381 persons suffered diarrhea between March 3 and
April 25, 2022. There were 243 visitors and the remainder were natives. During the
period, vomiting, stomach discomfort, cough, dizziness, weakness, loss of
consciousness, loose bowel movements, and fever were reported in children as young
as one month old and adults as old as 75.

Mining

The inactive mercury (Hg) mine area in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, has been
added to the Philippines' list of abandoned and inactive mines that pose a high danger
to human health and the environment. Exposed HgS and mine waste calcines offer a
major health risk to inhabitants because the absorbed Hg from HgS and calcines is
mostly stored in the kidneys, similar to the disposition pattern of inorganic Hg. Excess
Hg concentrations in the human body can pose major health risks, including as
damage to the central nervous system, and are harmful to fetal development
(Samaniego, et al. ,2020).

According to recent statistics from the Departments of Health (DOH) and

Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), 33-40% of the 10,000 Tagburos and
Sta. Residents of Lourdes experience 'chronic mercury poisoning' as a result of mine
tailings exposure and consumption of high Hg-containing marine items.
Key agencies involved in environment and health concerns

In Puerto Princesa, Palawan, various government agencies, non-governmental

organizations (NGOs), and local institutions are involved in addressing environmental
and health concerns.

City Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO): CENRO is

responsible for the implementation of environmental and natural resources
management programs and policies at the local level. Its responsibilities include
environmental planning, overseeing natural resource management, solid waste
management, enforcing environmental regulations, biodiversity conservation, erosion
control, environmental education, climate change initiatives, and collaboration with
various stakeholders.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) -

Palawan Office: DENR at the provincial level plays a crucial
role in overseeing environmental conservation and management
in Palawan, which includes Puerto Princesa. It enforces
environmental laws and regulations, issues permits, and promotes
sustainable land and resource management. DENR is responsible
for ensuring the protection of Palawan's rich biodiversity, monitoring
and regulating activities such as logging, mining, and fishing, and coordinating with
other agencies and stakeholders to address environmental challenges and promote
sustainable development in the province.

Department of Health (DOH) - Palawan Office: They are

responsible for public health and healthcare services in Palawan,
including Puerto Princesa. Its role includes monitoring and
addressing health concerns related to environmental factors, such
as water and air quality, and communicable diseases. DOH works
to ensure the well-being of residents by providing healthcare
services, disease prevention, and health promotion efforts. They
collaborate with local health units and government agencies to safeguard public health
in the region.

Local Government Unit (LGU) of Puerto Princesa: It plays a

pivotal role in addressing various local issues, including
environmental and health concerns. It is responsible for
implementing and enforcing local policies and programs related to
waste management, land use planning, healthcare services, and
more. The LGU collaborates with national and provincial
government agencies, as well as community organizations, to
promote sustainable development, protect the environment, and ensure the well-being
of its residents, making it a key player in the city's governance and development.
Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD):
PCSD plays a vital role in coordinating and implementing
policies and programs related to environmental sustainability
and natural resource management in Palawan, including Puerto
Princesa. PCSD focuses on protecting the province's unique
biodiversity, regulating resource use, and promoting
sustainable practices. It reviews and approves projects through
the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) process to ensure that
development aligns with environmental conservation. PCSD
serves as a critical agency in safeguarding Palawan's natural heritage while balancing
the needs of the environment and the well-being of its communities.

Department of Tourism - Palawan Office: DOT plays a pivotal

role in Puerto Princesa's tourism sector. It promotes the city as a
tourist destination, regulates tourism businesses, and develops
tourism infrastructure. Additionally, it emphasizes sustainable
and responsible tourism practices, collaborates with local
stakeholders, provides information to tourists, and manages
crises or emergencies affecting the tourism industry. The office's
efforts aim to boost tourism while ensuring the preservation of
Puerto Princesa's natural and cultural heritage and the welfare of
its visitors.

Philippine Coast Guard and Maritime Authorities: They are

responsible for monitoring and regulating maritime activities in
Puerto Princesa, Palawan. Their roles include ensuring the safety
of maritime transportation, enforcing maritime laws and
regulations, and responding to maritime emergencies and search
and rescue operations. They also work to prevent illegal fishing
and protect the marine environment in Puerto Princesa's coastal
areas, contributing to the overall safety and sustainability of the
region's maritime activities.

City Health Office (Puerto Princesa): The City Health Office in

Puerto Princesa plays a crucial role in public health, focusing on
disease control, health promotion, and vaccination programs. It
provides essential healthcare services, especially for mothers and
children, and oversees environmental health and sanitation. The office
maintains health records, aids in emergency preparedness, and
regulates healthcare facilities. It conducts community outreach,
collaborates with other agencies, and contributes to local health
policies, making it central to community well-being in Puerto
Princesa.
Efforts by the government in addressing pollution problems

The government, both at the local and national levels, has taken various measures to
address pollution problems in Puerto Princesa, Palawan.

Programs/projects/interventions:

 Air and Noise Pollution Reduction Strategies Project: Based from ASIAN
DEVELOPMENT BANK (2008), from February to July 2006, 481 tricycle
drivers and operators (or 12% of the total 4,000, compared to the aim of 10%)
underwent preventative maintenance trainings, briefings on Clean Air Act
pollution regulations, and lectures on the distinctions between two- and four-
stroke engines.

Twenty-five tricycle drivers were also chosen to participate in 3-month intense

vocational training on engine mechanics, a first in Palawan, which would allow
them to practice as certified engine mechanics. Approximately half of the award
was utilized to establish a Tricycle Multi-Purpose Fund, which offered funding
for operators and drivers to acquire new units, convert existing engines to
more efficient technology, or obtain training for other sources of income. By the
end of the project in September 2007, about 109 two-stroke tricycles had been
converted, and 73 two-stroke units had been replaced with new four-stroke
engines.

 “Save our Bays” Project: According to Bayron, as reported in Reynoso (2023),

it intends to safeguard Ulugan Bay, Honda Bay, and, most notably, Puerto
Princesa Bay, including four densely populated coastal barangays in the city. He
previously stated that one viable approach for conserving these bays is to relocate
coastal inhabitants who live immediately on the seas or in close proximity to
those waterways.

 Sewage and septage treatment plant: Based from Reyes Jr. (2021), the Puerto
Princesa City Government led the ceremonial commissioning of the P240-million
sewage and septage treatment facility and learning center built within the 2,000
square meter reclaimed area at the City's baywalk - a joint venture project aimed
at managing household sewage and wastewater. Mayor Bayron stated that the
initiative will help minimize pollution in Puerto Princes sea since sewage and
other effluent from the city will now be cleaned before being discharged into the
sea. Three outfalls will drain into the bay from the treatment area.

 Puerto Princesa’s clean air program: The "50/50 scheme" was introduced at
the heart of this initiative, with the goal of reducing the number of tricycles or
three-wheeler taxis on city streets by 50%. To minimize dangerous emissions,
this approach was supplemented with public awareness campaigns, roadside
inspections, and the promotion of regular vehicle maintenance among drivers.
Tricycles with the number "1" sticker are only permitted to operate on
 Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays, as well as Sundays under the 50/50 arrangement.
Those with the number "2" may operate on Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday, and
Sunday .

 Ordinance No. 819, or the “Muffler Ordinance of Puerto Princesa City”:

Motor vehicles without muffler or “open pipe”, with “busal”, with an exhaust or
muffler system with exceptionally loud and excessive noise will be fined P500
for first offense; P1,000 for second offense; and P1,500 for the third and final
offense and arresto menor or, at the discretion of the court, community service in
lieu of imprisonment.

 Installation of trash bins: The municipal government has recently set up fresh
waste receptacles at multiple locations throughout Puerto Princesa. These bins are
intended to gather and temporarily hold solid waste materials generated by
individuals, households, and businesses. According to Richard Ligad, who serves
as both the program manager and information officer for the City Solid Waste
Management (CSWM), a total of 701 bins with a capacity of 240 liters each,
along with 317 larger 660-liter bins, have been strategically placed to promote
cleanliness and orderliness in public spaces. This initiative offers a designated
disposal point, thereby discouraging littering and illegal dumping.

 Tree planting in urban areas: In the 1990s, the Palawan Integrated Area
Development Project Office pioneered the inaugural 'Forest Feast' event with the
primary objective of fostering a long-lasting commitment to environmental
preservation and conservation, especially among the younger generation.

Policies/regulations/relevant laws:

 Republic Act No. 9275 (Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004): The Act applies
to water quality management in all bodies of water, including fresh, brackish, and
marine waters. It shall be the policy of the State to: prevent, control, and abate
pollution of the country's water resources; promote environmental strategies for
the protection of water resources; formulate a national program of water quality
management; promote environmentally friendly and energy-efficient commercial
and industrial processes and products; and so on. The Act will cover several
aspects, including the following: the Department, in collaboration with the
National Water Resources Board, will be responsible for designating water
quality management areas; identifying water bodies where particular pollutants
from natural or human origins have surpassed recommended water quality levels,
classifying them as areas where the pollutants have not been controlled; creating
a nationwide plan for managing sewage and septic systems; addressing the
collection, treatment, and disposal of domestic sewage; establishing regulations
and fees for water pollution permits; specifying offenses and corresponding
penalties; and more.

 Republic Act No. 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000):
The legislation establishes a systematic and comprehensive ecological solid waste
management program that use ecologically sound ways to enhance resource
usage and support resource conservation and recovery.
 It also establishes guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume
reduction through waste minimization and source reduction measures such as
composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, and the green charcoal process prior to
collection, treatment, and disposal in appropriate and environmentally sound solid
waste management facilities.

 Republic Act No. 8749 (Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999): The legislation
aspires to develop a comprehensive national air pollution control program and to
stimulate citizen and industry collaboration and self-regulation using market-
based tools.

The Act requires, among other things, (a) the execution of an air quality action
plan, which includes emission limitations, monitoring and control measures, and
(b) the construction of an integrated air quality improvement framework at the
local level.

 Republic Act No. 8550 (The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998): This
Republic Act changes the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (Republic Act No.
8550) with the goal of discouraging and eliminating illicit, unreported, and
unregulated fishing. The amendments address several aspects of the
aforementioned Code, including new management and conservation measures to
conserve and manage living marine resources, fisheries, and aquaculture in the
Philippines, as well as the reconstitution or establishment of fisheries institutions
at both the national and local levels.

 Presidential Decree No. 1586 (Environmental Impact Assessment System):

With the adoption of Presidential Decree No. 1586 in 1978, the Environment
Impact Assessment System was legally formed to promote the accomplishment
and maintenance of a sensible and orderly balance between socioeconomic
growth and environmental conservation. EIA is a planning and management tool
that will assist the government, decision makers, proponents, and impacted
communities in addressing negative environmental effects or hazards. The
procedure ensures that environmentally friendly initiatives are carried out.

 Republic Act No. 7586 (National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of
1992): The primary goal of RA 7586 is to ensure the perpetuity of all native
plants and animals for future generations of Filipinos by establishing a
comprehensive system of integrated protected areas under the classification of
national park as provided for in the Constitution. The NIPAS statute applies to all
protected areas, whether they are terrestrial, coastal, or marine.

 City Ordinance No. 737: also known as “Septage Management Program in

Puerto Princesa City” mandated the city to construct a septage or sewage
management system for the protection of the environment.

 City Ordinance No. 163-91: known as the Anti-Littering Ordinance, an

ordinance prohibiting the dumping of waste refuse, garbage, non-biodegradable
objects, and other waste materials in any place on the street and other places
otherwise designated as waste disposal sites. According to Section 3 of the
ordinance, "it shall be unlawful for any person to dump, place, throw, or scatter
 waste refuse, garbage materials, papers, cigarette butts, non-biodegradable
objects, and other waste materials in any public facilities such as buildings,
streets, parks, and other places not designed as
"dumping ground."

 City Ordinance 396: The ordinance levies a P500 punishment for tossing
rubbish outside of specified places, a P1,000 fine for waste burning, a P2,000 fine
for collecting or enabling the gathering of non-segregated wastes, and a P2,500
fine for combining properly-segregated wastes.
Gap analysis on government actions

Aspect Current Status Gap Desired Future

Status
Integration of Numerous Inconsistent Seamless
Projects and environmental alignment and integration of all
Policies projects and integration of projects and
policies are in environmental policies with
place, covering projects with common
areas such as waste overarching environmental
management, policies. objectives.
biodiversity
conservation, and
climate change
adaptation.
Resource Limited budget Inadequate fundingSecure additional
Allocation allocation and and resource funding and
resource allocation. allocate resources
constraints. sufficiently for
effective project
implementation.
Monitoring and Limited Lack of Robust monitoring
Evaluation mechanisms for comprehensive and evaluation
systematic evaluation across systems to assess
monitoring and all projects. effectiveness and
evaluation. impact accurately.
Community Insufficient Limited community Active community
Engagement community participation and engagement,
involvement and engagement. participation, and
awareness. awareness to
improve project
success.
Climate Change Limited Lack of climate Integration of
Resilience incorporation of change adaptation climate resilience
climate resilience and mitigation measures into all
measures. strategies. relevant initiatives.
Legal and The legal Inadequate Up-to-date
Regulatory framework is enforcement regulations, better
Framework generally in place mechanisms and enforcement, and
but may require outdated adaptability to
updates to address regulations. emerging
emerging environmental
environmental challenges.
challenges
adequately.
Recommendations on what technology and other management approaches
should be applied to address the gaps

To address the gaps in government environmental projects and policies in Puerto

Princesa, Palawan, and work towards the desired future status, a combination of
technology and management approaches should be applied.

Integration of Projects and Policies

 Environmental Information Systems: Implement Geographic Information

Systems (GIS) and data management systems to centralize and share
environmental data across departments and agencies, facilitating better policy
alignment and decision-making.

 Interagency Coordination Platform: Establish a digital platform for

interagency collaboration, where stakeholders can communicate, share updates,
and track the progress of projects, ensuring alignment with common objectives.

Resource Allocation

 Financial Management Software: Adopt financial management software to

streamline budget planning, track expenditures, and optimize resource allocation
for environmental projects, ensuring efficient resource use.

 Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encourage PPPs by creating a digital

platform where potential partners can explore opportunities, propose initiatives,
and engage in joint projects to secure additional funding and expertise.

Monitoring and Evaluation

 Environmental Monitoring Tools: Implement remote sensing technology and

satellite imagery for real-time environmental monitoring, allowing for proactive
responses to emerging issues and better evaluation of project impact.

 Dashboard and Analytics: Develop an online dashboard with data analytics

capabilities to track KPIs, visualize progress, and provide decision-makers with
timely insights into project performance.

Community Engagement

 Community Engagement Apps: Create a mobile app or online platform that

connects residents with environmental initiatives, provides educational resources,
and allows for feedback and reporting of environmental issues.

 Environmental Education Programs: Launch digital educational programs and

webinars to raise awareness and involve the community in environmental
protection, fostering a sense of ownership and participation.
Climate Change Resilience

 Climate Resilience Modeling: Invest in climate resilience modeling tools to

predict and plan for the impact of climate change on the region, allowing for
adaptive policy development.

 Green Infrastructure Planning: Utilize digital urban planning tools to design

and implement green infrastructure projects that enhance climate resilience, such
as sustainable drainage systems and green roofs.

Legal and Regulatory Framework

 Regulatory Compliance Software: Implement digital regulatory compliance

software to automate permit applications, inspections, and reporting, ensuring
better enforcement of environmental laws.

 Legislation Tracking System: Develop a digital system for tracking changes in

environmental legislation, allowing policymakers to stay updated on evolving
legal requirements.
Summary of problems and solutions
Environmental Government Actions Gap Analysis Recommendations
Problems/Pollutio
n
Policies/Regulations Programs/projects

Air Republic Act No. Puerto Princesa’s Inadequate  Regulatory

8749 (Philippine clean air program enforcement Compliance
Clean Air Act of mechanisms Software
1999) and outdated  Legislation
regulations. Tracking
System
Water Republic Act No. “Save our Bays” Lack of climate  Climate
9275 (Philippine Project change Resilience
Clean Water Act of adaptation and Modeling
2004) mitigation  Green
strategies. Infrastructure
Planning
Soil City Ordinance No. Tree planting in Limited  Environmental
163-91 urban areas community Education
participation Programs
and  Community
engagement. Engagement
Apps
Solid wastes Republic Act No. Installation of Inadequate  Financial
9003 (Ecological trash bins funding and Management
Solid Waste resource Software
Management Act of allocation.  Public-Private
2000 Partnerships
(PPPs)
Noise Ordinance No. 819, Air and Noise Inconsistent  Environmental
or the “Muffler Pollution alignment and Information
Ordinance of Puerto Reduction integration of Systems
Princesa City” Strategies Project
environmental  Interagency
projects with Coordination
overarching Platform
policies.
Wastewater City Ordinance No. Sewage and Lack of  Environmental
737 septage treatment comprehensive Monitoring
plant evaluation Tools
across all  Dashboard
projects. and Analytics
Conclusion

In conclusion, this case study for Puerto Princesa offers a compelling narrative that
underscores the critical importance of sustainable development and responsible
environmental stewardship in the face of complex and pressing environmental
challenges. Puerto Princesa, a picturesque coastal city in the Philippines, has
confronted a range of environmental issues, including the degradation of water
quality, waste management concerns, and the conservation of its rich biodiversity.
The case study reveals that through a holistic approach that combines the expertise of
environmental scientists and engineers, the city has made substantial progress in
mitigating these challenges and fostering a more harmonious relationship between
urban development and nature.

The success of Puerto Princesa's environmental initiatives is in large part a result of

the collaborative efforts of professionals from both environmental science and
engineering fields. This interdisciplinary synergy has led to the creation of innovative,
practical, and scientifically sound solutions. Ranging from the revitalization of critical
ecosystems through reforestation and mangrove restoration to the sustainable
management of local fisheries, these initiatives reflect the city's strong commitment to
preserving its natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations.
Furthermore, the case study underscores the crucial role played by community
engagement in Puerto Princesa's environmental progress. The active involvement of
the local population in environmental education and conservation efforts has fostered
a sense of ownership and responsibility. This, in turn, has fortified the city's
environmental resilience, making it a resilient and dynamic model of community-
driven sustainability.

The significance of this case study extends beyond Puerto Princesa's borders; it offers
valuable insights that are universally applicable. The city's achievements serve as a
blueprint for other coastal cities worldwide facing similar environmental challenges.
The lessons learned here can be adapted to address the complex interplay between
environmental conservation and urban development in various contexts. They
demonstrate the potential for positive change when scientific and engineering
principles are applied alongside a deep commitment to environmental stewardship.

Nevertheless, this case study also underscores the need for ongoing vigilance and
adaptability. In an era of rapidly changing environmental conditions, from the ever-
present specter of climate change to emerging environmental threats, the city and its
stakeholders must remain agile and proactive in response to these challenges.
Annexes:

Badilla, C. a. F. a. E. (2023). High levels of fecal coliform still present around Bacuit

Bay, El Nido town’s main water body. PALAWAN NEWS. https://palawan-

news.com/high-levels-of-fecal-coliform-still-present-around-bacuit-bay-el-

nido-towns-main-water-body/

Bank, A. D. (2017, December 26). Cleaning Up the Philippines’ Greenest City. Asian
Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/news/features/cleaning-philippines-
greenest-city

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003). (n.d.). One Planet
Network.
https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/knowledge-centre/policies/ecological-
solid-waste-management-act-2000-ra-9003
FAO.org : (n.d.).
https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC070789/#:~:text=T
his%20Act%20provides%20for%20the,fresh%2C%20brackish%20and
%20marine%20waters.

Formoso, C. A. (2018, March 23). Lack of hospital facilities add to high maternal
deaths in Palawan. Philippine News Agency.
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1029819

Geography | City Government of Puerto Princesa. (n.d.). https://puertoprincesa.ph/?

q=about-our-city/geography

Ibañez, G. F. (2021). ‘No segregation, no collection’ policy set Aug 4. PALAWAN

NEWS. https://palawan-news.com/no-segregation-no-collection-policy-set-
aug-4/#:~:text=396.,mixing%20of%20properly%2Dsegregated%20wastes.

Laririt, P. (2021). Marine research on plastics pollution classifies Puerto Princesa

beaches “dirty to extremely dirty” PALAWAN NEWS. https://palawan-
news.com/marine-research-on-plastics-pollution-classifies-puerto-princesa-
beaches-dirty-to-extremely-dirty/

Miranda, R. (2022). Environmental politics in the Philippine’s last frontier (Part 1 of

3). PALAWAN NEWS. https://palawan-news.com/environmental-politics-in-
the-philippines-last-frontier-part-1-of-3/

Palawan News. (2022). Editorial: Odette unravels illegal logging problem. PALAWAN
NEWS. https://palawan-news.com/editorial-odette-unravels-illegal-logging-
problem/
Palawan News. (2021). The Santa Lourdes dumpsite: a pollution time bomb.
PALAWAN NEWS. https://palawan-news.com/the-santa-lourdes-dumpsite-a-
pollution-time-bomb/

People and Culture | City Government of Puerto Princesa. (n.d.).

https://puertoprincesa.ph/?q=about-our-city/people-and-
culture#:~:text=Indigenous%20groups%20include%20the
%20Tagbanuas,shores%20of%20Puerto%20Princesa%20Bay.

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749). (n.d.). One Planet Network.
https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/knowledge-centre/policies/philippine-
clean-air-act-1999-ra-8749

Reynoso, I. (2023, July 24). WHO probes uptick in Palawan malaria cases. Philippine
News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1206292

Simon, M. (2023). 18 Best Puerto Princesa Tourist Spots | Underground River and
Islands. Guide to the Philippines.
https://guidetothephilippines.ph/articles/what-to-experience/puerto-princesa-
tourist-spots

Talabucon, H. C., & Talabucon, H. C. (2023). Foreigners Eye View: The alarming
issue of improper waste disposal in Puerto Princesa. Palawan Daily News.
https://palawandailynews.com/city-news/foreigners-eye-view-the-alarming-
issue-of-improper-waste-disposal-in-puerto-princesa/

UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (n.d.). Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River

National Park. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/652/