Session 16 Course Teacher: Md.

Yousuf Ali (YA)

Course Title: Engineering Mathematics Lecturer, Department of GED.
Course Code: MAT211 Email: [email protected]
Credits: 3 Mobile: 01766906098

Basic Concept of Fourier analysis

Fourier analysis: In mathematics, Fourier analysis is the study of the way general functions may
be represented or approximated by sums of simpler trigonometric functions. Fourier analysis grew
from the study of Fourier series, and is named after Joseph Fourier, who showed that representing
a function as a sum of trigonometric functions greatly simplifies the study of heat transfer.

Fourier Series
General form of Fourier series: Let F  x  satisfy the following conditions;

 F  x  is defined in the interval l  x  l

 F  x  and F   x  are sectionally continuous in l  x  l

 F  x  2l   F  x  , i.e. F  x  is periodic with period 2l.

Then at every point of continuity, we have

a0   n x n x 
F  x     an cos  bn sin  … … … (i)
2 n1  l l 
Where,

1l 1l n x 1l n x
a0  F  x  dx ; an  F  x  cos dx ; bn  F  x  sin dx … … … (ii)
l l 
l l l 
l l l

Example: Construct the Fourier series of F  x   e x ;   x   .

Solution: Given that

F  x   ex ;    x   … … … (i)

We have the Fourier series

a0   n x n x 
F  x     an cos  bn sin  … … … (ii)
2 n1  l l 

1l 1  x 1  1
Here a0   F  x  dx   e dx   e x    e  e   … … … (iii)
l l      
 1l n x
And an   F  x  cos dx
l l l

1  x n x
 an   e cos dx
  

1  x
 an  e cos nxdx
 

1  ex   e ax 
2 
 an   2 n sin nx  cos nx    
 e ax
cos bxdx  2 2 
b sin bx  a cos bx  
 1  n    a b 

1  e e  
2 
 an  1  n 2  n sin  n  cos  n   n sin   n   cos   n   
  1 n 

1  e e  n 
 an  
 1  n 2
0 
  
 1
n
 
1 n 2 
0   1 


1   1 n e  1n e  
 an   2
 
  1  n 1  n2 
n
 1 1 
 an 
1 n 
 e  e  … … … (iv)
2

1l n x
And bn   F  x  sin dx
l l l

1  x n x
 bn   e sin dx
  

1  x
 bn   e sin nxdx
 

1  ex   e ax 
12  n 2  sin nx  n cos nx  
ax
2 
 bn   
 e sin bxdx  2
a sin bx  b cos bx  
     a b 

1  e e  
2 
 bn   2  sin  n  n cos  n   sin   n   n cos   n   
 1  n 1 n 

1  e e  n 
 bn 

 n
 
1  n 2 0  n  1  1  n 2 0  n  1 
 

 n n
1    1 ne 1 ne  

 bn   


  1  n 2 1  n 2 

n
 1 n1 
 bn 
1 n 
 e  e  … … … (v)
2

Now using equations (iii), (iv) and (v) in equation (ii), we get

a0   n x n x 
F  x     an cos  bn sin 
2 n1  l l 
n n
 
1   1 1 e  e cos n x    1 n 1 e  e  sin n x 
 F  x 
2
 e  e 
   1  n2  
    1  n2     
n 1
 

1   e  e      1 n 
 F  x 
2
 e  e     1  n2   cos nx  n sin nx 


n 1 
 

e  e    1    1 n  
 F  x    2   cos nx  n sin nx   (Ans.)
  2 n 1 1  n  

Complex form of Fourier series: In complex notation, the Fourier series and coefficients can be
written as
 in x
F  x  Ce n
l
… … … (i)
n 

1 l 
in x
Where Cn   F  x  e l dx .
2l l

ODD and EVEN Functions:

 A function F  x  is called odd if and only if F   x    F  x  .

3
Example: Let F  x   x 3 , then F   x     x    x 3   F  x  ; thus the function F  x  is an
odd function.
 A function F  x  is called even if and only if F   x   F  x  .
2
Example: Let F  x   x 2 , then F   x     x   x 2  F  x  ; thus the function F  x  is an
even function.
Fourier series of Odd and Even Function:

 If F  x  is odd function of period 2l, then the Fourier series is defined by

 
n x
F  x    bn sin … … … (1)
n 1 l

Where a0  0 , an  0 and

2l n x
bn   F  x  sin dx
l 0 l

This series (1) is called half-range Fourier Cosine series.

 If F  x  is even function of period 2l, then the Fourier series is defined by

a0  n x
F  x    an cos … … … (2)
2 n1 l

Where, bn  0 and

2l 2l n x
a0  F  x  dx ; an  F  x  cos dx
l 0 
l 0 l
This series (2) is called half-range Fourier Cosine series.

Example: Demonstrate the half-range Fourier cosine series of F  x   x 2 ;   x   .

Solution: Given that,

F  x   x2;    x   … … … (i)

2
Here, F   x     x   x 2  F  x  therefore F  x  is an even function.

So, we have the half-range Fourier cosine series for even function as

a0  n x
F  x    an cos … … … (ii)
2 n1 l

Where,
l  
2 2 2 2  x3  2 2 2
a0   F  x  dx   x dx    
l 0  0   3  0 3
  0   3 … … … (iii)
3

2l n x
And an   F  x  cos dx
l 0 l

2 2 n x
 an   x cos dx
 0 
 2 2
 an   x cos nxdx
 0

2 2 d  
 an   x  cos nxdx     x 2   cos nxdx  dx 
  dx  0

2   sin nx   sin xn  
 an   x 2     2x   dx 
  n   n  0

2  sin nx 2 
 an   x 2   x sin xndx 
 n n 0

2  sin nx 2   cos nx  cos nx 
 an   x 2  x    dx 
 n n  n  n  0

2  sin nx 2   cos nx  1 
 an   x 2  x      cos nxdx 
 n n  n  n  0

2  2 sin nx 2   cos nx  1 sin nx 
 an  x  x    
  n n  n  n n  0

2  sin nx cos nx sin nx 
 an   x 2  2x 2
2 3 
 n n n 0

2   2 sin n cos n sin n   sin 0 cos 0 sin 0 

 an     2 2
2 3   0.  2.0. 2  2 3 
  n n n   n n n 

2   2 n  
 an   0  2  1  0   0  0  0
  n  
n 4
 an   1 … … … (iv)
n2
Now from equation (ii), we get

a0  n x 1 2 2  n 4 n x  2  n 4
F  x    an cos     1 2 cos     1 2 cos nx
2 n 1 l 2 3 n 1 n  3 n 1 n

2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x cos 4 x 

 F  x   4  2  2
 2  2
 .............
3  1 2 3 4 
 Assignment
1. Construct the Fourier series of the following function:
0,    x  0
i. F  x  
 x, 0 x
1,   x  0
ii. F  x  
1, 0 x
iii. F  x   emx ,   x  
2. Demonstrate the half-range Fourier cosine/sine series of the following function:
i. F  x   x;    x   .
ii. F  x   sin mx;   x  
iii. F  x   cos mx;   x  

Application
Fourier analysis is a mathematical technique that is widely used in various fields, including
Computer Science and Engineering. Fourier analysis is used to decompose a complex signal into
its constituent frequencies. This technique is useful in software engineering because many software
systems and applications involve the processing and analysis of signals, such as sound, images,
and data.
Here are some specific applications of Fourier analysis in software engineering:
 Signal processing: Fourier analysis is widely used in signal processing, which involves the
manipulation of signals to extract useful information. In software engineering, signal
processing is often used in applications such as speech recognition, image processing, and data
analysis. Fourier analysis is used to decompose the signal into its constituent frequencies,
which can then be analyzed and manipulated.
 Compression: Fourier analysis is also used in data compression, which is the process of
reducing the size of data without losing important information. Fourier analysis can be used to
identify redundant or unnecessary information in a signal, which can then be removed to reduce
the size of the data.
 Filtering: In software engineering, filtering is often used to remove noise or unwanted
information from a signal. Fourier analysis can be used to identify the frequency components
of the signal that contain the noise or unwanted information. A filter can then be applied to
remove these components and improve the quality of the signal.
 Pattern recognition: Fourier analysis can be used in pattern recognition applications to analyze
signals and identify patterns. For example, Fourier analysis can be used to analyze the
frequency components of a sound signal and identify the specific sound or voice.
Overall, Fourier analysis is a powerful tool that is widely used in software engineering to analyze
and manipulate signals. Its applications include signal processing, compression, filtering, and
pattern recognition, among others.