Functions

A function is a group of statements that exits within a program for the purpose of
performing a specific task.

Advantages of functions are:

 Maximizing code reusability

 Reducing duplication of code
 Make programs simpler to read and understand etc.

Functions types:
Functions can be categorized into three types:

i. Built-in function
ii. Functions defined in modules
iii. User defined functions

Built-in Functions: Built-in functions are the pre-defined functions that are always available
in the standard library to make programing easier, faster and more powerful.

Some built-in functions in python are:

 Type conversion functions: int(), str(), float() etc

 input function
 eval function
 min and max functions
 abs function
 type function
 len function
 round function
 range function

Functions defined in modules: these functions are pre-defined in particular modules and
can only be used when the corresponding module is imported. A module is a file containing
functions and variable defined in separate file.

Import module in a program:

Python provides two important methods to import modules in a program

i. import statement: To import entire module

syntax: import <module name1>, <module name2>, ….
Example:
import math
x=4
print(math.sqrt(x))

Output:
2

ii. from: To import all function or selected ones

syntax: from <module name> import <function name>

example:
from math import pow
print(pow(5,2))

Output:
25
random module (Generating Random Numbers)
import random

randrange(): This function generate an integer between its lower and upper argument.
print(random.randrange(10))

This statement generate random numbers from 0 to 9

print(random.randrange(5,10))

This statement generate random numbers from 5 to 9

print(random.randrange(1,8,2))

This statement generate random numbers: 1, 3, 5 and 7

print(random.randrange(2,8,2))

This statement generate random numbers: 2, 4 and 6

#to select a random name from a list

import random Output1:

Arun
name=["Amit","Arun","Ajay","Anjali"]

lt=len(name) Output2:
n=random.randrange(0,lt) Ajay

print(name[n])
random(): This function generates a random number from 0 to 1 such as
0.9715177405160377. It takes no parameters and returns values between 0 and 1(including 0,
but excluding 1).

import random import random

print(random.random()) n=random.random())

Output: print(round(n,5))

i. 0.7606971546672353 Output:
ii. 0.6686850133435913
i. 0.42998
ii. 0.40281

randint(): this function accept two parameters, a and b as the lowest and highest number,
returns a number randomly in the inclusive range [a,b].

import random from random import randint

print(random.randint(1,10)) print(randint(1,10))
Output: Output:

i. 3 i. 5
ii. 1 ii. 10
iii. 6 iii. 9

uniform(): this fuction returns a random floating-point number in between two numbers.
Syntax: random.uniform(x, y)

The returns random floating point number is greater than or equal to x and less than y.

import random import random

print(random.uniform(1,50)) print(random.uniform(1,50))
Output: 49.946894603207824 Output: 12.785557566457092
choice(): this method is used for making a random selection from a sequence like a string, list or
tuple.

Syntax: random.choice(sequence)

#to select a random name from a list

import random

name=["Amit","Arun","Ajay","Anjali"]

ch_name=random.choice(name)

print(ch_name)

Output 1: Arun

Output 2: Anjali
User defined functions: These are defined by the programmer as per requirement.
Define and call a faction in python:

A user-defined function is defined by def statement followed by function name and

parentheses( () ).

Syntax:

def <function name>([comma separated list of parameters]):

""" function’s docstring """

<statements>

A function definition consists of the following components:

 keyword def marks the start of function header

 A function name to uniquely identify it. Function naming follows the same rules as rules
of writing identifiers in python.
 Parameters are optional
 A colon (:) to marks the end of function header
 Optinal docstring to describe what function does.
 One or more python statement.
 An optional return statement to return a value from function.

Example:
Keyword def Function Name
name
def opsmsg( ):
def opsmsg( ): Fuction Hearder

Function
Definition
print(" wel come to oxford public school")
print(" Welcome to Oxford Public School") Function Body

opsmsg( ) Function Call

Output: Welcome to Oxford Public School

 Keyword def Function Name
name
def opsmsg( ):
def sum( ): Fuction Hearder

a=int(input("Enter 1st no:"))

Function print(" wel come to oxford public school")
Definition b=int(input("Enter 2nd no:")) Function Body

c=a+b

print("Sum of two no: ",c)

sum( )
Function Call
sum( )

Output 1: Output 2:

Enter 1st no: 30 Enter 1st no: 50

Enter 2nd no: 20 Enter 2nd no: 40

Sum of two no: 50 Sum of two no: 90

Function with return value:

def sum( ):
def sum( ):
st
a=int(input("Enter 1 no:"))
a=int(input("Enter 1st no:"))
b=int(input("Enter 2nd no:"))
b=int(input("Enter 2nd no:"))
c=a+b
c=a+b
return
return c
s=sum()
s=sum()
print("sum of two numbers: ",s)
print("sum of two numbers: ",s)
Output: sum of two numbers: None
#program to calculate addition, and subtraction of two no.

def calc( ):

a=int(input("Enter 1st no:"))

b=int(input("Enter 2nd no:"))

add=a+b

sub=a-b

return add, sub

#.........ma p …………

add, s=calc()

print("addition of two numbers: ", add)

print("subtraction of two numbers: ", s)

Output:

Enter 1st no: 80

Enter 2nd no: 30

Addition of two numbers: 110

Subtraction of two numbers: 50

#program to calculate addition, and subtraction of two no.

def calc( ):

a=int(input("Enter 1st no:"))

b=int(input("Enter 2nd no:"))

add=a+b

sub=a-b

return add, sub

print("End")

#.........main prog…………

result=calc()

print("Addition and Subtraction of two numbers: ", result)

Output:

Enter 1st no: 80

Enter 2nd no: 30

Addition and Subtraction of two numbers: (110, 50)