MODULE -1
MATHEMATICS (Descriptive Part)
Part 03
** What is the significance /Importance of complex number.
So a complex number is simply a number with a combination of a Real number and
an imaginary number .
Example: 7 + 3 i [where 7 is a real number and 3i is an imaginary number]
i is the unit imaginary number which is √ -1
Because of the presence of imaginary number a complex number seems to be insignificant but in
mathematics is it as significant as real number and even in many areas it gives the solution where no
real number can do it.
1. Complex numbers allow solutions to all polynomial equations, even those that have no
solutions in real numbers. More precisely, the fundamental theorem of algebra asserts that
every non-constant polynomial equation with real or complex coefficients has a solution which
is a complex number.
2. Every nonzero complex number has a multiplicative inverse. This makes the complex
numbers a field that has the real numbers as a subfield
3. This standard basis makes the complex numbers a Cartesian plane, called the complex plane.
This allows a geometric interpretation of the complex numbers and their operations, and
conversely expressing in terms of complex numbers some geometric properties and
constructions.
4. In summary, the complex numbers form a rich structure that is simultaneously an algebraically
closed field, a commutative algebra over the reals, and a Euclidean vector space of dimension
two.
5. It is widely used in electronics. In electronics, we use it to represent the general form of
a complex number in the circuit having voltage and current.
6. Electromagnetism the significance of complex number is of similar importance.
7. Complex number is used to simplify the unknown roots if roots are not real for quadratic
equations.
8. Complex numbers are used in computer science engineering.
9. Complex number is used in mechanical and civil engineering.
10. Complex numbers are used in control systems.
**Explain with example What is logarithm and a logarithmic function ?
Logarithm tells us How many of one number multiply together to make another number?
Example: How many 2s multiply together to make 8?
Answer: 2 × 2 × 2 = 8, so we had to multiply 3 of the 2s to get 8
So the logarithm of 8 is 3 and 2 is called the base.
It is written as log2(8) = 3
So the number we multiply is called the "base", and we can say:
Important to note that we are dealing with three numbers:
"the logarithm of 8 with base 2 is 3"
the base: the number we are multiplying (a "2" in the example above)
how often to use it in a multiplication (3 times, which is the logarithm)
The number we want to get (an "8")
Definition of the Logarithmic Function:
For a > 0 with a ≠ 1 , the logarithmic function with base a, denoted loga , is defined by loga x = y if
and only if ay = x .
In words, this means log-a x is the exponent to which the base a must be raised to give x.
f(x) = log-a (x)
a is any value greater than 0, except 1
Properties of logarithmic function:
It is always on the positive side of (and never crosses) the y-axis
always intersects the x-axis at x=1 ... in other words it passes through (1,0)
equals 1 when x=a, in other words it passes through (a,1)
** Mention the properties of logarithm ?
Properties of Logarithms:
There are certain helpful properties to know about when working with logarithms. These
properties will help you to simplify logarithmic expressions and solve logarithmic equations.
** Write the properties of Natural Logarithm .
** Mention/describe the laws of logarithm
Laws of logarithm :
In addition to the logarithm properties, there are Laws of Logarithms that are derived from the
Laws of Exponents that you may have studied in previous classes. Knowing about these lawswill help
you to condense or expand logarithmic expressions, which will be important when solving equations
and applied problems involving logarithms.
1. The logarithm of a quotient of numbers is the difference of thelogarithms of the numbers.
2. The logarithm of number raised to an exponent is the exponent timesthe logarithm of the
number.
3. The logarithm of a product of numbers is the sum of the logarithms of the numbers.
