BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY REINFORCED
CONCRETE,PRE-CAST CONCRETE,
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-Cast
Concrete & Steel 3.0
Construction
3. HEAVY REINFORCED CONCRETE, PRE-
Foundations Systems 3.1
STRESSED CONCRETE AND STEEL
Foundation Walls, CONSTRUCTION
Basement Construction,
Cisterns 3.1 FOUNDATIONS
Reinforced Concrete SYSTEMS (Deep &
Columns
Shallow Foundation)
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
3.1.1 SHALLOW FOOTINGS
Roof Decks
b. Stepped footings
Walls & Structural Walls 1. Individual footings
Pre-Stress Concrete
a. Block or square footings
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor
Systems

c. Slope or pyramidal footings

 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-Cast
Concrete & Steel 3.0 TYPICAL SQUARE
Construction
FOOTING DETAIL
Foundations Systems 3.1

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-Cast
3.0
Concrete & Steel
Construction

Foundations Systems 3.1

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-Cast
Concrete & Steel 3.0
2. Combined footings b. Cantilevered footings
Construction • the footings of the exterior and
Foundations Systems 3.1
a. Combined footings interior columns are connected
(supporting two or more by a tie-beam or strap which is
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
columns) so extended to support the
Cisterns exterior column
Reinforced Concrete
• used where columns are close
Columns to each other such that it is more • used where it is not possible to
Reinforced Concrete
efficient and economical to center the footing beneath its
Floor Systems combine their footings together supported column as in the case
Roof Decks
of columns located at or very
near the property line
Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-Cast
Concrete & Steel 3.0
c. Continuous footings
Construction

Foundations Systems 3.1

• supports a line of columns
• supports all of the columns by
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
strips at right angles to each
Cisterns other
Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems

L/5 L/5
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-Cast
3.0 3. Mat or Raft Foundations • the general classes are:
Concrete & Steel
Construction
3.1 • used on soil of low bearing
Foundations Systems
power where there is a tendency
Foundation Walls, towards unequal settlement due
Basement Construction,
Cisterns to unequal loading of soil
1. Flat slabs of plain or reinforced
Reinforced Concrete
Columns • all parts of the foundation are concrete
so tied together so that they will
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems act as one and assist each other
in keeping level and plumb
Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor 2. Beams or girders with a slab

Systems underneath

3. Beams or girders with a slab

on top
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-Cast
Concrete & Steel 3.0 4. Steel Grillage Foundation
Construction

Foundations Systems 3.1 • needed to avoid the deep excavation CORE COLUMN
required for concrete footings, to be
Foundation Walls, distributed over a wide area of support
Basement Construction, GRILLAGE
Cisterns BEAMS
•used to give the required moment of
Reinforced Concrete resistance with a minimum of depth
GRILLAGE
Columns BEAMS

Reinforced Concrete
• foundation bed should first be covered with
Floor Systems a layer of impervious concrete not less than
6” in thickness CONCRETE
Roof Decks BASE
SLAB
Walls & Structural Walls
•lower flanges carefully grouted so as to
secure an even bearing
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor
Systems •concrete should be placed between and
CORE
around the beams so as to permanently COLUMN
protect them

•clear space between the flanges of the top

layer of beams should not be less than 2”
and should be somewhat more for the lower
layers.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-Cast
Concrete & Steel 3.0 3.1.2 DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Construction

1. PILE FOUNDATIONS 3) Steel piles

Foundations Systems 3.1

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction, 1). Wood piles
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns
4) Composite piles
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks 2). Concrete piles

a. Pre-cast piles
Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems

b. Cast-in-place piles
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-Cast
Concrete & Steel 3.0
Construction 1) Wood Piles
Foundations Systems 3.1
• for moderately high buildings on
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction, a compressible soil saturated with
Cisterns water of considerable depth
Reinforced Concrete
Columns • are made from straight trunks of
Reinforced Concrete trees, not less than 5” in diameter
Floor Systems at small end for light buildings, or
Roof Decks 8” for heavy buildings
Walls & Structural Walls
• with an iron or steel cast conical
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor point about 5 in. in dia., secured
Systems
by a long dowel with a ring
around the end of the pile.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-Cast
Concrete & Steel 3.0
Construction
DRIVING CONDITIONS
Foundations Systems 3.1

Foundation Walls, • driven by drop-hammer or steam-hammer,

Basement Construction, weights from1,500 to 2,500 lb., with fall varying
Cisterns
from 5 to 20 ft., the last blows being given with
Reinforced Concrete short falls
Columns

Reinforced Concrete • top of the pile protected from brooming by

Floor Systems
putting on an iron ring, about 1 in. less in
Roof Decks diameter than the head of the pile, and from 2-
Walls & Structural Walls 1/2 to 3 in. wide by 5/8 in. thick
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor
Systems • should not be spaced less than 2 to 3 ft. on
centers; When long piles are driven closer than
2 ft. on centers, there is danger that they may
force each other up from their solid bed on
bearing stratum. Driving the piles close together
also breaks up the ground and diminishes the
bearing power. Maximum allowable load on wood
piles is usually 20 tons.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-Cast
Concrete & Steel 3.0
Construction • top of the piles should be cut off at or below the low
Foundations Systems 3.1 water mark, otherwise they will soon commence to decay
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
• should be capped, either with concrete, or with timber or
Cisterns steel grillage. The usual practice is to use reinforced-
Reinforced Concrete
concrete cap, the method being to excavate 6 to 12”
Columns below the tops and one foot outside of the piles. Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
is then placed around and above the piles. Approximately
Floor Systems 3” above the top of the piles a layer or reinforcement
Roof Decks
running in both directions is placed. Caps are usually 18”
or more in thickness.
Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor • heavy timber grillages may also be used for capping
Systems
and are bolted to the top of the piles and the concrete
footings laid on top of it.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
2) Concrete Piles
Steel Construction
• used where wooden piles would be subject to decay or deterioration
Foundations Systems 3.1
by the action of marine worms
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns • advantageous for foundations on land where the permanent ground
water is at a considerable depth
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
• are generally reinforced concrete and of two general types: those
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems molded in place and those molded before driving
Roof Decks
• spaced from 2’ – 6” to 4’
Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor •extended at least 4” into the concrete of the footing, and where a steel
Systems casing surrounds the pile, 3 to 4 in. of concrete is required between
the top of the piles and the footing reinforcement
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
A) Pre-cast Piles
Steel Construction
• are moulded in a yard or if at the site
Foundations Systems 3.1 allowed to cure for 4 weeks before using.
Foundation Walls,
• are provided with a cast-iron point, and
Basement Construction,
Cisterns a driving head is used in which a cushion
of sand, rope or other material is placed
Reinforced Concrete between a driving block of wood and the
Columns concrete in order to prevent the crushing
of the pile.
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
• are often sunk by means of water-jet.
Roof Decks This method is made possibly by
inserting an iron pipe in the center of the
Walls & Structural Walls pile.
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor
Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
B) Cast-in-place Piles
Steel Construction
Cast-in-place piles may be formed by any of the following methods:
Foundations Systems 3.1
a) A hollow cylindrical steel tube usually furnished with a tight-fitting collapsible steel core or
Foundation Walls,
mandrel, is driven into the soil. The core is then collapsed and removed, and the steel shell
Basement Construction,
Cisterns filled with concrete. Thus there is a shell or form for every pile, e.g. McArthur piles, Raymond
piles (this uses a No. 24 gauge shell in which a spiral of No. 3 wire is encased).
Reinforced Concrete
Columns b) A steel tube is fitted at the bottom with a driving point and is driven into the ground to the
required depth. Concrete is then poured into the hole thus formed as the steel tube is
Reinforced Concrete
gradually withdrawn. The driving point may be either a conical cast-iron point that is left in
Floor Systems
place or a hinged cutting-edge called an alligator point which opens as the tube is withdrawn.
Roof Decks E. g. Simplex piles.

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems 3.1

c) A steel pipe or shell is first driven into the ground. The steel driving core is then
Foundation Walls, removed and the bottom of the shell is filled with concrete to a height of about 5 ft.
Basement Construction, from the bottom. Pressure is then applied to force out the concrete into the
Cisterns surrounding soil as the core is withdrawn. These are known as pedestal piles.

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3) Steel Piles
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems 3.1

• are concrete-filled steel pipes
made to bear on rock or hard
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
pan
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
• are generally 10 to 18 inches in
Columns diameter, having a thickness of
Reinforced Concrete
3/8 to 5/8 inches
Floor Systems

Roof Decks
• are driven in sections with a
steam-hammer and, as
Walls & Structural Walls
additional sections are required,
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor these are attached to the driven
Systems
section by means of a cast-iron
or steel internal sleeve and re-
driven. When the pipe has
reached its bearing level it is
cleaned out by blowing or dug
out by means of augers or
similar tools and concreted
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
4) Composite Piles

Foundations Systems 3.1

• are combination timber
Foundation Walls, and concrete or steel
Basement Construction,
Cisterns
and concrete piles

Reinforced Concrete
Columns
• may be composed of
timber piles with
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
concrete coatings held
in position by steel
Roof Decks
reinforcements in the
Walls & Structural Walls shape of expanded
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor
metal or wire netting.
Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-Cast
Concrete & Steel 3.0 2. CAISSON FOUNDATIONS
Construction

Foundations Systems 3.1 Caissons are cast-in-place, plain or reinforced concrete piers
formed by boring with a large auger or excavating by hand a shaft
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction, in the earth to a suitable bearing stratum and filling the shaft with
Cisterns concrete. For this reason they are also referred to as drilled piles
Reinforced Concrete or piers.
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0 3.2 FOUNDATION WALLS, BASEMENT
Steel Construction
CONSTRUCTION, CISTERNS
Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction, 3.2
FOUNDATION
Cisterns WALL
Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre- BASEMENT
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction, 3.2
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction, 3.2
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre- CISTERN
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction, 3.2
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction, 3.2
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems